Petros C. Mavroidis | Columbia University Law School (original) (raw)

Uploads

Papers by Petros C. Mavroidis

Research paper thumbnail of Trade in goods: the GATT and the other agreements regulating trade in goods

Research paper thumbnail of PCM.pdf

The basic point I advocate in this chapter is that the WTO dispute settlement system aims to curb... more The basic point I advocate in this chapter is that the WTO dispute settlement system aims to curb unilateral
punishment. Sanctions can be imposed only in accordance with the outcome of a multilateral
process that has been established in order to decide on the (il)legality of actions by WTO members, and
the legal consequences thereof. The purpose of this process is to ensure that reciprocal commitments
entered should not be unilaterally undone through the commission of illegal acts. There are good reasons
though, to doubt whether reciprocity, its statutory underpinnings notwithstanding has also been
observed in practice. The insistence on calculating remedies prospectively, and not as of the date when
an illegality has been committed, and the ensuing losses for everybody that could or could not be
symmetric lend support to the claim that the WTO regime serves “diffuse” as opposed to “specific” reciprocity.
Still, WTO members continue to routinely submit their disputes to the WTO adjudicating fora,
showing through their behavior that, if necessary, they would rather live in a world where punishment
is curbed, than in a world where punishment acts as deterrent.

Research paper thumbnail of Regulation of Foreign Investment

World Scientific Studies in International Economics, 2013

Research paper thumbnail of International Competition Rules: The Existing Framework

Ssrn Electronic Journal, 2000

Research paper thumbnail of Standardising trade in services?

The Law, Economics and Politics of International Standardisation, 2000

Research paper thumbnail of If I Don’t Do It, Somebody Else Will (Or Won’t)

Journal of World Trade, Feb 1, 2006

Research paper thumbnail of Right Back Where We Started From (or Are We?)

Research paper thumbnail of Trade in Goods: The GATT and the other WTO agreements regulating trade in goods (2nd edition)

Research paper thumbnail of The World Trading System , 2nd edition, by John H. Jackson. (The MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1997)

Journal of World Trade, Jun 1, 1998

Research paper thumbnail of Les pratiques restrictives du commerce : La question de la répartition des compétences entre la Communauté européenne et ses Etats membres dans le cadre de l'Organisation mondiale du Commerce

Annuaire Francais De Droit International, 1996

Research paper thumbnail of Radiobiological evaluation of intensity modulated radiation therapy treatments of patients with head and neck cancer: A dual-institutional study

Journal of Medical Physics, 2015

In clinical practice, evaluation of clinical efficacy of treatment planning stems from the radiat... more In clinical practice, evaluation of clinical efficacy of treatment planning stems from the radiation oncologist's experience in accurately targeting tumors, while keeping minimal toxicity to various organs at risk (OAR) involved. A more objective, quantitative method may be raised by using radiobiological models. The purpose of this work is to evaluate the potential correlation of OAR-related toxicities to its radiobiologically estimated parameters in simultaneously integrated boost (SIB) intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) plans of patients with head and neck tumors at two institutions. Lyman model for normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) and the Poisson model for tumor control probability (TCP) models were used in the Histogram Analysis in Radiation Therapy (HART) analysis. In this study, 33 patients with oropharyngeal primaries in the head and neck region were used to establish the correlation between NTCP values of (a) bilateral parotids with clinically observed rates of xerostomia, (b) esophagus with dysphagia, and (c) larynx with dysphagia. The results of the study indicated a strong correlation between the severity of xerostomia and dysphagia with Lyman NTCP of bilateral parotids and esophagus, respectively, but not with the larynx. In patients without complications, NTCP values of these organs were negligible. Using appropriate radiobiological models, the presence of a moderate to strong correlation between the severities of complications with NTCP of selected OARs suggested that the clinical outcome could be estimated prior to treatment.

Research paper thumbnail of SU-E-T-607: Performance Quantification of the Nine Detectors Used for Dosimetry Measurements in Advanced Radiation Therapy Treatments

Research paper thumbnail of Strategies for Evaluation of Daily Delivered Dose Using Cone Beam CT (CBCT)

International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics

Research paper thumbnail of Moving out of the shadows: Bringing transparency to standards and regulations in the WTO’s TBT Committee

Research Handbook on the WTO and Technical Barriers to Trade, 2013

Research paper thumbnail of From Sunshine to a Common Agent. The Evolving Understanding of Transparency in the WTO

SSRN Electronic Journal, 2000

Research paper thumbnail of SU-E-J-264: Comparison of Two Commercially Available Software Platforms for Deformable Image Registration

Medical Physics

Purpose: To evaluate and compare the deformable image registration algorithms available in the Ve... more Purpose: To evaluate and compare the deformable image registration algorithms available in the Velocity (Velocity Medical Solutions, Atlanta, GA) and RayStation (RaySearch Americas, Inc., Garden city NY).

Research paper thumbnail of SU-E-T-545: MLC Distance Travelled as a Predictor for Motor Failure

Medical Physics, 2015

ABSTRACT To study the frequency of Multi-Leaf Collimator (MLC) leaf failures, investigate methods... more ABSTRACT To study the frequency of Multi-Leaf Collimator (MLC) leaf failures, investigate methods to predict them and reduce linac downtime. A Varian HD120 MLC was used in our study. The hyperterminal MLC errors logged from 06/2012 to 12/2014 were collected. Along with the hyperterminal errors, the MLC motor changes and all other MLC interventions by the linear accelerator engineer were recorded. The MLC dynalog files were also recorded on a daily basis for each treatment and during linac QA. The dynalog files were analyzed to calculate root mean square errors (RMS) and cumulative MLC travel distance per motor. An in-house MatLab code was used to analyze all dynalog files, record RMS errors and calculate the distance each MLC traveled per day. A total of 269 interventions were recorded over a period of 18 months. Of these, 146 included MLC motor leaf change, 39 T-nut replacements, and 84 MLC cleaning sessions. Leaves close to the middle of each side required the most maintenance. In the A bank, leaves A27 to A40 recorded 73% of all interventions, while the same leaves in the B bank counted for 52% of the interventions. On average, leaves in the middle of the bank had their motors changed approximately every 1500m of travel. Finally, it was found that the number of RMS errors increased prior to an MLC motor change. An MLC dynalog file analysis software was developed that can be used to log daily MLC usage. Our eighteen-month data analysis showed that there is a correlation between the distance an MLC travels, the RMS and the life of the MLC motor. We plan to use this tool to predict MLC motor failures and with proper and timely intervention, reduce the downtime of the linac during clinical hours.

Research paper thumbnail of SU-E-T-363: Error Detection Comparison of EPID and MLC Log File Based IMRT QA Systems

Medical Physics, 2015

ABSTRACT

Research paper thumbnail of SU-E-I-51: Use of Blade Sequences in Cervical Spine MR Imaging for Eliminating Motion, Truncation and Flow Artifacts

Medical Physics

Purpose: To assess the efficacy of the BLADE technique to eliminate motion, truncation, flow and ... more Purpose: To assess the efficacy of the BLADE technique to eliminate motion, truncation, flow and other artifacts in Cervical Spine MRI compared to the conventional technique. To study the ability of the examined sequences to reduce the indetention and wrap artifacts, which have been reported in BLADE sagittal sequences.

Research paper thumbnail of SU-E-I-62: Reduction of Susceptibility Artifacts by Increasing the Bandwidth (BW) and Echo Train Length (ETL)

Medical Physics, 2015

ABSTRACT The aim of this present study is to increase bandwidth (BW) and echo train length (ETL) ... more ABSTRACT The aim of this present study is to increase bandwidth (BW) and echo train length (ETL) in Proton Density Turbo Spin Echo (PD TSE) sequences with and without fat saturation (FS) as well as in Turbo Inversion Recovery Magnitude sequences (TIRM) in order to assess whether these sequences are capable of reducing susceptibility artifacts. We compared 1) TIRM coronal (COR) with the same sequence with increased both BW and ETL 2) Conventional PD TSE sagittal (SAG) with FS with an increased BW 3) Conventional PD TSE SAG without FS with an increased BW 4) Conventional PD TSE SAG without FS with increased both BW and ETL. A quantitative analysis was performed to measure the extent of the susceptibility artifacts. Furthermore, a qualitative analysis was performed by two radiologists in order to evaluate the susceptibility artifacts, image distortion and fat suppression. The depiction of cartilage, menisci, muscles, tendons and bone marrow were also qualitatively analyzed. The quantitative analysis found that the modified TIRM sequence is significantly superior to the conventional one regarding the extent of the susceptibility artifacts. In the qualitative analysis, the modified TIRM sequence was superior to the corresponding conventional one in eight characteristics out of ten that were analyzed. The modified PD TSE with FS was superior to the corresponding conventional one regarding the susceptibility artifacts, image distortion and depiction of bone marrow and cartilage while achieving effective fat saturation. The modified PD TSE sequence without FS with a high (H) BW was found to be superior corresponding to the conventional one in the case of cartilage. Consequently, TIRM sequence with an increased BW and ETL is proposed for producing images of high quality and modified PD TSE with H BW for smaller metals, especially when FS is used.

Research paper thumbnail of Trade in goods: the GATT and the other agreements regulating trade in goods

Research paper thumbnail of PCM.pdf

The basic point I advocate in this chapter is that the WTO dispute settlement system aims to curb... more The basic point I advocate in this chapter is that the WTO dispute settlement system aims to curb unilateral
punishment. Sanctions can be imposed only in accordance with the outcome of a multilateral
process that has been established in order to decide on the (il)legality of actions by WTO members, and
the legal consequences thereof. The purpose of this process is to ensure that reciprocal commitments
entered should not be unilaterally undone through the commission of illegal acts. There are good reasons
though, to doubt whether reciprocity, its statutory underpinnings notwithstanding has also been
observed in practice. The insistence on calculating remedies prospectively, and not as of the date when
an illegality has been committed, and the ensuing losses for everybody that could or could not be
symmetric lend support to the claim that the WTO regime serves “diffuse” as opposed to “specific” reciprocity.
Still, WTO members continue to routinely submit their disputes to the WTO adjudicating fora,
showing through their behavior that, if necessary, they would rather live in a world where punishment
is curbed, than in a world where punishment acts as deterrent.

Research paper thumbnail of Regulation of Foreign Investment

World Scientific Studies in International Economics, 2013

Research paper thumbnail of International Competition Rules: The Existing Framework

Ssrn Electronic Journal, 2000

Research paper thumbnail of Standardising trade in services?

The Law, Economics and Politics of International Standardisation, 2000

Research paper thumbnail of If I Don’t Do It, Somebody Else Will (Or Won’t)

Journal of World Trade, Feb 1, 2006

Research paper thumbnail of Right Back Where We Started From (or Are We?)

Research paper thumbnail of Trade in Goods: The GATT and the other WTO agreements regulating trade in goods (2nd edition)

Research paper thumbnail of The World Trading System , 2nd edition, by John H. Jackson. (The MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1997)

Journal of World Trade, Jun 1, 1998

Research paper thumbnail of Les pratiques restrictives du commerce : La question de la répartition des compétences entre la Communauté européenne et ses Etats membres dans le cadre de l'Organisation mondiale du Commerce

Annuaire Francais De Droit International, 1996

Research paper thumbnail of Radiobiological evaluation of intensity modulated radiation therapy treatments of patients with head and neck cancer: A dual-institutional study

Journal of Medical Physics, 2015

In clinical practice, evaluation of clinical efficacy of treatment planning stems from the radiat... more In clinical practice, evaluation of clinical efficacy of treatment planning stems from the radiation oncologist's experience in accurately targeting tumors, while keeping minimal toxicity to various organs at risk (OAR) involved. A more objective, quantitative method may be raised by using radiobiological models. The purpose of this work is to evaluate the potential correlation of OAR-related toxicities to its radiobiologically estimated parameters in simultaneously integrated boost (SIB) intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) plans of patients with head and neck tumors at two institutions. Lyman model for normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) and the Poisson model for tumor control probability (TCP) models were used in the Histogram Analysis in Radiation Therapy (HART) analysis. In this study, 33 patients with oropharyngeal primaries in the head and neck region were used to establish the correlation between NTCP values of (a) bilateral parotids with clinically observed rates of xerostomia, (b) esophagus with dysphagia, and (c) larynx with dysphagia. The results of the study indicated a strong correlation between the severity of xerostomia and dysphagia with Lyman NTCP of bilateral parotids and esophagus, respectively, but not with the larynx. In patients without complications, NTCP values of these organs were negligible. Using appropriate radiobiological models, the presence of a moderate to strong correlation between the severities of complications with NTCP of selected OARs suggested that the clinical outcome could be estimated prior to treatment.

Research paper thumbnail of SU-E-T-607: Performance Quantification of the Nine Detectors Used for Dosimetry Measurements in Advanced Radiation Therapy Treatments

Research paper thumbnail of Strategies for Evaluation of Daily Delivered Dose Using Cone Beam CT (CBCT)

International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics

Research paper thumbnail of Moving out of the shadows: Bringing transparency to standards and regulations in the WTO’s TBT Committee

Research Handbook on the WTO and Technical Barriers to Trade, 2013

Research paper thumbnail of From Sunshine to a Common Agent. The Evolving Understanding of Transparency in the WTO

SSRN Electronic Journal, 2000

Research paper thumbnail of SU-E-J-264: Comparison of Two Commercially Available Software Platforms for Deformable Image Registration

Medical Physics

Purpose: To evaluate and compare the deformable image registration algorithms available in the Ve... more Purpose: To evaluate and compare the deformable image registration algorithms available in the Velocity (Velocity Medical Solutions, Atlanta, GA) and RayStation (RaySearch Americas, Inc., Garden city NY).

Research paper thumbnail of SU-E-T-545: MLC Distance Travelled as a Predictor for Motor Failure

Medical Physics, 2015

ABSTRACT To study the frequency of Multi-Leaf Collimator (MLC) leaf failures, investigate methods... more ABSTRACT To study the frequency of Multi-Leaf Collimator (MLC) leaf failures, investigate methods to predict them and reduce linac downtime. A Varian HD120 MLC was used in our study. The hyperterminal MLC errors logged from 06/2012 to 12/2014 were collected. Along with the hyperterminal errors, the MLC motor changes and all other MLC interventions by the linear accelerator engineer were recorded. The MLC dynalog files were also recorded on a daily basis for each treatment and during linac QA. The dynalog files were analyzed to calculate root mean square errors (RMS) and cumulative MLC travel distance per motor. An in-house MatLab code was used to analyze all dynalog files, record RMS errors and calculate the distance each MLC traveled per day. A total of 269 interventions were recorded over a period of 18 months. Of these, 146 included MLC motor leaf change, 39 T-nut replacements, and 84 MLC cleaning sessions. Leaves close to the middle of each side required the most maintenance. In the A bank, leaves A27 to A40 recorded 73% of all interventions, while the same leaves in the B bank counted for 52% of the interventions. On average, leaves in the middle of the bank had their motors changed approximately every 1500m of travel. Finally, it was found that the number of RMS errors increased prior to an MLC motor change. An MLC dynalog file analysis software was developed that can be used to log daily MLC usage. Our eighteen-month data analysis showed that there is a correlation between the distance an MLC travels, the RMS and the life of the MLC motor. We plan to use this tool to predict MLC motor failures and with proper and timely intervention, reduce the downtime of the linac during clinical hours.

Research paper thumbnail of SU-E-T-363: Error Detection Comparison of EPID and MLC Log File Based IMRT QA Systems

Medical Physics, 2015

ABSTRACT

Research paper thumbnail of SU-E-I-51: Use of Blade Sequences in Cervical Spine MR Imaging for Eliminating Motion, Truncation and Flow Artifacts

Medical Physics

Purpose: To assess the efficacy of the BLADE technique to eliminate motion, truncation, flow and ... more Purpose: To assess the efficacy of the BLADE technique to eliminate motion, truncation, flow and other artifacts in Cervical Spine MRI compared to the conventional technique. To study the ability of the examined sequences to reduce the indetention and wrap artifacts, which have been reported in BLADE sagittal sequences.

Research paper thumbnail of SU-E-I-62: Reduction of Susceptibility Artifacts by Increasing the Bandwidth (BW) and Echo Train Length (ETL)

Medical Physics, 2015

ABSTRACT The aim of this present study is to increase bandwidth (BW) and echo train length (ETL) ... more ABSTRACT The aim of this present study is to increase bandwidth (BW) and echo train length (ETL) in Proton Density Turbo Spin Echo (PD TSE) sequences with and without fat saturation (FS) as well as in Turbo Inversion Recovery Magnitude sequences (TIRM) in order to assess whether these sequences are capable of reducing susceptibility artifacts. We compared 1) TIRM coronal (COR) with the same sequence with increased both BW and ETL 2) Conventional PD TSE sagittal (SAG) with FS with an increased BW 3) Conventional PD TSE SAG without FS with an increased BW 4) Conventional PD TSE SAG without FS with increased both BW and ETL. A quantitative analysis was performed to measure the extent of the susceptibility artifacts. Furthermore, a qualitative analysis was performed by two radiologists in order to evaluate the susceptibility artifacts, image distortion and fat suppression. The depiction of cartilage, menisci, muscles, tendons and bone marrow were also qualitatively analyzed. The quantitative analysis found that the modified TIRM sequence is significantly superior to the conventional one regarding the extent of the susceptibility artifacts. In the qualitative analysis, the modified TIRM sequence was superior to the corresponding conventional one in eight characteristics out of ten that were analyzed. The modified PD TSE with FS was superior to the corresponding conventional one regarding the susceptibility artifacts, image distortion and depiction of bone marrow and cartilage while achieving effective fat saturation. The modified PD TSE sequence without FS with a high (H) BW was found to be superior corresponding to the conventional one in the case of cartilage. Consequently, TIRM sequence with an increased BW and ETL is proposed for producing images of high quality and modified PD TSE with H BW for smaller metals, especially when FS is used.