Yehonathan Hazony | Boston University (original) (raw)

Study Program Overview by Yehonathan Hazony

In the later years of his life Einstein dedicated his research effort to the search for a unified... more In the later years of his life Einstein dedicated his research effort to the search for a unified, relativistic-quantum theory, to serve as a universal law of physics. Unfortunately, his death (1955) prevented him from achieving his goal. Furthermore, it deprived him of the opportunity to witness the discovery of the Mössbauer effect (1958), which was widely recognized as an experimental violation of Heisenberg’s quantum theory. Of particular interest would be the fact that this discovery lead to a vast volume of experimental research, which combined relativistic methodology with the worlds of nuclear physics on one end, and of solid-state physics on the other end.
Yet, in another case (2013), visual inspection of the recorded propagation of ultrasonic oscillatory-stress pulses, in condensed-matter channels, suggested an empirical-mathematical representation described as the Harmonic-Gaussian Template (HGT). The one-dimensional and monochromatic model, was demonstrated to serve accurately as a signal-processing template for implementation of a nonlinear-regression process. It consists of an infinite ‘wave-like’ carrier frequency, localized by a travelling Gaussian modulating function, serving as a ‘particle-like’ component. In light of the accuracy of the AGT representation, these signals were identified as traveling-ultrasonic phonons. The regression process provides for the simultaneous measurement of five parameters, two of which with a combined accuracy in defiance of Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle.
For Quantum mechanics to be considered a universal law of physics, it must be extended beyond the limits of Atomic physics. It should include on one end the field of Nuclear physics, and on the other end should consider the role of the ‘bonding electrons’ in the formation of Quantum chemistry. Nuclear physics is built on a foundation of the special theory of relativity, and it is characterized by Nuclear-resonance phenomena. While conventional Quantum mechanics ignores the role played by the bonding electrons, Quantum chemistry focuses on resonance phenomena associated with the formation of interatomic chemical bonds.
The Quantum-Theory of Motion (QTM) was introduced, among other things, to describe and analyze the so called ‘time-of-flight’ experiments, which play a prominent role in various fields of physics. To this end this theory introduces, in addition to the conventional ‘wave packet’, a second waveform aimed at the description of a moving particle, namely the so called ‘Gaussian packet’. However, both waveforms fail to describe the motion of various propagating particles, as well as resonance phenomena, discovered by time-of-flight experiments. Uniquely defined sub-nuclear particles make up the particle aggregates which constitute the atomic nucleus. A partial list of uniquely defined particles, includes: de Broglie’s moving electrons (nuclear Beta-rays), nuclear Gamma-ray photons, propagating neutrons, propagating protons and ultrasonic phonons.
This paper offers an experimental framework for the establishment of a relativistic-quantum theory. Starting with Nuclear physics it extends through Atomic physics to Quantum chemistry, followed by various fields of Solid-state physics and some domains of Condensed matter physics.
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PREFACE:
The experimental research cited in the attached paper spans a period of nearly 60 years. It focusses on the areas of experimental studies, which I was personally involved in. In 1958 it was well established that excited nuclear levels are characterized as resonance phenomena, and the associated field of research was defined as ‘Nuclear-resonance spectroscopy’. Yet the Neutron ‘time of flight’ facility at the Saclay Research Center was at its final stages of development, and I have participated in some ancillary studies as a Visiting Scientist, for the period 1958-1960.
Upon completion (1961) this facility delivered a spectacular resolution, over the neutron-energy range between 4 eV and 10 keV. Applying it to the study of resonance absorption in a sample of Rh103 it was capable of resolving a cluster of 29 resonance levels, over the range between 317 and 1930 eV. A key element in this experiment is the role played by the B10-based neutron detector, which forms a match to the task at hand, that is, it is entirely insensitive to any other type of nuclear radiation. This would define the neutron as a unique type of a propagating nuclear particle. Of similar importance are the two different Multi-channel analyzers (MCAs), of 1000 and 1024 channels, which were deployed for data collection and calibration. These represented at that time (1960-1961) prototypes of the state-of-the-art of Germanium-based digital electronics.
Following this extended visit to the Saclay Research Center, I have joined the Soreq Research Center, Yavne, Israel (1961), taking part in the development of a Mössbauer research laboratory. Four years later (1965) I have joined the Nuclear Engineering program of the School of Engineering at Princeton University, continuing my work on Mössbauer-resonance spectroscopy for about 10 more years, focusing primarily on studies with the Fe57 isotope.
In part, this work entailed upgrading the spectrometer to provide a resolution far improved over the natural-line width of the Fe57 resonance line. The experimental setup included a commercial cryostat, capable of covering the range between Liquid-Helium temperature and 400C, operated under an automatic stepwise temperature controller. The data collection was performed on a 400-channel analyzer, supported by a semi-automatic data interface to an early model of the emerging computer technology (7094-IBM-mainframe). This provided for an automatic sequential data analysis of the large number of spectra entailed in the study of the effect of the thermal shift of the Fe57 resonance line. The analysis of these data was performed using a nonlinear regression analysis program, provided by the USAEC to institutions with access to a Mainframe computer (1965).
After spending about 15 years in total on Mössbauer studies the focus of my work shifted towards digital automation in engineering. Few years later, having spent more than 18 years at Princeton, I have joined the College of Engineering at Boston University, continuing my work in industrial automation (1984).
At about the year 2000, I have joined my brother, Professor Dov Hazony of the Case-Western Reserve University, in a joint study of the engineering characterization of condensed mater based on the dispersion phenomena of travelling-ultrasonic signals. In order to be able to take advantage of the development in digital electronics, and digital signal processing, the Ultrasound Laboratory was re-equipped with digital instrumentation. This included Contemporary Digital Oscilloscope, which may be viewed as the descendant of the Multi-Channel Analyzer, operating in conjunction with a matching ‘Pulser-Receiver’ box. This provided for the depiction of the travelling ultrasonic pulses with a screen resolution of 25000 time intervals.
The data so collected was transferred to a Desk-top computer (PC), and from there via the internet to a second PC in my office at home in Boston, where the data analysis software was implemented and applied. This entailed a non-linear regression analysis which was based on the observation that the propagating ultrasonic pulses were very well described in terms of the ‘Harmonic-Gaussian Template’ (HGT). It provides for the simultaneous extraction of 5 physical parameters. Error analysis demonstrated that two of the five parameters demonstrated a violation of the Uncertainty Principle.
In 2015 my brother retired and his experimental facility dismantled, ending 15 years of collaborative experimental research, which started as an engineering project and evolved into research in the fundamentals of Quantum mechanics, and culminating in another experimental violation of the uncertainty principle.
This event prompted the use of the facilities of academia.edu to create a public website aimed at drawing attention to our published work as well as some supporting but unpublished results.
Finally, in the course of development of such a website and the creation of a research profile spanning over nearly sixty years of research in physics and engineering, the scope of this project expanded into a new study of the “A Relativistic Quantum Mechanics: An Experimental Framework.” I hope that this new paper will serve as a stepping stone towards the fulfillment of Einstein’s goal, however, it may take more than one lifetime to get there.

Boston, March, 2016
Yehonathan Hazony

Papers by Yehonathan Hazony

A commercial 4.5-MHz ultrasonic transducer is modified, generating a nearly ideal-phononic beam. ... more A commercial 4.5-MHz ultrasonic transducer is modified, generating a nearly ideal-phononic beam. Analyzed by Harmonic-Gaussian regression, it yields experimental accuracy close to that of the 20-MHz buffered transducer reported earlier. This extends the validation range for such analysis to 1-25 MHz. Secondary phonons introduce ‘acoustic noise’, whence signal-processing is enhanced, phononic decomposition is added, and systemic errors of an order of magnitude similar to the statistical errors, materialize. The accuracies reported, are based on repetitive experiments, analyzed using a non-linear regression process. The analysis employs a Harmonic–Gaussian Template, serving as a mathematical model for the propagating phonon. It highlights a dual ‘particle and wave’ properties, where the corpuscular aspect of the phonon is represented by a Gaussian envelope, modulating a distinct carrier frequency, varying with the propagation distance. This is shown to lead to the simultaneous measurement of 5 physical variables, inclusive of propagation time, magnitude, Gaussian width, carrier frequency and phase shift. A measurable discrepancy between the corpuscular and wave velocities is uncovered.

Ultrasonic experiments have been performed on large scale atomic and molecular aggregates in a c... more Ultrasonic experiments have been performed on large scale atomic and molecular aggregates in a condensed-matter channel. Monochromatic-modulated Gaussian stress pulses are launched into the channel and are monitored. Conﬁned by the ﬁnite channel geometry, these pulses are accurately described by a 5-parameter Harmonic-Gaussian template, encapsulating corpuscular and wavelike properties (compatible with Louis de Broglie’s particle-wave duality statement) and identiﬁed as phonons. It follows that this template serves as an analytical framework for a nonlinear regression analysis, concurrently extracting the parameters above, allowing experimentaluncertainty measurements. Results reveal a high degree of combined accuracy, inconsistent with Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle. A critical comparison with nuclear c-ray photons is also presented.V C 2013 Physics Essays Publication.[http://dx.doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-26.1.73]

The concept of ‘Non-permissible experiments’ permeated the literature by Merzbacher as an articul... more The concept of ‘Non-permissible experiments’ permeated the literature by Merzbacher as an articulation of Heisenberg’s Rules. Ample experiments in Modern Physics deem forbidden, but never the less, they do not violate the uncertainty relations. In contrast, recent ultrasonic time-of-flight experiments in condensed-matter channels, encounter violation of the uncertainty principle. Accordingly these agree with the de Broglie-Bohm interpretation of quantum mechanics, which does not support the uncertainty relations, and elaborated by the quantum theory of motion. This theory is expanded to account for ultrasound-phononic dispersion in condensed-matter channels.

A pre-selected 21MHz ultrasonic transducer was used to produce characteristic pulses, arbitrarily... more A pre-selected 21MHz ultrasonic transducer was used to produce characteristic pulses, arbitrarily similar to the quantum-mechanical concept of a phonon, describable as having a single-frequency modulated Gaussian shape. The propagation of such pulses in water-acoustic channels was studied in conjunction with nonlinear regression analysis and an Erlangian model for size distribution of molecular aggregates. Experimental results obtained distinguish between surface and bulk phenomena and provide quantitative measures of an average molecular cluster size in water. The relevance of the Erlangian model, in studying the near front of the channel, provides a significant distinction between the behavior of pure water and Ringer’s solution of water. The inherent consistency between the various results re-enforces the theoretical approach, implying new venues for future research.

The ‘‘average acoustic pulse dispersion length in condensed matter channels’’ is expanded to show... more The ‘‘average acoustic pulse dispersion length in condensed matter channels’’ is expanded to show that propagating acoustic pulses may behave as phonons, which can be characterized and used to evaluate the channel through which they have travelled. Employing transducers, pulser/receivers and condensed matter channels, it is possible to generate and detect a ‘harmonic Gaussian’ pulse (i.e. a Gaussian pulse modulated by a phased carrier frequency). Propagating in the channel the pulse expands, its carrier frequency is diminished, but the harmonic Gaussian property stays. This parallels the quantum-mechanics ‘wave packet’ characterization, relating to such entities as ‘photons’ and ‘phonons’. Channel inhomogeneities affect travelling phonons. Application of nonlinear regression analysis to reflected echoes, at the front and back of the channel, uncovers intrinsic signal parameters. A theory provided relating the derived phonon profile change to average scattering length, mean domain size or defect spacing, gs, a material property. Experimental and analytical results provide gs estimates for diverse channels: a 10mm column of glycerine, a 4.8mm column of Elmer’s glue and an 8mm copper plate. The gs values agree with length scales in the materials (nanometres to microns) determined by other experiments, e.g. electron microscopy.

This paper is concerned with ‘a probing pulse’ propagating in an inhomogeneous condensed state me... more This paper is concerned with ‘a probing pulse’ propagating in an inhomogeneous condensed state medium. The pulse expands as it travels. This expansion may be correlated to a material-characteristic dimension – such as the size of a grain or of a free path between scattering sites or of a domain – which is a random variable with a mean denoted as gs. Moreover, we may ascribe to the propagation a loss constant which is proportional to gs. The process derives from the fact that, for a relatively large number of scattering sites, it is possible to model the propagation media in terms of a repetitive electrical network. The model supports a Gaussian (bell shape) impulse response and deﬁnes gs. Both theoretical and experimental (ultrasonic) results are provided. The experimental method is relatively fast to perform and the results are highly reproducible.

Boston, March, 2016
Yehonathan Hazony