Nura Jafar Shanono - Profile on Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Nura Jafar Shanono

FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES

The unceasing risk perception and socio-economic damages caused by flood disasters have been pers... more The unceasing risk perception and socio-economic damages caused by flood disasters have been persistent in Hadejia River Valley (HRV). There is, however, a need to review upstream factors that could exacerbate downstream floods in the valley. The review tends to gain insight from the local and global flood occurrences due to the interplay between upstream reservoir management and other anthropogenic activities and downstream floods. The review underscores the impact of poor upstream reservoir operation, agriculture and other anthropogenic activities in exacerbating the occurrence of floods. These activities alter natural drainage patterns, reduce water absorption, and frequent spills from the major dams and hence, amplify runoff resulting in heightened flood risks. It was observed that reservoirs can serve as flood control facilities (if well-managed) and also exacerbate flooding by releasing large volumes of water too quickly or reaching capacity during intense rainfall events. It ...

Fudma Journal of Sciences, Jan 31, 2024

FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES

Climate change threatened rice production in the semi-arid region of Nigeria. Agricultural produc... more Climate change threatened rice production in the semi-arid region of Nigeria. Agricultural production is affected by variations in weather conditions and long-term climate patterns. The pattern of changing climate in the last three decades indicated that changes in rainfall and temperature reduced agriculture outputs and yields, which is significant in rice. A farm experiment was set up with six cultivars of rice. The APSIM model was used to simulate grain yield at maturity under a change in temperature scenarios to observe the effect of climate change on rice. Results showed that the mean annual temperature in KRIS has risen by about 0.62 degrees in a decade, while a rise of 0.9 degree Celsius between “2010-2040” respectively. Also, there was no significant difference in the measured yield between the rice varieties, however, their response to a change in temperature in the simulated yield is significant. effect of decreased temperature on the rice yield within the span of two deca...

Turkish Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research

Periodic assessment and monitoring of the functionality of irrigation scheme components is the po... more Periodic assessment and monitoring of the functionality of irrigation scheme components is the popularly known approach for identifying and fixing existing or looming problems. For example the widely used quantitative metrics for irrigation water allocation performance assessment include equity, adequacy, and reliability of water supply. However, a qualitative metric that is seldom applied particularly in Nigeria is the value engineering method. A value engineering method is problem identification and solving approach commonly used to analyze the level of functionality of a given system or its components. The approach comprised the following phases; problem identification, system functionality analysis, creation, evaluation and development of value alternatives. A value engineering approach was applied to identify and solve the water allocation problem at Watari Irrigation Project (WIP), Kano Nigeria. Eleven (11) major problems related to water allocation were identified, and 27 sol...

FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES

Assessing the sustainability performance of an irrigation scheme requires a multi-criteria approa... more Assessing the sustainability performance of an irrigation scheme requires a multi-criteria approach that holistically incorporates factors from all the sustainability pillars. To achieve this, a framework of indicators for irrigation schemes sustainability assessment that identify multi-dimensional challenges affecting the sustainability performance of irrigation scheme was developed. The framework entails the identification, selection and screening of criteria (primary and secondary) that cut across 5 sustainability pillars (economic, social, environmental, technological and institutional). Moreover, the framework was developed based on the experts' opinions using a 5-level Likert scale (not important, least important, moderately important, important and very important) and out of 212 administered questionnaires, 153 were returned (72%). The experts' higher ratings of very important for institution, environment, technical, economic and social were 56, 50, 41, 40 and 37% respectively. Hence, irrigation experts rated institutional and environmental aspects as the most important for a sustainable irrigation scheme. The Cronbach's alpha (Cα) values interpretation was used to evaluate the internal consistency of the criteria and all the criteria have Cα values of greater than 0.5, thus, all the criteria were considered reliable for further analysis. Out of the 17 primary criteria, 3 (17.6%), 6 (35.3%), and 8 (47.1%) were rated as excellent, good and satisfactory respectively. At the initial stage, the framework comprises 17 primary and 70 secondary criteria and after the screening, the framework comprises 17 primary and 64 secondary criteria for measuring the sustainability performance of irrigation schemes in northern Nigeria.

Fudma Journal of Sciences, Jul 5, 2023

Climate change threatened rice production in the semi-arid region of Nigeria. Agricultural produc... more Climate change threatened rice production in the semi-arid region of Nigeria. Agricultural production is affected by variations in weather conditions and long-term climate patterns. The pattern of changing climate in the last three decades indicated that changes in rainfall and temperature reduced agriculture outputs and yields, which is significant in rice. A farm experiment was set up with six cultivars of rice. The APSIM model was used to simulate grain yield at maturity under a change in temperature scenarios to observe the effect of climate change on rice. Results showed that the mean annual temperature in KRIS has risen by about 0.62 degrees in a decade, while a rise of 0.9 degree Celsius between "2010-2040" respectively. Also, there was no significant difference in the measured yield between the rice varieties, however, their response to a change in temperature in the simulated yield is significant. effect of decreased temperature on the rice yield within the span of two decades and were simulated under 1 o C, 2 o C, and 3 o C rise in temperature. The overall yield is decreasing steadily and began to descend by 2025, in 2038 the yield began to rise again which was not clear as to the reason for the rise. However, on average there was a generally decreased yield over the two decades. It was recommended that a climate change adaptation strategy such as growing high yield short duration of rice variety to reduce the impact and ensure food security.

Turkish journal of agricultural engineering research, Dec 31, 2022

Periodic assessment and monitoring of the functionality of irrigation scheme components is the po... more Periodic assessment and monitoring of the functionality of irrigation scheme components is the popularly known approach for identifying and fixing existing or looming problems. For example the widely used quantitative metrics for irrigation water allocation performance assessment include equity, adequacy, and reliability of water supply. However, a qualitative metric that is seldom applied particularly in Nigeria is the value engineering method. A value engineering method is problem identification and solving approach commonly used to analyze the level of functionality of a given system or its components. The approach comprised the following phases; problem identification, system functionality analysis, creation, evaluation and development of value alternatives. A value engineering approach was applied to identify and solve the water allocation problem at Watari Irrigation Project (WIP), Kano Nigeria. Eleven (11) major problems related to water allocation were identified, and 27 solutions (ideas) were suggested, screened and reduced to 13 by the irrigating management experts. Five (5) value alternatives (VA) from the finally screened ideas were formed by putting 2 or 3 ideas as an integrated solution for a given problem. The 5 value alternatives include repairing water conveyance infrastructures, dredging water conveyance infrastructures, improving on-farm water management, conducting policy dialogue and alteration and creating awareness and sensitization campaigns. After scoring these value alternatives using a scale of 0 to 10 by another set of irrigation experts, dredging water conveyance infrastructures is having the highest score of 8.19 and hence, it requires urgent attention from the relevant authority.

Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2021

This work describes the effect of different agricultural land use on potential soil erodibility (... more This work describes the effect of different agricultural land use on potential soil erodibility (K) at cultivated farming areas in Cameron Highlands. Ordinarily, soils are assigned with K factors depending on geological properties only which can result into erroneous calculation of soil erosion. This study explores roles of different agricultural land use on the spatial variability of soil erodibility on hilly farms at Cameron Highlands. Soil samples, slopes and spatial locations were collected based on crop types being cultivated. Meanwhile, the land use and type of equipment for each crop are recorded and ranked depending on the degree of soil disturbances. The results showed that, K values are ranged from 0.0084 to 0.0161. Shallow-root crops, such as vegetables and flowers have higher K values due to shallow soil rootzone and frequency of surface operations. However, tea cultivated areas and forests have low K values, indicating comparably higher ability to resist erosion. Furthe...

Arid Zone Journal of Engineering, Technology and Environment, 2014

A field experiment was conducted at the Irrigation Research Station, Kadawa Kano State, Nigeria (... more A field experiment was conducted at the Irrigation Research Station, Kadawa Kano State, Nigeria (located 11o 30’ N, 08o 30’ E and 486 m above mean sea level) during 2012/2013 dry season to evaluate crop water stress index of tomato (lycopersicon enculentum; UC82B) as affected by irrigation regimes. The experiment consisted of four levels of irrigation water application depth of 100%, 75%, 50% and 25% replacement of moisture depleted and three irrigation intervals (7, 14 and 21 days) combined in Randomized Complete Block Design in a Split plot arrangement and laid as treatments in plots (3 m x 3 m basin) and replicated three times. Irrigation water was applied to each basin using a calibrated PVC pipe. The soil moisture was monitored throughout the crop growing season with theta probe. The crop canopy temperature (Tc) in the experimental plots was measured with a portable hand-held infrared thermometer. The dry and wet bulb temperatures were measured with an aspirated psychromet...

FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES, 2021

The complexity of hydrological models has been a setback in their evaluation particularly for lon... more The complexity of hydrological models has been a setback in their evaluation particularly for long-term simulations. Deficit and constant loss (DCL) method has been introduced in Hydrologic Engineering Center's Hydraulic Modeling System (HEC-HMS) model for continuous based simulations. However, studies on climate change impacts using the method are still very few. This study used the method to evaluate potential impacts of climate change on streamflow at Bernam Basin, Malaysia for 2010-2039, 2040-2069 and 2070-2099 to the baseline period (1976-2005) under two RCP scenarios (RCPs 4.5 and 8.5). The model efficiency during evaluation is found satisfactory. Compared with the baseline period, the predicted streamflow decreased in all future periods during main and off-seasons. However, the changes have become more pronounced during the off-season with a significant decrease of 9.14% under the worst-case scenario (RCP8.5). Therefore, the Basin would likely experience tremendous pres...

Turkish Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research

This study simulate and optimize the yield and yield parameters of tomato using AquaCrop model an... more This study simulate and optimize the yield and yield parameters of tomato using AquaCrop model and genetic algorthm (GA) respectively. The AquaCrop model was firstly calibrated using the data obtained from the field and was later used to simulate the observed yield, water productivity and biomass of tomato. The Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Coefficient of Residual Mass (CRM) Normalized Root Mean Square Error (NRMSE) and Modelling efficiency (EF) were used to compare the observed and simulated values. The governing equation of AquaCrop simulation software was then optimized using the evolutionary optimization method of GA with MATLAB programming software. All the statistical indices except CRM used in comparing the simulated and observed values indicated good agreement. The CRM values of -0.11, -0.06 and -0.20 were obtained for the yield, biomass and water productivity of tomato which indicated a very slight over-estimation of the observed results by the AquaCrop model. The optimiza...

Modelling the Effect of Drought on Soil-moisture Availability Deficit for Sandy-loam Soils in Semi-arid Kano, Nigeria

DergiPark (Istanbul University), Oct 22, 2022

FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES

Assessing the sustainability performance of an irrigation scheme requires a multi-criteria approa... more Assessing the sustainability performance of an irrigation scheme requires a multi-criteria approach that holistically incorporates factors from all the sustainability pillars. To achieve this, a framework of indicators for irrigation schemes sustainability assessment that identify multi-dimensional challenges affecting the sustainability performance of irrigation scheme was developed. The framework entails the identification, selection and screening of criteria (primary and secondary) that cut across 5 sustainability pillars (economic, social, environmental, technological and institutional). Moreover, the framework was developed based on the experts' opinions using a 5-level Likert scale (not important, least important, moderately important, important and very important) and out of 212 administered questionnaires, 153 were returned (72%). The experts' higher ratings of very important for institution, environment, technical, economic and social were 56, 50, 41, 40 and 37% respectively. Hence, irrigation experts rated institutional and environmental aspects as the most important for a sustainable irrigation scheme. The Cronbach's alpha (Cα) values interpretation was used to evaluate the internal consistency of the criteria and all the criteria have Cα values of greater than 0.5, thus, all the criteria were considered reliable for further analysis. Out of the 17 primary criteria, 3 (17.6%), 6 (35.3%), and 8 (47.1%) were rated as excellent, good and satisfactory respectively. At the initial stage, the framework comprises 17 primary and 70 secondary criteria and after the screening, the framework comprises 17 primary and 64 secondary criteria for measuring the sustainability performance of irrigation schemes in northern Nigeria.

Hydrology and society: Phenomena emerging from the interactions and feedbacks between human and water systems

<p>Water resources management and hydrological risk reduction require anticipation ... more <p>Water resources management and hydrological risk reduction require anticipation of emergent (unexpected or unintended) phenomena as fundamental dynamics of complex human-water systems. Explaining and characterizing these sociohydrological phenomena is a central focus of Panta Rhei–Everything Flows, the Scientific Decade of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences (2013-2022). Here we use System Dynamics’ archetypes to describe and classify socio-hydrological phenomena emerging from nonlinear interactions between human and water systems. Archetypes illustrate dynamic behaviours that are frequently observed across (seemingly) different systems, contexts or problem settings. They include intended or unintended actions and reactions with explicit recognition of delays in reaction times. Reinforcing (or positive) and balancing (or negative) feedback loops and system boundaries are key elements for describing archetypes. In the study of human-water systems, the most common archetypes are Limits to Growth, Fixes that Backfire, Success to the Successful, and Tragedy of the Commons. Using system archetypes to generalize the phenomena in coupled human-water systems allows for the comparison among case studies along with the integration of multiple dimensions, thereby contributing to the development of new theories which provide common causes and explanations. We first present several classes of sociohydrological phenomena that have been explored over the past decade, and then discuss their role in explaining the dynamics of human-water systems. Finally, we engage with the implications for integrated water resources management, hydrological risk reduction, and water governance.</p>

A Review of the Performance of Irrigation Schemes in Northern Nigeria using Sustainability Pillars

Environmental Research and Technology

Irrigation has been identified as an important practice to achieving food security and socio-econ... more Irrigation has been identified as an important practice to achieving food security and socio-economic development in the face of rapid population growth and climatic uncertainties. In northern Nigeria, irrigation has long been identified as the key to achieving the much-desired increase in food production to meet the ever-increasing population. However, the existing irrigation schemes encountered several challenges coming from different dimensions including economic, social, environmental, institutional and technological. To attain sustainable crop production, this paper attempts to uncover the underline challenges confronting irrigation schemes in northern Nigeria that cut across sustainability pillars. The findings revealed that irrigation schemes contributed immensely toward achieving food security and improving the well-being of rural dwellers. However, the huge investment in large- and medium-scale irrigation schemes have resulted in massive economic losses. This could be attri...

Inefficient utilization of water in irrigated agriculture and other water management sectors have... more Inefficient utilization of water in irrigated agriculture and other water management sectors have been reportedly linked to inappropriate water application and/or sharing methods, hydrological uncertainties, and decayed infrastructures. However, a problem that has been affecting the irrigation and other water management sectors which attracted little attention and remaining elusive, is the impact of unlawful human activities. Some of the human activities that have been reported to adversely affect irrigation and other water management sectors include unauthorized water uses, water wastage behavior, and excessive operational losses. Others comprise discharging poorly or untreated wastewater into watercourses, over-application of chemicals, collusions, and other forms of corruption. To change the current water governance for achieving the sustainable development goal number 12, aimed at ensuring sustainable natural resources consumption and production patterns, the impacts of such undesirable human activities need to be assessed and incorporated into water management operational analysis quantitatively. This paper reviewed and reported two important aspects that need to be considered before putting human-centered water management into practice. 1) Ethical considerations in water use and management which need to be studied, revisited, and revised. 2) Human behavior-induced cases that have occurred and hampered the success of irrigation and other water management sectors. An insightful knowledge was gained from the review that drought condition (the state of water availability) affects water users' level of compliance with rules. This paper, therefore, identified the impact of human unlawful activities as the missing link that if not quantitatively incorporated could render irrigation and other water management sectors unproductive. For example, a model that simulates water management operation whilst coupling the impact of humans quantitatively would be a valuable tool for prudent decision-making. It is, therefore, strongly recommended to be incorporating the impact of human activities on irrigation and other water management performance analysis quantitatively.

The persistent poor performance of water resource systems (WRS) has been reportedly linked to not... more The persistent poor performance of water resource systems (WRS) has been reportedly linked to not only climate change and dilapidated water infrastructures but also human unlawful activities. Some of these unlawful activities include unauthorized water abstractions, wastage, excessive losses, discharging untreated wastewater, over‐application of chemicals and fraudulent incidences. Despite advances in WRS planning and operational analysis, incorporating such undesirable activities to quantitatively assess their impact on WRS performance remain elusive. This study was then inspired by the need to develop a methodological framework for WRS performance assessment that integrated human impacts with WRS analysis tasks. A conceptual framework for assessing the impact of human behaviour on WRS performance using the concept of socio-hydrology is proposed herein. The framework identifies and coupled four major sources of water values (WRS, goals, managers and users) using three activities se...

Evaluation of Aqua-Crop Model using Onion Crop under Deficit Irrigation and Mulch in Semi-arid Nigeria

Turkish Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research

The Aqua-Crop simulation model has been playing a crucial role in assessing the performance of th... more The Aqua-Crop simulation model has been playing a crucial role in assessing the performance of the existing strategies for the management of irrigation schemes for improving agricultural water use efficiency. This study evaluated the Aqua-Crop model using Onion crops under deficit irrigation and mulch practices in semi-arid Nigeria. Measurements were taken from the experimental plots which consisted of irrigation and mulch each at 4 levels were used to evaluate the Aqua-Crop model using canopy cover, biomass, yield, actual crop ET, and water productivity of Onion during the 2021 irrigation season. The simulated results from the Aqua-Crop model were evaluated and statistically compared with the experimental results. The model simulated canopy cover with the highest degree of correlation coefficient (0.74 ≤ r ≤ 0.94). The model perfectly predicted Onion yield and biomass under full irrigation irrespective of the mulching. However, the model underestimated Onion yield and biomass at de...

FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES

The semi-arid region of the world is occasionally affected by erratic rainfall and drought which ... more The semi-arid region of the world is occasionally affected by erratic rainfall and drought which threatens agricultural production and food security. This paper presents the outcome obtained from a review to provide proactive measures that will combat the problems of water scarcity through the adoption of sensor-based drip irrigation by small-scale farmers. The small-scale farmers constituted the larger proportion of the farming population in the region. The paper is centred on the general overview of irrigation practices, advances in irrigation systems, modelling irrigation and cropping Systems, coupling soil sensors with drip irrigation and their adoption. Factors that hinder the acceptance and adoption of sensor-based drip irrigation systems were reviewed and synthesized which include initial capital investment, farmers’ awareness, risk perception and uncertainties, technical know-how, farm size and capital recovery. A simple framework for adopting a sensor-based drip irrigation ...

Red Sea University Journal of Basic and Applied Science ISSN: 1858-7658 (Online) Vol (2) Special Issue (3) May-2017 ISSN: 1858-7690 (Print)

This paper examines the production of standby electrical energy in Livestock Port in the Red Sea ... more This paper examines the production of standby electrical energy in Livestock Port in the Red Sea State in Sudan. The estimated power required for the (Livestock Port) is 5MW, which will be mainly produced by a hybrid renewable energy system of (solar+ wind) energies. A standby power is required to be produced from biogas and batteries to cover approximately 10% of the estimated 5MW power i.e. 500kW, out of which 250kW will be generated from a biogas plant. Since the activity of the port is relying on exporting livestock, the biogas production will be a by – product which can be produced due to the transient stay of animals (mainly sheep) in the port. The paper made use of the comparison of six different animal dungs in producing biogas under anaerobic conditions. Sheep dung was found to produce the greatest amount of biogas compared to the other animals. Two types of energy production from biogas were discussed i.e. gas turbine generator and the mix of biogas with diesel in diesel e...

FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES

The unceasing risk perception and socio-economic damages caused by flood disasters have been pers... more The unceasing risk perception and socio-economic damages caused by flood disasters have been persistent in Hadejia River Valley (HRV). There is, however, a need to review upstream factors that could exacerbate downstream floods in the valley. The review tends to gain insight from the local and global flood occurrences due to the interplay between upstream reservoir management and other anthropogenic activities and downstream floods. The review underscores the impact of poor upstream reservoir operation, agriculture and other anthropogenic activities in exacerbating the occurrence of floods. These activities alter natural drainage patterns, reduce water absorption, and frequent spills from the major dams and hence, amplify runoff resulting in heightened flood risks. It was observed that reservoirs can serve as flood control facilities (if well-managed) and also exacerbate flooding by releasing large volumes of water too quickly or reaching capacity during intense rainfall events. It ...

Fudma Journal of Sciences, Jan 31, 2024

FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES

Climate change threatened rice production in the semi-arid region of Nigeria. Agricultural produc... more Climate change threatened rice production in the semi-arid region of Nigeria. Agricultural production is affected by variations in weather conditions and long-term climate patterns. The pattern of changing climate in the last three decades indicated that changes in rainfall and temperature reduced agriculture outputs and yields, which is significant in rice. A farm experiment was set up with six cultivars of rice. The APSIM model was used to simulate grain yield at maturity under a change in temperature scenarios to observe the effect of climate change on rice. Results showed that the mean annual temperature in KRIS has risen by about 0.62 degrees in a decade, while a rise of 0.9 degree Celsius between “2010-2040” respectively. Also, there was no significant difference in the measured yield between the rice varieties, however, their response to a change in temperature in the simulated yield is significant. effect of decreased temperature on the rice yield within the span of two deca...

Turkish Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research

Periodic assessment and monitoring of the functionality of irrigation scheme components is the po... more Periodic assessment and monitoring of the functionality of irrigation scheme components is the popularly known approach for identifying and fixing existing or looming problems. For example the widely used quantitative metrics for irrigation water allocation performance assessment include equity, adequacy, and reliability of water supply. However, a qualitative metric that is seldom applied particularly in Nigeria is the value engineering method. A value engineering method is problem identification and solving approach commonly used to analyze the level of functionality of a given system or its components. The approach comprised the following phases; problem identification, system functionality analysis, creation, evaluation and development of value alternatives. A value engineering approach was applied to identify and solve the water allocation problem at Watari Irrigation Project (WIP), Kano Nigeria. Eleven (11) major problems related to water allocation were identified, and 27 sol...

FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES

Assessing the sustainability performance of an irrigation scheme requires a multi-criteria approa... more Assessing the sustainability performance of an irrigation scheme requires a multi-criteria approach that holistically incorporates factors from all the sustainability pillars. To achieve this, a framework of indicators for irrigation schemes sustainability assessment that identify multi-dimensional challenges affecting the sustainability performance of irrigation scheme was developed. The framework entails the identification, selection and screening of criteria (primary and secondary) that cut across 5 sustainability pillars (economic, social, environmental, technological and institutional). Moreover, the framework was developed based on the experts' opinions using a 5-level Likert scale (not important, least important, moderately important, important and very important) and out of 212 administered questionnaires, 153 were returned (72%). The experts' higher ratings of very important for institution, environment, technical, economic and social were 56, 50, 41, 40 and 37% respectively. Hence, irrigation experts rated institutional and environmental aspects as the most important for a sustainable irrigation scheme. The Cronbach's alpha (Cα) values interpretation was used to evaluate the internal consistency of the criteria and all the criteria have Cα values of greater than 0.5, thus, all the criteria were considered reliable for further analysis. Out of the 17 primary criteria, 3 (17.6%), 6 (35.3%), and 8 (47.1%) were rated as excellent, good and satisfactory respectively. At the initial stage, the framework comprises 17 primary and 70 secondary criteria and after the screening, the framework comprises 17 primary and 64 secondary criteria for measuring the sustainability performance of irrigation schemes in northern Nigeria.

Fudma Journal of Sciences, Jul 5, 2023

Climate change threatened rice production in the semi-arid region of Nigeria. Agricultural produc... more Climate change threatened rice production in the semi-arid region of Nigeria. Agricultural production is affected by variations in weather conditions and long-term climate patterns. The pattern of changing climate in the last three decades indicated that changes in rainfall and temperature reduced agriculture outputs and yields, which is significant in rice. A farm experiment was set up with six cultivars of rice. The APSIM model was used to simulate grain yield at maturity under a change in temperature scenarios to observe the effect of climate change on rice. Results showed that the mean annual temperature in KRIS has risen by about 0.62 degrees in a decade, while a rise of 0.9 degree Celsius between "2010-2040" respectively. Also, there was no significant difference in the measured yield between the rice varieties, however, their response to a change in temperature in the simulated yield is significant. effect of decreased temperature on the rice yield within the span of two decades and were simulated under 1 o C, 2 o C, and 3 o C rise in temperature. The overall yield is decreasing steadily and began to descend by 2025, in 2038 the yield began to rise again which was not clear as to the reason for the rise. However, on average there was a generally decreased yield over the two decades. It was recommended that a climate change adaptation strategy such as growing high yield short duration of rice variety to reduce the impact and ensure food security.

Turkish journal of agricultural engineering research, Dec 31, 2022

Periodic assessment and monitoring of the functionality of irrigation scheme components is the po... more Periodic assessment and monitoring of the functionality of irrigation scheme components is the popularly known approach for identifying and fixing existing or looming problems. For example the widely used quantitative metrics for irrigation water allocation performance assessment include equity, adequacy, and reliability of water supply. However, a qualitative metric that is seldom applied particularly in Nigeria is the value engineering method. A value engineering method is problem identification and solving approach commonly used to analyze the level of functionality of a given system or its components. The approach comprised the following phases; problem identification, system functionality analysis, creation, evaluation and development of value alternatives. A value engineering approach was applied to identify and solve the water allocation problem at Watari Irrigation Project (WIP), Kano Nigeria. Eleven (11) major problems related to water allocation were identified, and 27 solutions (ideas) were suggested, screened and reduced to 13 by the irrigating management experts. Five (5) value alternatives (VA) from the finally screened ideas were formed by putting 2 or 3 ideas as an integrated solution for a given problem. The 5 value alternatives include repairing water conveyance infrastructures, dredging water conveyance infrastructures, improving on-farm water management, conducting policy dialogue and alteration and creating awareness and sensitization campaigns. After scoring these value alternatives using a scale of 0 to 10 by another set of irrigation experts, dredging water conveyance infrastructures is having the highest score of 8.19 and hence, it requires urgent attention from the relevant authority.

Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2021

This work describes the effect of different agricultural land use on potential soil erodibility (... more This work describes the effect of different agricultural land use on potential soil erodibility (K) at cultivated farming areas in Cameron Highlands. Ordinarily, soils are assigned with K factors depending on geological properties only which can result into erroneous calculation of soil erosion. This study explores roles of different agricultural land use on the spatial variability of soil erodibility on hilly farms at Cameron Highlands. Soil samples, slopes and spatial locations were collected based on crop types being cultivated. Meanwhile, the land use and type of equipment for each crop are recorded and ranked depending on the degree of soil disturbances. The results showed that, K values are ranged from 0.0084 to 0.0161. Shallow-root crops, such as vegetables and flowers have higher K values due to shallow soil rootzone and frequency of surface operations. However, tea cultivated areas and forests have low K values, indicating comparably higher ability to resist erosion. Furthe...

Arid Zone Journal of Engineering, Technology and Environment, 2014

A field experiment was conducted at the Irrigation Research Station, Kadawa Kano State, Nigeria (... more A field experiment was conducted at the Irrigation Research Station, Kadawa Kano State, Nigeria (located 11o 30’ N, 08o 30’ E and 486 m above mean sea level) during 2012/2013 dry season to evaluate crop water stress index of tomato (lycopersicon enculentum; UC82B) as affected by irrigation regimes. The experiment consisted of four levels of irrigation water application depth of 100%, 75%, 50% and 25% replacement of moisture depleted and three irrigation intervals (7, 14 and 21 days) combined in Randomized Complete Block Design in a Split plot arrangement and laid as treatments in plots (3 m x 3 m basin) and replicated three times. Irrigation water was applied to each basin using a calibrated PVC pipe. The soil moisture was monitored throughout the crop growing season with theta probe. The crop canopy temperature (Tc) in the experimental plots was measured with a portable hand-held infrared thermometer. The dry and wet bulb temperatures were measured with an aspirated psychromet...

FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES, 2021

The complexity of hydrological models has been a setback in their evaluation particularly for lon... more The complexity of hydrological models has been a setback in their evaluation particularly for long-term simulations. Deficit and constant loss (DCL) method has been introduced in Hydrologic Engineering Center's Hydraulic Modeling System (HEC-HMS) model for continuous based simulations. However, studies on climate change impacts using the method are still very few. This study used the method to evaluate potential impacts of climate change on streamflow at Bernam Basin, Malaysia for 2010-2039, 2040-2069 and 2070-2099 to the baseline period (1976-2005) under two RCP scenarios (RCPs 4.5 and 8.5). The model efficiency during evaluation is found satisfactory. Compared with the baseline period, the predicted streamflow decreased in all future periods during main and off-seasons. However, the changes have become more pronounced during the off-season with a significant decrease of 9.14% under the worst-case scenario (RCP8.5). Therefore, the Basin would likely experience tremendous pres...

Turkish Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research

This study simulate and optimize the yield and yield parameters of tomato using AquaCrop model an... more This study simulate and optimize the yield and yield parameters of tomato using AquaCrop model and genetic algorthm (GA) respectively. The AquaCrop model was firstly calibrated using the data obtained from the field and was later used to simulate the observed yield, water productivity and biomass of tomato. The Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Coefficient of Residual Mass (CRM) Normalized Root Mean Square Error (NRMSE) and Modelling efficiency (EF) were used to compare the observed and simulated values. The governing equation of AquaCrop simulation software was then optimized using the evolutionary optimization method of GA with MATLAB programming software. All the statistical indices except CRM used in comparing the simulated and observed values indicated good agreement. The CRM values of -0.11, -0.06 and -0.20 were obtained for the yield, biomass and water productivity of tomato which indicated a very slight over-estimation of the observed results by the AquaCrop model. The optimiza...

Modelling the Effect of Drought on Soil-moisture Availability Deficit for Sandy-loam Soils in Semi-arid Kano, Nigeria

DergiPark (Istanbul University), Oct 22, 2022

FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES

Assessing the sustainability performance of an irrigation scheme requires a multi-criteria approa... more Assessing the sustainability performance of an irrigation scheme requires a multi-criteria approach that holistically incorporates factors from all the sustainability pillars. To achieve this, a framework of indicators for irrigation schemes sustainability assessment that identify multi-dimensional challenges affecting the sustainability performance of irrigation scheme was developed. The framework entails the identification, selection and screening of criteria (primary and secondary) that cut across 5 sustainability pillars (economic, social, environmental, technological and institutional). Moreover, the framework was developed based on the experts' opinions using a 5-level Likert scale (not important, least important, moderately important, important and very important) and out of 212 administered questionnaires, 153 were returned (72%). The experts' higher ratings of very important for institution, environment, technical, economic and social were 56, 50, 41, 40 and 37% respectively. Hence, irrigation experts rated institutional and environmental aspects as the most important for a sustainable irrigation scheme. The Cronbach's alpha (Cα) values interpretation was used to evaluate the internal consistency of the criteria and all the criteria have Cα values of greater than 0.5, thus, all the criteria were considered reliable for further analysis. Out of the 17 primary criteria, 3 (17.6%), 6 (35.3%), and 8 (47.1%) were rated as excellent, good and satisfactory respectively. At the initial stage, the framework comprises 17 primary and 70 secondary criteria and after the screening, the framework comprises 17 primary and 64 secondary criteria for measuring the sustainability performance of irrigation schemes in northern Nigeria.

Hydrology and society: Phenomena emerging from the interactions and feedbacks between human and water systems

<p>Water resources management and hydrological risk reduction require anticipation ... more <p>Water resources management and hydrological risk reduction require anticipation of emergent (unexpected or unintended) phenomena as fundamental dynamics of complex human-water systems. Explaining and characterizing these sociohydrological phenomena is a central focus of Panta Rhei–Everything Flows, the Scientific Decade of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences (2013-2022). Here we use System Dynamics’ archetypes to describe and classify socio-hydrological phenomena emerging from nonlinear interactions between human and water systems. Archetypes illustrate dynamic behaviours that are frequently observed across (seemingly) different systems, contexts or problem settings. They include intended or unintended actions and reactions with explicit recognition of delays in reaction times. Reinforcing (or positive) and balancing (or negative) feedback loops and system boundaries are key elements for describing archetypes. In the study of human-water systems, the most common archetypes are Limits to Growth, Fixes that Backfire, Success to the Successful, and Tragedy of the Commons. Using system archetypes to generalize the phenomena in coupled human-water systems allows for the comparison among case studies along with the integration of multiple dimensions, thereby contributing to the development of new theories which provide common causes and explanations. We first present several classes of sociohydrological phenomena that have been explored over the past decade, and then discuss their role in explaining the dynamics of human-water systems. Finally, we engage with the implications for integrated water resources management, hydrological risk reduction, and water governance.</p>

A Review of the Performance of Irrigation Schemes in Northern Nigeria using Sustainability Pillars

Environmental Research and Technology

Irrigation has been identified as an important practice to achieving food security and socio-econ... more Irrigation has been identified as an important practice to achieving food security and socio-economic development in the face of rapid population growth and climatic uncertainties. In northern Nigeria, irrigation has long been identified as the key to achieving the much-desired increase in food production to meet the ever-increasing population. However, the existing irrigation schemes encountered several challenges coming from different dimensions including economic, social, environmental, institutional and technological. To attain sustainable crop production, this paper attempts to uncover the underline challenges confronting irrigation schemes in northern Nigeria that cut across sustainability pillars. The findings revealed that irrigation schemes contributed immensely toward achieving food security and improving the well-being of rural dwellers. However, the huge investment in large- and medium-scale irrigation schemes have resulted in massive economic losses. This could be attri...

Inefficient utilization of water in irrigated agriculture and other water management sectors have... more Inefficient utilization of water in irrigated agriculture and other water management sectors have been reportedly linked to inappropriate water application and/or sharing methods, hydrological uncertainties, and decayed infrastructures. However, a problem that has been affecting the irrigation and other water management sectors which attracted little attention and remaining elusive, is the impact of unlawful human activities. Some of the human activities that have been reported to adversely affect irrigation and other water management sectors include unauthorized water uses, water wastage behavior, and excessive operational losses. Others comprise discharging poorly or untreated wastewater into watercourses, over-application of chemicals, collusions, and other forms of corruption. To change the current water governance for achieving the sustainable development goal number 12, aimed at ensuring sustainable natural resources consumption and production patterns, the impacts of such undesirable human activities need to be assessed and incorporated into water management operational analysis quantitatively. This paper reviewed and reported two important aspects that need to be considered before putting human-centered water management into practice. 1) Ethical considerations in water use and management which need to be studied, revisited, and revised. 2) Human behavior-induced cases that have occurred and hampered the success of irrigation and other water management sectors. An insightful knowledge was gained from the review that drought condition (the state of water availability) affects water users' level of compliance with rules. This paper, therefore, identified the impact of human unlawful activities as the missing link that if not quantitatively incorporated could render irrigation and other water management sectors unproductive. For example, a model that simulates water management operation whilst coupling the impact of humans quantitatively would be a valuable tool for prudent decision-making. It is, therefore, strongly recommended to be incorporating the impact of human activities on irrigation and other water management performance analysis quantitatively.

The persistent poor performance of water resource systems (WRS) has been reportedly linked to not... more The persistent poor performance of water resource systems (WRS) has been reportedly linked to not only climate change and dilapidated water infrastructures but also human unlawful activities. Some of these unlawful activities include unauthorized water abstractions, wastage, excessive losses, discharging untreated wastewater, over‐application of chemicals and fraudulent incidences. Despite advances in WRS planning and operational analysis, incorporating such undesirable activities to quantitatively assess their impact on WRS performance remain elusive. This study was then inspired by the need to develop a methodological framework for WRS performance assessment that integrated human impacts with WRS analysis tasks. A conceptual framework for assessing the impact of human behaviour on WRS performance using the concept of socio-hydrology is proposed herein. The framework identifies and coupled four major sources of water values (WRS, goals, managers and users) using three activities se...

Evaluation of Aqua-Crop Model using Onion Crop under Deficit Irrigation and Mulch in Semi-arid Nigeria

Turkish Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research

The Aqua-Crop simulation model has been playing a crucial role in assessing the performance of th... more The Aqua-Crop simulation model has been playing a crucial role in assessing the performance of the existing strategies for the management of irrigation schemes for improving agricultural water use efficiency. This study evaluated the Aqua-Crop model using Onion crops under deficit irrigation and mulch practices in semi-arid Nigeria. Measurements were taken from the experimental plots which consisted of irrigation and mulch each at 4 levels were used to evaluate the Aqua-Crop model using canopy cover, biomass, yield, actual crop ET, and water productivity of Onion during the 2021 irrigation season. The simulated results from the Aqua-Crop model were evaluated and statistically compared with the experimental results. The model simulated canopy cover with the highest degree of correlation coefficient (0.74 ≤ r ≤ 0.94). The model perfectly predicted Onion yield and biomass under full irrigation irrespective of the mulching. However, the model underestimated Onion yield and biomass at de...

FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES

The semi-arid region of the world is occasionally affected by erratic rainfall and drought which ... more The semi-arid region of the world is occasionally affected by erratic rainfall and drought which threatens agricultural production and food security. This paper presents the outcome obtained from a review to provide proactive measures that will combat the problems of water scarcity through the adoption of sensor-based drip irrigation by small-scale farmers. The small-scale farmers constituted the larger proportion of the farming population in the region. The paper is centred on the general overview of irrigation practices, advances in irrigation systems, modelling irrigation and cropping Systems, coupling soil sensors with drip irrigation and their adoption. Factors that hinder the acceptance and adoption of sensor-based drip irrigation systems were reviewed and synthesized which include initial capital investment, farmers’ awareness, risk perception and uncertainties, technical know-how, farm size and capital recovery. A simple framework for adopting a sensor-based drip irrigation ...

Red Sea University Journal of Basic and Applied Science ISSN: 1858-7658 (Online) Vol (2) Special Issue (3) May-2017 ISSN: 1858-7690 (Print)

This paper examines the production of standby electrical energy in Livestock Port in the Red Sea ... more This paper examines the production of standby electrical energy in Livestock Port in the Red Sea State in Sudan. The estimated power required for the (Livestock Port) is 5MW, which will be mainly produced by a hybrid renewable energy system of (solar+ wind) energies. A standby power is required to be produced from biogas and batteries to cover approximately 10% of the estimated 5MW power i.e. 500kW, out of which 250kW will be generated from a biogas plant. Since the activity of the port is relying on exporting livestock, the biogas production will be a by – product which can be produced due to the transient stay of animals (mainly sheep) in the port. The paper made use of the comparison of six different animal dungs in producing biogas under anaerobic conditions. Sheep dung was found to produce the greatest amount of biogas compared to the other animals. Two types of energy production from biogas were discussed i.e. gas turbine generator and the mix of biogas with diesel in diesel e...