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The motivation theories in this chapter differ in their predictive strength. Here, we (1) review ... more The motivation theories in this chapter differ in their predictive strength. Here, we (1) review the most established to determine their relevance in explaining turnover, productivity, and other outcomes and(2) assess the predictive power of each.
Need theories. Maslow’s hierarchy, McClelland’s needs, and the two- factor theory focus on needs. None has found widespread support, although McClelland’s is the strongest, particularly regarding the relationship between achievement and productivity. In general, need theories are not very valid explanations of motivation.
Goal-setting theory. Clear and difficult goals lead to higher levels of employee productivity, supporting goal-setting theory’s explanation of this dependent variable
Reinforcement theory. This theory has an impressive record for predicting quality and quantity of work, persistence of effort, absenteeism, tardiness, and accident rates
Equity theory/organizational justice. Equity theory deals with productivity, satisfaction, absence, and turnover variables. However, its strongest legacy is that it provided the spark for research on organizational justice, which has more support in the literature.
Expectancy theory. Expectancy theory offers a powerful explanation of performance variables such as employee productivity, absenteeism, and turnover.
Recognize individual differences. Managers should be sensitive to individual differences.
Allow employees to participate in decisions that affect them. Employees can contribute to setting work goals, choosing their own benefits packages, and solving productivity and quality problems.
Link rewards to performance. Rewards should be contingent on performance, and employees must perceive the link between the two.

The motivation theories in this chapter differ in their predictive strength. Here, we (1) review ... more The motivation theories in this chapter differ in their predictive strength. Here, we (1) review the most established to determine their relevance in explaining turnover, productivity, and other outcomes and(2) assess the predictive power of each.
Need theories. Maslow’s hierarchy, McClelland’s needs, and the two- factor theory focus on needs. None has found widespread support, although McClelland’s is the strongest, particularly regarding the relationship between achievement and productivity. In general, need theories are not very valid explanations of motivation.
Goal-setting theory. Clear and difficult goals lead to higher levels of employee productivity, supporting goal-setting theory’s explanation of this dependent variable
Reinforcement theory. This theory has an impressive record for predicting quality and quantity of work, persistence of effort, absenteeism, tardiness, and accident rates
Equity theory/organizational justice. Equity theory deals with productivity, satisfaction, absence, and turnover variables. However, its strongest legacy is that it provided the spark for research on organizational justice, which has more support in the literature.
Expectancy theory. Expectancy theory offers a powerful explanation of performance variables such as employee productivity, absenteeism, and turnover.
Recognize individual differences. Managers should be sensitive to individual differences.
Allow employees to participate in decisions that affect them. Employees can contribute to setting work goals, choosing their own benefits packages, and solving productivity and quality problems.
Link rewards to performance. Rewards should be contingent on performance, and employees must perceive the link between the two.