Ross Flom | Brigham Young University (original) (raw)
Papers by Ross Flom
Animal Cognition, 2015
Several studies have examined dogs' (Canis lupus familiar... more Several studies have examined dogs' (Canis lupus familiaris) comprehension and use of human communicative cues. Relatively few studies have, however, examined the effects of human affective behavior (i.e., facial and vocal expressions) on dogs' exploratory and point-following behavior. In two experiments, we examined dogs' frequency of following an adult's pointing gesture in locating a hidden reward or treat when it occurred silently, or when it was paired with a positive or negative facial and vocal affective expression. Like prior studies, the current results demonstrate that dogs reliably follow human pointing cues. Unlike prior studies, the current results also demonstrate that the addition of a positive affective facial and vocal expression, when paired with a pointing gesture, did not reliably increase dogs' frequency of locating a hidden piece of food compared to pointing alone. In addition, and within the negative facial and vocal affect conditions of Experiment 1 and 2, dogs were delayed in their exploration, or approach, toward a baited or sham-baited bowl. However, in Experiment 2, dogs continued to follow an adult's pointing gesture, even when paired with a negative expression, as long as the attention-directing gesture referenced a baited bowl. Together these results suggest that the addition of affective information does not significantly increase or decrease dogs' point-following behavior. Rather these results demonstrate that the presence or absence of affective expressions influences a dogs' exploratory behavior and the presence or absence of reward affects whether they will follow an unfamiliar adult's attention-directing gesture.
ABSTRACT Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Minnesota, 1999. Includes bibliographical references (lea... more ABSTRACT Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Minnesota, 1999. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 51-58)
Integrating Face and Voice in Person Perception, 2012
ABSTRACT This chapter describes and provides behavioral and neurophysiological evidence articulat... more ABSTRACT This chapter describes and provides behavioral and neurophysiological evidence articulating how the intersensory redundancy hypothesis addresses the question of how infants integrate faces and voices in perceiving other people. Infants' learning of the arbitrary relationship between faces and voices occurs in two tightly coupled steps. First, between 3 and 5 months of age infants attend to various amodal properties such as a common tempo, rhythm, and affective expres-sions that unite a particular face and voice. Second, around 6 months of age, when infants' attention is more fl exible and they perceive amodal and modality-speci fi c properties, infants perceive and remember various arbitrary features (i.e., the sound of particular voice and the visual appearance of a particular face) associated with a particular face–voice pairing. Animals, including human infants, are adept at perceiving a world fi lled with a variety of objects, events, conspeci fi cs, as well as the occasional enemy. The ques-tion of how we, along with most other organisms, are able to detect the perceptual relationships between various sources of stimuli in arriving at a unitary and veridi-cal perception of the world has long perplexed philosophy, psychology, and more recently neuroscience. One of the fi rst to address this question was William James (1890 , p. 159) who, citing Royce (1881 , p. 376), stated that A statue is an aggregation of particles of marble…For the spectator, however it is one; in itself it is an aggregate; just as, to the consciousness of an ant crawling over it, it may again appear a mere aggregate.
Developmental Psychobiology, 2014
Research is reviewed demonstrating perceptual narrowing across a variety of domains. Research is ... more Research is reviewed demonstrating perceptual narrowing across a variety of domains. Research is also reviewed showing that the temporal window of perceptual narrowing can be extended and, in some cases, perceptual narrowing can be reversed. Research is also reviewed highlighting the neurophysiological correlates of perceptual narrowing as well as some of the individual neurophysiological differences associated with perceptual narrowing. Various methodological issues associated with perceptual narrowing are also discussed. The broader purpose of this paper, however, is to argue that the term perceptual narrowing fails to capture the dynamic nature of this perceptual process. Finally, it is argued that just as other concepts associated with experience and development are refined and modified as new evidence emerges, likewise we need to evaluate and refine how we conceptualize perceptual narrowing.
ABSTRACT Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Minnesota, 1999. Includes bibliographical references (lea... more ABSTRACT Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Minnesota, 1999. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 51-58)
Developmental cognitive neuroscience, 2013
Mental representations of space, time, and number are fundamental to our understanding of the wor... more Mental representations of space, time, and number are fundamental to our understanding of the world around us. It should come as no surprise that representations of each are functional early in human development, appear to share a common format, and may be maintained by overlapping cortical structures. The consequences of these similarities for early learning and behavior are poorly understood. We investigated this issue by assessing neurophysiological processing of audio-visual temporal and spatial magnitude pairs using event-related potentials (ERPs) with young infants. We observed differential early processing and later enhanced attentional processing for pairings of spatial and temporal magnitudes that were relationally congruent (short visual character paired with a short auditory tone or long visual character paired with a long auditory tone) compared to the same stimuli paired in a relationally incongruent manner (short visual character with the long auditory tone or long vis...
Developmental psychology, 2009
... Daniel Hyde, Department of Psychology, Harvard University. © 2009 American Psychological Asso... more ... Daniel Hyde, Department of Psychology, Harvard University. © 2009 American Psychological Association. ... Each pair of photos, for all 20 dogs, was rated in terms of their nonaggressive and aggressive postures and barks by 15 undergraduates using a 7-point Likert scale. ...
European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 2014
ABSTRACT The purpose of this experiment was to examine whether and how a common methodological di... more ABSTRACT The purpose of this experiment was to examine whether and how a common methodological difference frequently employed within the intermodal matching procedure affects infants' intermodal matching. Specifically we examined the effects of incorporating or excluding silent control trials on seven-and 12-month-olds' intermodal matching of affect. Results revealed that seven-month-olds showed reliable matching when presented all in-sound trials whereas 12-month-olds showed reliable matching when half of the trials were presented silently and half of the trials were presented in-sound. Results are discussed in terms of the dynamics of infant attention and those conditions where the inclusion of silent trials may be appropriate. A frequently used procedure in the study of infant cognition and development is the intermodal matching procedure (Spelke, 1979). This procedure assumes infants attend toward and match information conveyed in one sense modality with information conveyed in a second sense modality and is typically evidenced by infants looking proportionately longer to the matching or congruent event. This procedure has been successfully used to assess two-to seven-month-olds' sensitivity to temporal synchrony (Lewkowicz, 1992), perception of various properties of objects (Bahrick, 1983), expressions of affect (Walker, 1982), and q 2013 Taylor & Francis
Developmental Psychology, 2009
From birth, human infants are able to perceive a wide range of intersensory relationships. The cu... more From birth, human infants are able to perceive a wide range of intersensory relationships. The current experiment examined whether infants between 6 months and 24 months old perceive the intermodal relationship between aggressive and nonaggressive canine vocalizations (i.e., barks) and appropriate canine facial expressions. Infants simultaneously viewed static aggressive and nonaggressive expressions of the same canine and heard an aggressive or nonaggressive bark. Results indicate that 6-month-olds perceived the intermodal relationship for aggressive and nonaggressive barks and the appropriate expression. Results also revealed that in older but not younger infants, the initial or first looks were directed toward the appropriate expression and that older infants also looked proportionately longer to the incongruent expression during the latter half of the test trials. Findings are discussed in terms of perceptual narrowing and the effects of familiarity and experience.
Developmental Psychobiology, 2011
Developmental Psychobiology, 2000
Child Development, 2014
Binding is key in multisensory perception. This study investigated the audio-visual (A-V) tempora... more Binding is key in multisensory perception. This study investigated the audio-visual (A-V) temporal binding window in 4-, 5-, and 6-year-old children (total N = 120). Children watched a person uttering a syllable whose auditory and visual components were either temporally synchronized or desynchronized by 366, 500, or 666 ms. They were asked whether the voice and face went together (Experiment 1) or whether the desynchronized videos differed from the synchronized one (Experiment 2). Four-year-olds detected the 666-ms asynchrony, 5-year-olds detected the 666- and 500-ms asynchrony, and 6-year-olds detected all asynchronies. These results show that the A-V temporal binding window narrows slowly during early childhood and that it is still wider at 6 years of age than in older children and adults.
Career Development for Exceptional Individuals, 1997
... Career Development for Exceptional Individuals Barbara Guy, Marge Goldberg, Shauna Mcdonald a... more ... Career Development for Exceptional Individuals Barbara Guy, Marge Goldberg, Shauna Mcdonald and Ross A. Flom Parental Participation in Transition Systems Change ... SHAUNA MCDONALD Institute on Community Integration (UAP) University of Minnesota ...
Studies in perception …, 2005
CAREER …, 2007
... ASHLEIGH HILLIER HEATHER CAMPBELL KAREN MASTRIANI MARGO VREEBURG IZZO ANDREA K. KOOL-TUCKER L... more ... ASHLEIGH HILLIER HEATHER CAMPBELL KAREN MASTRIANI MARGO VREEBURG IZZO ANDREA K. KOOL-TUCKER LAURA CHERRY DAVID Q. BEVERSDORF ... Partici-pants were recruited via an ASD clinic at our university ...
Brit J Develop Psychol, 2010
Choice Reviews Online, 2007
Animal Cognition, 2015
Several studies have examined dogs' (Canis lupus familiar... more Several studies have examined dogs' (Canis lupus familiaris) comprehension and use of human communicative cues. Relatively few studies have, however, examined the effects of human affective behavior (i.e., facial and vocal expressions) on dogs' exploratory and point-following behavior. In two experiments, we examined dogs' frequency of following an adult's pointing gesture in locating a hidden reward or treat when it occurred silently, or when it was paired with a positive or negative facial and vocal affective expression. Like prior studies, the current results demonstrate that dogs reliably follow human pointing cues. Unlike prior studies, the current results also demonstrate that the addition of a positive affective facial and vocal expression, when paired with a pointing gesture, did not reliably increase dogs' frequency of locating a hidden piece of food compared to pointing alone. In addition, and within the negative facial and vocal affect conditions of Experiment 1 and 2, dogs were delayed in their exploration, or approach, toward a baited or sham-baited bowl. However, in Experiment 2, dogs continued to follow an adult's pointing gesture, even when paired with a negative expression, as long as the attention-directing gesture referenced a baited bowl. Together these results suggest that the addition of affective information does not significantly increase or decrease dogs' point-following behavior. Rather these results demonstrate that the presence or absence of affective expressions influences a dogs' exploratory behavior and the presence or absence of reward affects whether they will follow an unfamiliar adult's attention-directing gesture.
ABSTRACT Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Minnesota, 1999. Includes bibliographical references (lea... more ABSTRACT Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Minnesota, 1999. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 51-58)
Integrating Face and Voice in Person Perception, 2012
ABSTRACT This chapter describes and provides behavioral and neurophysiological evidence articulat... more ABSTRACT This chapter describes and provides behavioral and neurophysiological evidence articulating how the intersensory redundancy hypothesis addresses the question of how infants integrate faces and voices in perceiving other people. Infants' learning of the arbitrary relationship between faces and voices occurs in two tightly coupled steps. First, between 3 and 5 months of age infants attend to various amodal properties such as a common tempo, rhythm, and affective expres-sions that unite a particular face and voice. Second, around 6 months of age, when infants' attention is more fl exible and they perceive amodal and modality-speci fi c properties, infants perceive and remember various arbitrary features (i.e., the sound of particular voice and the visual appearance of a particular face) associated with a particular face–voice pairing. Animals, including human infants, are adept at perceiving a world fi lled with a variety of objects, events, conspeci fi cs, as well as the occasional enemy. The ques-tion of how we, along with most other organisms, are able to detect the perceptual relationships between various sources of stimuli in arriving at a unitary and veridi-cal perception of the world has long perplexed philosophy, psychology, and more recently neuroscience. One of the fi rst to address this question was William James (1890 , p. 159) who, citing Royce (1881 , p. 376), stated that A statue is an aggregation of particles of marble…For the spectator, however it is one; in itself it is an aggregate; just as, to the consciousness of an ant crawling over it, it may again appear a mere aggregate.
Developmental Psychobiology, 2014
Research is reviewed demonstrating perceptual narrowing across a variety of domains. Research is ... more Research is reviewed demonstrating perceptual narrowing across a variety of domains. Research is also reviewed showing that the temporal window of perceptual narrowing can be extended and, in some cases, perceptual narrowing can be reversed. Research is also reviewed highlighting the neurophysiological correlates of perceptual narrowing as well as some of the individual neurophysiological differences associated with perceptual narrowing. Various methodological issues associated with perceptual narrowing are also discussed. The broader purpose of this paper, however, is to argue that the term perceptual narrowing fails to capture the dynamic nature of this perceptual process. Finally, it is argued that just as other concepts associated with experience and development are refined and modified as new evidence emerges, likewise we need to evaluate and refine how we conceptualize perceptual narrowing.
ABSTRACT Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Minnesota, 1999. Includes bibliographical references (lea... more ABSTRACT Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Minnesota, 1999. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 51-58)
Developmental cognitive neuroscience, 2013
Mental representations of space, time, and number are fundamental to our understanding of the wor... more Mental representations of space, time, and number are fundamental to our understanding of the world around us. It should come as no surprise that representations of each are functional early in human development, appear to share a common format, and may be maintained by overlapping cortical structures. The consequences of these similarities for early learning and behavior are poorly understood. We investigated this issue by assessing neurophysiological processing of audio-visual temporal and spatial magnitude pairs using event-related potentials (ERPs) with young infants. We observed differential early processing and later enhanced attentional processing for pairings of spatial and temporal magnitudes that were relationally congruent (short visual character paired with a short auditory tone or long visual character paired with a long auditory tone) compared to the same stimuli paired in a relationally incongruent manner (short visual character with the long auditory tone or long vis...
Developmental psychology, 2009
... Daniel Hyde, Department of Psychology, Harvard University. © 2009 American Psychological Asso... more ... Daniel Hyde, Department of Psychology, Harvard University. © 2009 American Psychological Association. ... Each pair of photos, for all 20 dogs, was rated in terms of their nonaggressive and aggressive postures and barks by 15 undergraduates using a 7-point Likert scale. ...
European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 2014
ABSTRACT The purpose of this experiment was to examine whether and how a common methodological di... more ABSTRACT The purpose of this experiment was to examine whether and how a common methodological difference frequently employed within the intermodal matching procedure affects infants' intermodal matching. Specifically we examined the effects of incorporating or excluding silent control trials on seven-and 12-month-olds' intermodal matching of affect. Results revealed that seven-month-olds showed reliable matching when presented all in-sound trials whereas 12-month-olds showed reliable matching when half of the trials were presented silently and half of the trials were presented in-sound. Results are discussed in terms of the dynamics of infant attention and those conditions where the inclusion of silent trials may be appropriate. A frequently used procedure in the study of infant cognition and development is the intermodal matching procedure (Spelke, 1979). This procedure assumes infants attend toward and match information conveyed in one sense modality with information conveyed in a second sense modality and is typically evidenced by infants looking proportionately longer to the matching or congruent event. This procedure has been successfully used to assess two-to seven-month-olds' sensitivity to temporal synchrony (Lewkowicz, 1992), perception of various properties of objects (Bahrick, 1983), expressions of affect (Walker, 1982), and q 2013 Taylor & Francis
Developmental Psychology, 2009
From birth, human infants are able to perceive a wide range of intersensory relationships. The cu... more From birth, human infants are able to perceive a wide range of intersensory relationships. The current experiment examined whether infants between 6 months and 24 months old perceive the intermodal relationship between aggressive and nonaggressive canine vocalizations (i.e., barks) and appropriate canine facial expressions. Infants simultaneously viewed static aggressive and nonaggressive expressions of the same canine and heard an aggressive or nonaggressive bark. Results indicate that 6-month-olds perceived the intermodal relationship for aggressive and nonaggressive barks and the appropriate expression. Results also revealed that in older but not younger infants, the initial or first looks were directed toward the appropriate expression and that older infants also looked proportionately longer to the incongruent expression during the latter half of the test trials. Findings are discussed in terms of perceptual narrowing and the effects of familiarity and experience.
Developmental Psychobiology, 2011
Developmental Psychobiology, 2000
Child Development, 2014
Binding is key in multisensory perception. This study investigated the audio-visual (A-V) tempora... more Binding is key in multisensory perception. This study investigated the audio-visual (A-V) temporal binding window in 4-, 5-, and 6-year-old children (total N = 120). Children watched a person uttering a syllable whose auditory and visual components were either temporally synchronized or desynchronized by 366, 500, or 666 ms. They were asked whether the voice and face went together (Experiment 1) or whether the desynchronized videos differed from the synchronized one (Experiment 2). Four-year-olds detected the 666-ms asynchrony, 5-year-olds detected the 666- and 500-ms asynchrony, and 6-year-olds detected all asynchronies. These results show that the A-V temporal binding window narrows slowly during early childhood and that it is still wider at 6 years of age than in older children and adults.
Career Development for Exceptional Individuals, 1997
... Career Development for Exceptional Individuals Barbara Guy, Marge Goldberg, Shauna Mcdonald a... more ... Career Development for Exceptional Individuals Barbara Guy, Marge Goldberg, Shauna Mcdonald and Ross A. Flom Parental Participation in Transition Systems Change ... SHAUNA MCDONALD Institute on Community Integration (UAP) University of Minnesota ...
Studies in perception …, 2005
CAREER …, 2007
... ASHLEIGH HILLIER HEATHER CAMPBELL KAREN MASTRIANI MARGO VREEBURG IZZO ANDREA K. KOOL-TUCKER L... more ... ASHLEIGH HILLIER HEATHER CAMPBELL KAREN MASTRIANI MARGO VREEBURG IZZO ANDREA K. KOOL-TUCKER LAURA CHERRY DAVID Q. BEVERSDORF ... Partici-pants were recruited via an ASD clinic at our university ...
Brit J Develop Psychol, 2010
Choice Reviews Online, 2007