sana khan | Bahauddin Zakariya University (original) (raw)

Papers by sana khan

The intent of this empirical work was to explore problems faced by students with special needs (S... more The intent of this empirical work was to explore problems faced by students with special needs (SWSN) studying in general education schools/ordinary schools in Pakistan. SWSN, their parents and their teachers were source of information for this study. The number of SWSN who participated in this study was 89 from 72 different families. Out of these 89 students, 54 had physical impairments, 23 had hearing impairments and 12 visual impairments. Data were collected from the SWSN, their parents and teachers. Both parents and students indicated that general education schools are better places for SWSN than the special schools. All groups of participants agreed that there were structural problems faced by students with special needs in general education schools. Classmates of SWSN were found to have positive attitude towards them. Implications of what this means in terms of special education delivery services in Pakistan are further explored. A positive attitude of teachers and society is needed to eradicate the problems faced by SWSN. Along with the help of other stakeholders and adopting different measures, media can play a very vital role in advocacy movements for awareness about the SWSN problems and their solutions.

The purpose of this research article is to investigate the key issues, problems and the new chall... more The purpose of this research article is to investigate the key issues, problems and the new challenges in Pakistan. Education plays the role of leadership in the society. The functions of the educational institutions are to develop the people physically, mentally, psychologically, socially, and spiritually. It improves and promotes the economic, social, political and cultural life of the nation. Until now the role of secondary and college education in Pakistan has been simply preparation for tertiary education, which in the minds of most people means strictly a university education. All over the world universities are guiding and co-operating with the industrial and agricultural development organizations and they are developing their economics rapidly and meaningfully. There is a close link between education and development. In Pakistan, after more than five decades, the developmental indicators are not showing positive results. The participation rate at higher education is low comparatively to other countries of the region. There are problems of quality of staff, students, library and laboratory. Relevance with society needs, research facilities, financial crisis, arts students more than science students, weaknesses of examination, ineffective governance and academic results are not at par with international standards. Considering the gigantic problems of education in Pakistan, the researcher selected this topic for research.

This paper investigates the causal impact of public school enrolment on child labor. Our main hyp... more This paper investigates the causal impact of public school enrolment on child labor. Our main hypothesis is as follows: Is school enrolment a substitute for child labor? Recognizing that schooling and work choices are jointly determined by parents in a utility maximizing framework, the study applies an instrumental variable solution to the problem of simultaneity. This approach entails using the receipt of free textbooks and access to a public primary facility as instruments for public school enrolment. Using data from the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey for 2007/08, our working sample consists of children between 5 and 14 years of age, which makes up 25 percent of the surveyed population. The results suggest that public school enrolment can be used as a substitute for child labor. On average, a 1 percentage point increase in a household's enrolment ratio has the potential to reduce the number of hours of paid labor by almost 5 percentage points, ceteris paribus. This substitutability is highest among poor, urban, male children. Moreover, the incidence of child labor is higher among larger poor families.

The intent of this empirical work was to explore problems faced by students with special needs (S... more The intent of this empirical work was to explore problems faced by students with special needs (SWSN) studying in general education schools/ordinary schools in Pakistan. SWSN, their parents and their teachers were source of information for this study. The number of SWSN who participated in this study was 89 from 72 different families. Out of these 89 students, 54 had physical impairments, 23 had hearing impairments and 12 visual impairments. Data were collected from the SWSN, their parents and teachers. Both parents and students indicated that general education schools are better places for SWSN than the special schools. All groups of participants agreed that there were structural problems faced by students with special needs in general education schools. Classmates of SWSN were found to have positive attitude towards them. Implications of what this means in terms of special education delivery services in Pakistan are further explored. A positive attitude of teachers and society is needed to eradicate the problems faced by SWSN. Along with the help of other stakeholders and adopting different measures, media can play a very vital role in advocacy movements for awareness about the SWSN problems and their solutions.

The purpose of this research article is to investigate the key issues, problems and the new chall... more The purpose of this research article is to investigate the key issues, problems and the new challenges in Pakistan. Education plays the role of leadership in the society. The functions of the educational institutions are to develop the people physically, mentally, psychologically, socially, and spiritually. It improves and promotes the economic, social, political and cultural life of the nation. Until now the role of secondary and college education in Pakistan has been simply preparation for tertiary education, which in the minds of most people means strictly a university education. All over the world universities are guiding and co-operating with the industrial and agricultural development organizations and they are developing their economics rapidly and meaningfully. There is a close link between education and development. In Pakistan, after more than five decades, the developmental indicators are not showing positive results. The participation rate at higher education is low comparatively to other countries of the region. There are problems of quality of staff, students, library and laboratory. Relevance with society needs, research facilities, financial crisis, arts students more than science students, weaknesses of examination, ineffective governance and academic results are not at par with international standards. Considering the gigantic problems of education in Pakistan, the researcher selected this topic for research.

This paper investigates the causal impact of public school enrolment on child labor. Our main hyp... more This paper investigates the causal impact of public school enrolment on child labor. Our main hypothesis is as follows: Is school enrolment a substitute for child labor? Recognizing that schooling and work choices are jointly determined by parents in a utility maximizing framework, the study applies an instrumental variable solution to the problem of simultaneity. This approach entails using the receipt of free textbooks and access to a public primary facility as instruments for public school enrolment. Using data from the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey for 2007/08, our working sample consists of children between 5 and 14 years of age, which makes up 25 percent of the surveyed population. The results suggest that public school enrolment can be used as a substitute for child labor. On average, a 1 percentage point increase in a household's enrolment ratio has the potential to reduce the number of hours of paid labor by almost 5 percentage points, ceteris paribus. This substitutability is highest among poor, urban, male children. Moreover, the incidence of child labor is higher among larger poor families.