E. Scott Lee | Indiana University East (original) (raw)

Papers by E. Scott Lee

Research paper thumbnail of Does a Competing Policy Solution Seen as Inevitable Open a Window in the Policy Stream? The Case of Idaho’s Boulder–White Cloud Mountains

Journal of Natural Resources Policy Research

The Multiple Streams Theory literature identifies mechanisms to open policy windows in the proble... more The Multiple Streams Theory literature identifies mechanisms to open policy windows in the problem and political streams. A proposed policy deemed inevitable by stakeholders appears to open a policy window in the policy stream allowing policy entrepreneurs to successfully position the inevitable competing policy as the lesser of two evils. For over a decade, U.S. Representative Mike Simpson (R-ID) unsuccessfully introduced legislation to create additional wilderness, solidify existing recreational uses, provide local economic relief, and provide relief for ranchers in the Boulder–White Cloud Mountains area in central Idaho. The Obama administration’s proposal of a competing policy, the unilateral creation of a national monument pursuant to the Antiquities Act, appears to have opened a policy window that allowed Simpson to successfully propose his policy solution as the lesser of two evils. Policy entrepreneurs may use this method when faced with a policy proposal seen as inevitable ...

Research paper thumbnail of The threat of monument designation as a technique for successful wilderness legislation: Using the Antiquities Act as a carrot or a stick

The Social Science Journal

Abstract Congress provides the highest level of federal lands protection when it creates wilderne... more Abstract Congress provides the highest level of federal lands protection when it creates wilderness using the Wilderness Act. There are times, however, when Congress refuses or seems unwilling or unable to take such environmental policy action. In a handful of instances, presidents have strategically used the threat of or actual unilateral monument designation under the Antiquities Act to get Congress to create new wilderness under the Wilderness Act. Under the Antiquities Act presidents may, without stakeholder or congressional input or approval, unilaterally create national monuments covering public lands that fall within the parameters of its provisions, including lands that would be considered wilderness. This strategy may be used by future presidents that wish to encourage Congress to enact environmental policy protecting remaining pristine federal lands with a wilderness designation. This article analyzes three instances where this strategy was successfully used and identifies specific steps taken in each situation that ultimately led to congressional action creating new wilderness.

Research paper thumbnail of Failed Collaborative Efforts Relating to Public Lands Use in Idaho’s Boulder-White Cloud Mountains Area

Environmental Management and Sustainable Development

U.S. Representative Mike Simpson touted his collaboration efforts regarding the Central Idaho Eco... more U.S. Representative Mike Simpson touted his collaboration efforts regarding the Central Idaho Economic Development and Recreation Act (CIEDRA). He stated he had worked hard to bring together different stakeholders representing local ranchers, local, state, and federal government officials, recreationists, wilderness proponents, and other interested groups and individuals to work toward resolving the public land use issues facing the Boulder-White Clouds area in Central Idaho. On its face it appeared to be a perfect example of collaborative decision making. Yet, CIEDRA failed every time it was introduced in Congress. Analysis of the process utilized by Simpson reveals that the CIEDRA collaboration was unsuccessful because there was, in fact, no collaboration. The necessary steps for collaborative decision making were not followed and ultimately, when resistance to the collaborative efforts was encountered early on in the process, a conscious switch was made to “shuttle diplomacy” whi...

Research paper thumbnail of Beyond Accommodation: Avoiding Religious Expression Disputes in the Workplace

Academy of Management Proceedings, 2012

This study offers an empirical extension of Cash and Gray’s (2000) work that offered a framework ... more This study offers an empirical extension of Cash and Gray’s (2000) work that offered a framework for religious accommodation in the workplace. We analyzed all spirituality and religion in the workplace (SRW) legal disputes over a ten year period, using the case facts from 83 U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals decisions. Utilizing a two-step cluster analysis methodology and thematic coding, we found 15 distinct workplace behaviors that appear in SRW legal disputes, and discovered that over 50% of SRW problems actioned in the courts occurred at lower organizational levels. Accommodation activities, being openly hostile, undermining others, and retaliating behaviors were the most frequently occurring problems. Cluster analysis using Jaccard’s index revealed multiple behavioral co-occurrences, indicating that certain problematic behaviors take place together. Maps in both two- and three-dimensional space showed that accommodation activities co-occurred with open hostility, indicating that an employee’s accommodati...

Research paper thumbnail of Bad apples, behaving badly? Workplace religious discrimination disputes and resolution behaviors

Journal of Management, Spirituality & Religion, 2015

Research paper thumbnail of Religious Accommodation in the Workplace: Understanding Religious Identity Threat and Workplace Behaviors in Legal Disputes

Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 2014

Research paper thumbnail of Religious Accommodation in the Workplace: Understanding Religious Identity Threat and Workplace Behaviors in Legal Disputes

Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 2014

This study examined workplace religious accommodation disputes under Title VII of the 1964 Civil ... more This study examined workplace religious accommodation disputes under Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act. We analyzed spirituality and religion in the workplace (SRW) legal disputes between 2000 and 2011, using case facts from 83 U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals decisions. Utilizing a multi-step cluster analysis methodology and thematic coding, we defined behaviors associated with court cases and demographics of actors in the cases. We found 15 distinct workplace behaviors that appear in SRW legal disputes, and seven demographic or descriptive labels. Cluster analysis using Jaccard's index and MDS revealed multiple behavioral co-occurrences, indicating that certain problematic behaviors tend to occur together in the workplace. We also found that certain behaviors occur alone, potentially being problematic in themselves. Using religious identity theory and self-referencing theory as frameworks, we fit both behaviors and demographics into an explanatory model for our outcomes, providing insight into organizational conditions that may precede religious accommodation disputes that escalate into legal action. We end the article with a discussion of future research avenues.

Research paper thumbnail of Does a Competing Policy Solution Seen as Inevitable Open a Window in the Policy Stream? The Case of Idaho’s Boulder–White Cloud Mountains

Journal of Natural Resources Policy Research

The Multiple Streams Theory literature identifies mechanisms to open policy windows in the proble... more The Multiple Streams Theory literature identifies mechanisms to open policy windows in the problem and political streams. A proposed policy deemed inevitable by stakeholders appears to open a policy window in the policy stream allowing policy entrepreneurs to successfully position the inevitable competing policy as the lesser of two evils. For over a decade, U.S. Representative Mike Simpson (R-ID) unsuccessfully introduced legislation to create additional wilderness, solidify existing recreational uses, provide local economic relief, and provide relief for ranchers in the Boulder–White Cloud Mountains area in central Idaho. The Obama administration’s proposal of a competing policy, the unilateral creation of a national monument pursuant to the Antiquities Act, appears to have opened a policy window that allowed Simpson to successfully propose his policy solution as the lesser of two evils. Policy entrepreneurs may use this method when faced with a policy proposal seen as inevitable ...

Research paper thumbnail of The threat of monument designation as a technique for successful wilderness legislation: Using the Antiquities Act as a carrot or a stick

The Social Science Journal

Abstract Congress provides the highest level of federal lands protection when it creates wilderne... more Abstract Congress provides the highest level of federal lands protection when it creates wilderness using the Wilderness Act. There are times, however, when Congress refuses or seems unwilling or unable to take such environmental policy action. In a handful of instances, presidents have strategically used the threat of or actual unilateral monument designation under the Antiquities Act to get Congress to create new wilderness under the Wilderness Act. Under the Antiquities Act presidents may, without stakeholder or congressional input or approval, unilaterally create national monuments covering public lands that fall within the parameters of its provisions, including lands that would be considered wilderness. This strategy may be used by future presidents that wish to encourage Congress to enact environmental policy protecting remaining pristine federal lands with a wilderness designation. This article analyzes three instances where this strategy was successfully used and identifies specific steps taken in each situation that ultimately led to congressional action creating new wilderness.

Research paper thumbnail of Failed Collaborative Efforts Relating to Public Lands Use in Idaho’s Boulder-White Cloud Mountains Area

Environmental Management and Sustainable Development

U.S. Representative Mike Simpson touted his collaboration efforts regarding the Central Idaho Eco... more U.S. Representative Mike Simpson touted his collaboration efforts regarding the Central Idaho Economic Development and Recreation Act (CIEDRA). He stated he had worked hard to bring together different stakeholders representing local ranchers, local, state, and federal government officials, recreationists, wilderness proponents, and other interested groups and individuals to work toward resolving the public land use issues facing the Boulder-White Clouds area in Central Idaho. On its face it appeared to be a perfect example of collaborative decision making. Yet, CIEDRA failed every time it was introduced in Congress. Analysis of the process utilized by Simpson reveals that the CIEDRA collaboration was unsuccessful because there was, in fact, no collaboration. The necessary steps for collaborative decision making were not followed and ultimately, when resistance to the collaborative efforts was encountered early on in the process, a conscious switch was made to “shuttle diplomacy” whi...

Research paper thumbnail of Beyond Accommodation: Avoiding Religious Expression Disputes in the Workplace

Academy of Management Proceedings, 2012

This study offers an empirical extension of Cash and Gray’s (2000) work that offered a framework ... more This study offers an empirical extension of Cash and Gray’s (2000) work that offered a framework for religious accommodation in the workplace. We analyzed all spirituality and religion in the workplace (SRW) legal disputes over a ten year period, using the case facts from 83 U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals decisions. Utilizing a two-step cluster analysis methodology and thematic coding, we found 15 distinct workplace behaviors that appear in SRW legal disputes, and discovered that over 50% of SRW problems actioned in the courts occurred at lower organizational levels. Accommodation activities, being openly hostile, undermining others, and retaliating behaviors were the most frequently occurring problems. Cluster analysis using Jaccard’s index revealed multiple behavioral co-occurrences, indicating that certain problematic behaviors take place together. Maps in both two- and three-dimensional space showed that accommodation activities co-occurred with open hostility, indicating that an employee’s accommodati...

Research paper thumbnail of Bad apples, behaving badly? Workplace religious discrimination disputes and resolution behaviors

Journal of Management, Spirituality & Religion, 2015

Research paper thumbnail of Religious Accommodation in the Workplace: Understanding Religious Identity Threat and Workplace Behaviors in Legal Disputes

Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 2014

Research paper thumbnail of Religious Accommodation in the Workplace: Understanding Religious Identity Threat and Workplace Behaviors in Legal Disputes

Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 2014

This study examined workplace religious accommodation disputes under Title VII of the 1964 Civil ... more This study examined workplace religious accommodation disputes under Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act. We analyzed spirituality and religion in the workplace (SRW) legal disputes between 2000 and 2011, using case facts from 83 U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals decisions. Utilizing a multi-step cluster analysis methodology and thematic coding, we defined behaviors associated with court cases and demographics of actors in the cases. We found 15 distinct workplace behaviors that appear in SRW legal disputes, and seven demographic or descriptive labels. Cluster analysis using Jaccard's index and MDS revealed multiple behavioral co-occurrences, indicating that certain problematic behaviors tend to occur together in the workplace. We also found that certain behaviors occur alone, potentially being problematic in themselves. Using religious identity theory and self-referencing theory as frameworks, we fit both behaviors and demographics into an explanatory model for our outcomes, providing insight into organizational conditions that may precede religious accommodation disputes that escalate into legal action. We end the article with a discussion of future research avenues.