Amanda Vogel | National Cancer Institute (original) (raw)

Papers by Amanda Vogel

Clinical and Translational Science

Translational science education and training (E&T) aims to prepare the translational workforce to... more Translational science education and training (E&T) aims to prepare the translational workforce to accelerate progress along the translational pipeline toward solutions that improve human health. In 2020–2021, the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS) Education Branch conducted a scoping review of the E&T literature with this focus. The review used the methodological framework proposed by Arksey and O'Malley. PubMed, Education Resources Information Center (ERIC), and Embase were searched, and forward citations conducted. Screening of titles, abstracts, and full text identified 44 included articles. Data extraction facilitated analysis of E&T content, audiences, modalities, evaluations, and recommendations. The NCATS Translational Science Principles were used to identity described or recommended E&T content. Twenty‐nine articles described a translational science E&T opportunity or its evaluation, and another 15 articles offered recommendations for translatio...

Journal of Clinical and Translational Science

The National Center for Advancing Translational Science (NCATS) seeks to improve upon the transla... more The National Center for Advancing Translational Science (NCATS) seeks to improve upon the translational process to advance research and treatment across all diseases and conditions and bring these interventions to all who need them. Addressing the racial/ethnic health disparities and health inequities that persist in screening, diagnosis, treatment, and health outcomes (e.g., morbidity, mortality) is central to NCATS’ mission to deliver more interventions to all people more quickly. Working toward this goal will require enhancing diversity, equity, inclusion, and accessibility (DEIA) in the translational workforce and in research conducted across the translational continuum, to support health equity. This paper discusses how aspects of DEIA are integral to the mission of translational science (TS). It describes recent NIH and NCATS efforts to advance DEIA in the TS workforce and in the research we support. Additionally, NCATS is developing approaches to apply a lens of DEIA in its a...

Clinical and Translational Science

Science of Team Science Conference, Jun 4, 2015

Journal of Clinical and Translational Science

Purpose: There is a need for education activities in translational science (TS) that focus on tea... more Purpose: There is a need for education activities in translational science (TS) that focus on teaching key principles, concepts, and approaches to effectively overcome common scientific and operational bottlenecks in the translational process. Delivering this content to the broad range of individuals interested in advancing translation will help to both expand and develop the TS workforce. Rigorous evaluations will build the evidence base for effective educational approaches for varied audiences. Methods: In 2020, the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences offered an online case study-based course in TS for students across education and career stages. The course evaluation used baseline and endpoint student surveys to assess satisfaction with the course and impacts of participation on knowledge and attitudes relevant to TS and professional goals. Results: Of 112 students, 100 completed baseline and/or endpoint surveys, with 66 completing both. Most found the online for...

Collaboration plans are written documents that investigators may use as a "roadmap" for... more Collaboration plans are written documents that investigators may use as a "roadmap" for future collaborations. Funding agencies may ask investigators to submit Collaboration Plans as part of their funding applications, analogous to submitting research plans. Submitted collaboration plans can then be used by reviewers to help assess the capacity of a proposed team to collaboratively execute its scientific objectives. Collaboration plans address a range of issues relevant to laying the foundation for the collaboration, implementing and managing the collaboration, and engaging in quality improvement activities specific to collaborative interactions. These plans identify existing supports and challenges relevant to the collaboration, and describe a program of action that will be implemented to help support smooth collaboration. This working document, called "How to Write a Collaboration Plan" is a product of a federal subcommittee on Collaboration and Team Science. T...

Collaboration plans are written documents that investigators may use as a "roadmap" for... more Collaboration plans are written documents that investigators may use as a "roadmap" for future collaborations. Funding agencies may ask investigators to submit Collaboration Plans as part of their funding applications, analogous to submitting research plans. Submitted collaboration plans can then be used by reviewers to help assess the capacity of a proposed team to collaboratively execute its scientific objectives. Collaboration plans address a range of issues relevant to laying the foundation for the collaboration, implementing and managing the collaboration, and engaging in quality improvement activities specific to collaborative interactions. These plans identify existing supports and challenges relevant to the collaboration, and describe a program of action that will be implemented to help support smooth collaboration. This working document, called "How to Write a Collaboration Plan" is a product of a federal subcommittee on Collaboration and Team Science. T...

Journal of Global Oncology, 2018

Background: Over the past three decades, much evidence has been generated in high-income countrie... more Background: Over the past three decades, much evidence has been generated in high-income countries (HIC) for effective implementation of cervical, breast and colorectal cancer screening programs and their contribution to reducing mortality. However, translation of cancer screening programs to low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) continues to be a challenge. For 30 years, the US National Cancer…

Oxford Handbooks Online, 2017

Cross-disciplinary team-based research is conducted by collaborators from more than one area of e... more Cross-disciplinary team-based research is conducted by collaborators from more than one area of expertise. The quality of the scholarship they produce can be influenced strongly by the quality of their collaborative interactions. A new field of study has emerged, called the science of team science (SciTS), that aims to develop an evidence base for the multilevel factors that hinder or facilitate effective research collaboration, such as team characteristics and processes and institutional, funding, and other conditions. This chapter begins with an overview of team science, including a discussion of the major dimensions and processes that shape science teams and unique considerations for cross-disciplinary teams. The chapter then introduces key concepts and milestones in the SciTS field, and reviews conceptual models that explicate the processes and contextual factors that influence research collaboration. The chapter concludes with a discussion of future directions, including additi...

Translational Behavioral Medicine, 2012

The complexity of social and public health challenges has led to burgeoning interest and investme... more The complexity of social and public health challenges has led to burgeoning interest and investments in cross-disciplinary team-based research, and particularly in transdisciplinary (TD) team-based research. TD research aims to integrate and ultimately extend beyond discipline-specific concepts, approaches, and methods to accelerate innovations and progress toward solving complex real-world problems. While TD research offers the promise of novel, wide-reaching, and important discoveries, it also introduces unique challenges. In particular, today's investigators are generally trained in unidisciplinary approaches and may have little training in, or exposure to, the scientific skills and team processes necessary to collaborate successfully in teams of colleagues from widely disparate disciplines and fields. Yet these skills are essential to maximize the efficiency and effectiveness of TD team-based research. In the current article, we propose a model of TD team-based research that includes four relatively distinct phases: development, conceptualization, implementation, and translation. Drawing on the science of team science field, as well as the findings from previous research on group dynamics and organizational behavior, we identify key scientific goals and team processes that occur in each phase and across multiple phases. We then provide real-world exemplars for each phase that highlight strategies for successfully meeting the goals and engaging in the team processes that are hallmarks of that phase. We conclude by discussing the relevance of the model for TD team-based research initiatives, funding to support these initiatives, and future empirical research that aims to better understand the processes and outcomes of TD team-based research.

Health and Social Care in the Community, 2006

As service-learning is adopted by growing numbers of higher education institutions, there is incr... more As service-learning is adopted by growing numbers of higher education institutions, there is increasing interest in understanding the factors necessary to sustain service-learning for the long-term. Institutions that were early adopters of service-learning may offer important insights into what factors influence long-term sustainability. With this aim in mind, we conducted a retrospective, qualitative study of the ten-year sustainability of service-learning among a cohort of sixteen colleges and universities that partici-pated in a national demonstration program of service-learning from 1995 to 1998. We assessed the extent to which service-learning was sustained at each institution, and explored the factors that influenced sus-tainability, including facilitators, challenges, and strategies for success. In recent years, there have been increasing invest-ments in service-learning by academic institutions, community partners, and funding agencies. The growing number of students partici...

Gateways: International Journal of Community Research and Engagement, 2011

The movement for greater civic engagement in higher education in the United States has taken hold... more The movement for greater civic engagement in higher education in the United States has taken hold across the core academic missions of teaching, research and service. One manifestation of this movement has been growing participation in service-learning, a teaching method grounded in community-university partnerships in which students provide services that simultaneously address community-identified concerns and meet key learning objectives. In order to assess the benefits of long-term sustained institutional involvement in service-learning, in 2007–2008 we interviewed 23 faculty members, staff and administrators from 16 academic institutions that had participated in a national demonstration program for service-learning, which ended in 1998. We found that 15 of these institutions had sustained service-learning to some degree and 12 had integrated service-learning into the curriculum, with varying degrees of institutional support. Interview participants described five main impacts of ...

Journal of Clinical and Translational Science

This version may be subject to change during the production process.

Journal of translational medicine & epidemiology, 2014

The National Cancer Institute has been a leader in supporting transdisciplinary (TD) team science... more The National Cancer Institute has been a leader in supporting transdisciplinary (TD) team science. From 2005-2010, the NCI supported Transdisciplinary Research on Energetic and Cancer I (TREC I), a center initiative fostering the TD integration of social, behavioral, and biological sciences to examine the relationships among obesity, nutrition, physical activity and cancer. In the final year of TREC I, we conducted qualitative in-depth-interviews with 31 participating investigators and trainees to learn more about their experiences with TD team science, including challenges, facilitating factors, strategies for success, and impacts. Five main challenges emerged: (1) limited published guidance for how to engage in TD team science, when TREC I was implemented; (2) conceptual and scientific challenges inherent to efforts to achieve TD integration; (3) discipline-based differences in values, terminology, methods, and work styles; (4) project management challenges involved in TD team sci...

The complexity of social and public health challenges has led to burgeoning interest and investme... more The complexity of social and public health challenges has led to burgeoning interest and investments in cross-disciplinary team-based research, and particularly in transdisciplinary (TD) team-based research. TD research aims to integrate and ultimately extend beyond discipline-specific concepts, approaches, and methods to accelerate innovations and progress toward solving complex real-world problems. While TD research offers the promise of novel, wide-reaching, and important discoveries, it also introduces unique challenges. In particular, today's investigators are generally trained in unidisciplinary approaches and may have little training in, or exposure to, the scientific skills and team processes necessary to collaborate successfully in teams of colleagues from widely disparate disciplines and fields. Yet these skills are essential to maximize the efficiency and effectiveness of TD team-based research. In the current article, we propose a model of TD team-based research that...

Strategies for Team Science Success, 2019

An individual’s personality is among the most established predictors of job performance, and pers... more An individual’s personality is among the most established predictors of job performance, and personality factors in aggregate are predictive of team performance across a range of team types. However, a recent review of a decade’s worth of quantitative and mixed-methods research articles on science teams identified no empirical studies on the impact of personality on science teams (Hall et al. 2018). As such, there is a need to look to the broader teams literature to learn what we can about how personality may impact science teams. This chapter provides an introduction to the most commonly used framework for understanding personality, the Five Factor Model. It then summarizes what is known from the teams literature about the influence of personality factors on team effectiveness, and considers the potential interactions of personality with team processes and emergent states. The chapter reflects on how personality traits may uniquely impact science teams given their interactions with...

Page 1. i ADVANCING SERVICE-LEARNING IN HEALTH PROFESSIONS EDUCATION: MAXIMIZING SUSTAINABILITY, ... more Page 1. i ADVANCING SERVICE-LEARNING IN HEALTH PROFESSIONS EDUCATION: MAXIMIZING SUSTAINABILITY, QUALITY, AND CO-LEADERSHIP by Amanda L. Vogel A dissertation submitted to Johns Hopkins University ...

Journal of Clinical and Translational Science, 2021

The internal research program of the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS)... more The internal research program of the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS) at the National Institutes of Health aims to fundamentally transform the preclinical translational research process to get more treatments to more people more quickly. The program develops and implements innovative scientific and operational approaches that accelerate and enhance translation across many diverse projects. Cross-disciplinary team science is a defining feature of our organization, with scientists at all levels engaged in multiple research teams. Here, we share our systems approach to nurturing cross-disciplinary team science, which leverages organizational policies, structures, and processes. Policies including the organizational mission statement, principles for ethical conduct of research, performance review criteria, and training program objectives and approaches reinforce the value of team science to achieve the program’s scientific goals. Structures including an organ...

As service-learning is adopted by growing numbers of higher education institutions, community par... more As service-learning is adopted by growing numbers of higher education institutions, community partners, and students, there is increasing interest in understanding what factors are necessary to support long-term sustainability. The authors of this article interviewed individuals from a cohort of sixteen schools that were early adopters of service-learning, to learn more about what factors influenced the sustainability of service-learning, as facilitators, challenges, and strategies for success. This article summarizes the methods and findings from their study, and provides links to webpages where you can read more detailed descriptions, access their interview guide, and read about related prior research. For a full-length scholarly article about this research, see the Fall 2010 issue of the Michigan Journal of Community Service-Learning.

Clinical and Translational Science

Translational science education and training (E&T) aims to prepare the translational workforce to... more Translational science education and training (E&T) aims to prepare the translational workforce to accelerate progress along the translational pipeline toward solutions that improve human health. In 2020–2021, the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS) Education Branch conducted a scoping review of the E&T literature with this focus. The review used the methodological framework proposed by Arksey and O'Malley. PubMed, Education Resources Information Center (ERIC), and Embase were searched, and forward citations conducted. Screening of titles, abstracts, and full text identified 44 included articles. Data extraction facilitated analysis of E&T content, audiences, modalities, evaluations, and recommendations. The NCATS Translational Science Principles were used to identity described or recommended E&T content. Twenty‐nine articles described a translational science E&T opportunity or its evaluation, and another 15 articles offered recommendations for translatio...

Journal of Clinical and Translational Science

The National Center for Advancing Translational Science (NCATS) seeks to improve upon the transla... more The National Center for Advancing Translational Science (NCATS) seeks to improve upon the translational process to advance research and treatment across all diseases and conditions and bring these interventions to all who need them. Addressing the racial/ethnic health disparities and health inequities that persist in screening, diagnosis, treatment, and health outcomes (e.g., morbidity, mortality) is central to NCATS’ mission to deliver more interventions to all people more quickly. Working toward this goal will require enhancing diversity, equity, inclusion, and accessibility (DEIA) in the translational workforce and in research conducted across the translational continuum, to support health equity. This paper discusses how aspects of DEIA are integral to the mission of translational science (TS). It describes recent NIH and NCATS efforts to advance DEIA in the TS workforce and in the research we support. Additionally, NCATS is developing approaches to apply a lens of DEIA in its a...

Clinical and Translational Science

Science of Team Science Conference, Jun 4, 2015

Journal of Clinical and Translational Science

Purpose: There is a need for education activities in translational science (TS) that focus on tea... more Purpose: There is a need for education activities in translational science (TS) that focus on teaching key principles, concepts, and approaches to effectively overcome common scientific and operational bottlenecks in the translational process. Delivering this content to the broad range of individuals interested in advancing translation will help to both expand and develop the TS workforce. Rigorous evaluations will build the evidence base for effective educational approaches for varied audiences. Methods: In 2020, the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences offered an online case study-based course in TS for students across education and career stages. The course evaluation used baseline and endpoint student surveys to assess satisfaction with the course and impacts of participation on knowledge and attitudes relevant to TS and professional goals. Results: Of 112 students, 100 completed baseline and/or endpoint surveys, with 66 completing both. Most found the online for...

Collaboration plans are written documents that investigators may use as a "roadmap" for... more Collaboration plans are written documents that investigators may use as a "roadmap" for future collaborations. Funding agencies may ask investigators to submit Collaboration Plans as part of their funding applications, analogous to submitting research plans. Submitted collaboration plans can then be used by reviewers to help assess the capacity of a proposed team to collaboratively execute its scientific objectives. Collaboration plans address a range of issues relevant to laying the foundation for the collaboration, implementing and managing the collaboration, and engaging in quality improvement activities specific to collaborative interactions. These plans identify existing supports and challenges relevant to the collaboration, and describe a program of action that will be implemented to help support smooth collaboration. This working document, called "How to Write a Collaboration Plan" is a product of a federal subcommittee on Collaboration and Team Science. T...

Collaboration plans are written documents that investigators may use as a "roadmap" for... more Collaboration plans are written documents that investigators may use as a "roadmap" for future collaborations. Funding agencies may ask investigators to submit Collaboration Plans as part of their funding applications, analogous to submitting research plans. Submitted collaboration plans can then be used by reviewers to help assess the capacity of a proposed team to collaboratively execute its scientific objectives. Collaboration plans address a range of issues relevant to laying the foundation for the collaboration, implementing and managing the collaboration, and engaging in quality improvement activities specific to collaborative interactions. These plans identify existing supports and challenges relevant to the collaboration, and describe a program of action that will be implemented to help support smooth collaboration. This working document, called "How to Write a Collaboration Plan" is a product of a federal subcommittee on Collaboration and Team Science. T...

Journal of Global Oncology, 2018

Background: Over the past three decades, much evidence has been generated in high-income countrie... more Background: Over the past three decades, much evidence has been generated in high-income countries (HIC) for effective implementation of cervical, breast and colorectal cancer screening programs and their contribution to reducing mortality. However, translation of cancer screening programs to low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) continues to be a challenge. For 30 years, the US National Cancer…

Oxford Handbooks Online, 2017

Cross-disciplinary team-based research is conducted by collaborators from more than one area of e... more Cross-disciplinary team-based research is conducted by collaborators from more than one area of expertise. The quality of the scholarship they produce can be influenced strongly by the quality of their collaborative interactions. A new field of study has emerged, called the science of team science (SciTS), that aims to develop an evidence base for the multilevel factors that hinder or facilitate effective research collaboration, such as team characteristics and processes and institutional, funding, and other conditions. This chapter begins with an overview of team science, including a discussion of the major dimensions and processes that shape science teams and unique considerations for cross-disciplinary teams. The chapter then introduces key concepts and milestones in the SciTS field, and reviews conceptual models that explicate the processes and contextual factors that influence research collaboration. The chapter concludes with a discussion of future directions, including additi...

Translational Behavioral Medicine, 2012

The complexity of social and public health challenges has led to burgeoning interest and investme... more The complexity of social and public health challenges has led to burgeoning interest and investments in cross-disciplinary team-based research, and particularly in transdisciplinary (TD) team-based research. TD research aims to integrate and ultimately extend beyond discipline-specific concepts, approaches, and methods to accelerate innovations and progress toward solving complex real-world problems. While TD research offers the promise of novel, wide-reaching, and important discoveries, it also introduces unique challenges. In particular, today's investigators are generally trained in unidisciplinary approaches and may have little training in, or exposure to, the scientific skills and team processes necessary to collaborate successfully in teams of colleagues from widely disparate disciplines and fields. Yet these skills are essential to maximize the efficiency and effectiveness of TD team-based research. In the current article, we propose a model of TD team-based research that includes four relatively distinct phases: development, conceptualization, implementation, and translation. Drawing on the science of team science field, as well as the findings from previous research on group dynamics and organizational behavior, we identify key scientific goals and team processes that occur in each phase and across multiple phases. We then provide real-world exemplars for each phase that highlight strategies for successfully meeting the goals and engaging in the team processes that are hallmarks of that phase. We conclude by discussing the relevance of the model for TD team-based research initiatives, funding to support these initiatives, and future empirical research that aims to better understand the processes and outcomes of TD team-based research.

Health and Social Care in the Community, 2006

As service-learning is adopted by growing numbers of higher education institutions, there is incr... more As service-learning is adopted by growing numbers of higher education institutions, there is increasing interest in understanding the factors necessary to sustain service-learning for the long-term. Institutions that were early adopters of service-learning may offer important insights into what factors influence long-term sustainability. With this aim in mind, we conducted a retrospective, qualitative study of the ten-year sustainability of service-learning among a cohort of sixteen colleges and universities that partici-pated in a national demonstration program of service-learning from 1995 to 1998. We assessed the extent to which service-learning was sustained at each institution, and explored the factors that influenced sus-tainability, including facilitators, challenges, and strategies for success. In recent years, there have been increasing invest-ments in service-learning by academic institutions, community partners, and funding agencies. The growing number of students partici...

Gateways: International Journal of Community Research and Engagement, 2011

The movement for greater civic engagement in higher education in the United States has taken hold... more The movement for greater civic engagement in higher education in the United States has taken hold across the core academic missions of teaching, research and service. One manifestation of this movement has been growing participation in service-learning, a teaching method grounded in community-university partnerships in which students provide services that simultaneously address community-identified concerns and meet key learning objectives. In order to assess the benefits of long-term sustained institutional involvement in service-learning, in 2007–2008 we interviewed 23 faculty members, staff and administrators from 16 academic institutions that had participated in a national demonstration program for service-learning, which ended in 1998. We found that 15 of these institutions had sustained service-learning to some degree and 12 had integrated service-learning into the curriculum, with varying degrees of institutional support. Interview participants described five main impacts of ...

Journal of Clinical and Translational Science

This version may be subject to change during the production process.

Journal of translational medicine & epidemiology, 2014

The National Cancer Institute has been a leader in supporting transdisciplinary (TD) team science... more The National Cancer Institute has been a leader in supporting transdisciplinary (TD) team science. From 2005-2010, the NCI supported Transdisciplinary Research on Energetic and Cancer I (TREC I), a center initiative fostering the TD integration of social, behavioral, and biological sciences to examine the relationships among obesity, nutrition, physical activity and cancer. In the final year of TREC I, we conducted qualitative in-depth-interviews with 31 participating investigators and trainees to learn more about their experiences with TD team science, including challenges, facilitating factors, strategies for success, and impacts. Five main challenges emerged: (1) limited published guidance for how to engage in TD team science, when TREC I was implemented; (2) conceptual and scientific challenges inherent to efforts to achieve TD integration; (3) discipline-based differences in values, terminology, methods, and work styles; (4) project management challenges involved in TD team sci...

The complexity of social and public health challenges has led to burgeoning interest and investme... more The complexity of social and public health challenges has led to burgeoning interest and investments in cross-disciplinary team-based research, and particularly in transdisciplinary (TD) team-based research. TD research aims to integrate and ultimately extend beyond discipline-specific concepts, approaches, and methods to accelerate innovations and progress toward solving complex real-world problems. While TD research offers the promise of novel, wide-reaching, and important discoveries, it also introduces unique challenges. In particular, today's investigators are generally trained in unidisciplinary approaches and may have little training in, or exposure to, the scientific skills and team processes necessary to collaborate successfully in teams of colleagues from widely disparate disciplines and fields. Yet these skills are essential to maximize the efficiency and effectiveness of TD team-based research. In the current article, we propose a model of TD team-based research that...

Strategies for Team Science Success, 2019

An individual’s personality is among the most established predictors of job performance, and pers... more An individual’s personality is among the most established predictors of job performance, and personality factors in aggregate are predictive of team performance across a range of team types. However, a recent review of a decade’s worth of quantitative and mixed-methods research articles on science teams identified no empirical studies on the impact of personality on science teams (Hall et al. 2018). As such, there is a need to look to the broader teams literature to learn what we can about how personality may impact science teams. This chapter provides an introduction to the most commonly used framework for understanding personality, the Five Factor Model. It then summarizes what is known from the teams literature about the influence of personality factors on team effectiveness, and considers the potential interactions of personality with team processes and emergent states. The chapter reflects on how personality traits may uniquely impact science teams given their interactions with...

Page 1. i ADVANCING SERVICE-LEARNING IN HEALTH PROFESSIONS EDUCATION: MAXIMIZING SUSTAINABILITY, ... more Page 1. i ADVANCING SERVICE-LEARNING IN HEALTH PROFESSIONS EDUCATION: MAXIMIZING SUSTAINABILITY, QUALITY, AND CO-LEADERSHIP by Amanda L. Vogel A dissertation submitted to Johns Hopkins University ...

Journal of Clinical and Translational Science, 2021

The internal research program of the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS)... more The internal research program of the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS) at the National Institutes of Health aims to fundamentally transform the preclinical translational research process to get more treatments to more people more quickly. The program develops and implements innovative scientific and operational approaches that accelerate and enhance translation across many diverse projects. Cross-disciplinary team science is a defining feature of our organization, with scientists at all levels engaged in multiple research teams. Here, we share our systems approach to nurturing cross-disciplinary team science, which leverages organizational policies, structures, and processes. Policies including the organizational mission statement, principles for ethical conduct of research, performance review criteria, and training program objectives and approaches reinforce the value of team science to achieve the program’s scientific goals. Structures including an organ...

As service-learning is adopted by growing numbers of higher education institutions, community par... more As service-learning is adopted by growing numbers of higher education institutions, community partners, and students, there is increasing interest in understanding what factors are necessary to support long-term sustainability. The authors of this article interviewed individuals from a cohort of sixteen schools that were early adopters of service-learning, to learn more about what factors influenced the sustainability of service-learning, as facilitators, challenges, and strategies for success. This article summarizes the methods and findings from their study, and provides links to webpages where you can read more detailed descriptions, access their interview guide, and read about related prior research. For a full-length scholarly article about this research, see the Fall 2010 issue of the Michigan Journal of Community Service-Learning.