Arun Sharma | PUNJAB TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, JALANDHAR, PUNJAB, INDIA (original) (raw)

Papers by Arun Sharma

A new era is dawning for wireless mobile ad hoc networks where communication will be done using a... more A new era is dawning for wireless mobile ad hoc networks where communication will be done using a group of mobile devices called cluster, hence clustered network. In a clustered network, protocols used by these mobile devices are different from those used in a wired network; which helps to save computation time and resources efficiently. A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a network in which data is transmitted from the sender to the receiver without the ne ed for any infrastructure. In this network, the connected nodes may be in the form of laptops, mobile phones, personal digital assistant (PDA), and so on, and any node can work as a router that receives and sends packets [1]. In an ad hoc network, the dela y of route traffic can be minimized by the clustering technique, and network performance, as well as data transfer control, can be improved by the selection of the routing protocol type [2]. This survey investigates the effect of using the clustering technique in ad hoc n etworks and how this technique can increase resource savings and decrease time delay. It also describes clustering, cluster structure, cluster linking type, and the different types of clustering algorithms used in cluster head selection and their effects on MA NETs. INTRODUCTION A wireless mobile ad-hoc network is a group of mobile devices that forms a network which does not require the usage of wires or cables for communication. Mobile nodes in this network are able to detect the presence of nodes that are in close proximity. Due to the limited transmission range of wireless network interfaces, multiple networks " hops " may be needed for one node to exchang e data with another across the network. Wireless ad-hoc networks have some properties such as the dynamic network topology, limited bandwidth, and energy constraint in the network. A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) consists of a number of mobile nodes that jointly function as a router. A MANET can be created dynamically without any infrastructure. In this network type, the use of the clustering technique significantly reduces the routing traffic that occurs during the routing process. Clustering is used to divide an ad hoc network into small sets of nodes, with each cluster consisting of a cluster head, ordinary nodes, and gateway nod es. Clustering can be used for the effective utilization of resources for large ad hoc networks. This survey explores the main clustering me chanisms for selecting cluster heads in ad hoc networks. The mechanisms include the lowest degree ID algorithm (LDID), highest degree ID algorithm (HDID), dynamic mobile adaptive clustering (DMAC), and weighted clustering algorithm (WCA). Different types of routing protocols are used to evaluate the performance of this network type with and without clustering. According to [4,5], sensor nodes are dynamic in nature also and are limited in the communication range and computing power. The energy of sensor nodes gets reduced while communicating with other nodes or the base station. These nodes get converted into dead nodes from the ali ve nodes, which can make the network less energy efficient. Making clusters of the sensors is one of the possible solutions to deal with this issue as this can make the network more scalable and energy efficient. In cluster based routing, a network is divided in to a number of clusters and within each cluster, a cluster head is elected based on some pre-decided parameter. Cluster Head nodes in clusters have more energy as compared to non-cluster head nodes. So, to balance energy level of the network, we propose Flower Pollination Algorithm (FPA) which gives more energy efficient network as compared to existing approache s. Fig.1 shows all the nodes connected in the ad hoc network without clustering, and Fig.2 shows the same network with clusterin g.

The Study of microstrip patch antenna has made great progress in recent years. Compared with conv... more The Study of microstrip patch antenna has made great progress in recent years. Compared with conventional antennas, microstrip patch antenna has more advantages and better prospects. Microstrip Antennas have characteristics like low cost and low profile, smaller in dimensions and ease of fabrication make it well suited for various wireless service requirements. Moreover, the microstrip patch antennas can provide dual and circular polarization, dual frequency operation, broad band-width, feedline flexibility. In this paper we discuss the microstrip antenna, types of microstrip antenna, feeding techniques with their advantages and disadvantages over conventional microwave antennas.

A new era is dawning for wireless mobile ad hoc networks where communication will be done using a... more A new era is dawning for wireless mobile ad hoc networks where communication will be done using a group of mobile devices called cluster, hence clustered network. In a clustered network, protocols used by these mobile devices are different from those used in a wired network; which helps to save computation time and resources efficiently. A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a network in which data is transmitted from the sender to the receiver without the ne ed for any infrastructure. In this network, the connected nodes may be in the form of laptops, mobile phones, personal digital assistant (PDA), and so on, and any node can work as a router that receives and sends packets [1]. In an ad hoc network, the dela y of route traffic can be minimized by the clustering technique, and network performance, as well as data transfer control, can be improved by the selection of the routing protocol type [2]. This survey investigates the effect of using the clustering technique in ad hoc n etworks and how this technique can increase resource savings and decrease time delay. It also describes clustering, cluster structure, cluster linking type, and the different types of clustering algorithms used in cluster head selection and their effects on MA NETs. INTRODUCTION A wireless mobile ad-hoc network is a group of mobile devices that forms a network which does not require the usage of wires or cables for communication. Mobile nodes in this network are able to detect the presence of nodes that are in close proximity. Due to the limited transmission range of wireless network interfaces, multiple networks " hops " may be needed for one node to exchang e data with another across the network. Wireless ad-hoc networks have some properties such as the dynamic network topology, limited bandwidth, and energy constraint in the network. A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) consists of a number of mobile nodes that jointly function as a router. A MANET can be created dynamically without any infrastructure. In this network type, the use of the clustering technique significantly reduces the routing traffic that occurs during the routing process. Clustering is used to divide an ad hoc network into small sets of nodes, with each cluster consisting of a cluster head, ordinary nodes, and gateway nod es. Clustering can be used for the effective utilization of resources for large ad hoc networks. This survey explores the main clustering me chanisms for selecting cluster heads in ad hoc networks. The mechanisms include the lowest degree ID algorithm (LDID), highest degree ID algorithm (HDID), dynamic mobile adaptive clustering (DMAC), and weighted clustering algorithm (WCA). Different types of routing protocols are used to evaluate the performance of this network type with and without clustering. According to [4,5], sensor nodes are dynamic in nature also and are limited in the communication range and computing power. The energy of sensor nodes gets reduced while communicating with other nodes or the base station. These nodes get converted into dead nodes from the ali ve nodes, which can make the network less energy efficient. Making clusters of the sensors is one of the possible solutions to deal with this issue as this can make the network more scalable and energy efficient. In cluster based routing, a network is divided in to a number of clusters and within each cluster, a cluster head is elected based on some pre-decided parameter. Cluster Head nodes in clusters have more energy as compared to non-cluster head nodes. So, to balance energy level of the network, we propose Flower Pollination Algorithm (FPA) which gives more energy efficient network as compared to existing approache s. Fig.1 shows all the nodes connected in the ad hoc network without clustering, and Fig.2 shows the same network with clusterin g.

The Study of microstrip patch antenna has made great progress in recent years. Compared with conv... more The Study of microstrip patch antenna has made great progress in recent years. Compared with conventional antennas, microstrip patch antenna has more advantages and better prospects. Microstrip Antennas have characteristics like low cost and low profile, smaller in dimensions and ease of fabrication make it well suited for various wireless service requirements. Moreover, the microstrip patch antennas can provide dual and circular polarization, dual frequency operation, broad band-width, feedline flexibility. In this paper we discuss the microstrip antenna, types of microstrip antenna, feeding techniques with their advantages and disadvantages over conventional microwave antennas.