Raj Kishor Singh | Tribhuvan University Nepal (original) (raw)

Papers by Raj Kishor Singh

KHWOPA JOURNAL, 2023

This paper claims that mind, language and thinking have triangular relationship. It raises an is... more This paper claims that mind, language and
thinking have triangular relationship. It raises an issue
whether language is necessary in the process of
thinking. It is very debatable issue whether language
and thinking are interdependent or independent elements.
Role of the mind must be significant in the process
of thinking. Language is a tool for thinking. This
triangular issue of mind, language and thinking has
been brought into the scene when Lucky, in Samuel
Beckett’s play Waiting for Godot, is sitting and thinking.
Lucky’s thinking inspires us to explore the triangular
issue. After analysis of the data and the language
used in thinking by Lucky, it is discovered that
mind is a catalyst and language and thoughts are substances
in the mind. Benjamin Lee Whorf's hypothesis
states that the influence of language on thinking is
obligatory. Oscar Wilde remarks that language is the
parent, and not the child, of thought. Bertrand Russell
claims the role of language is to make possible
thoughts which cannot exist without it but processing
is in the mind as inner or mental speech. Language
influences our thinking and, thereby, our thoughts.

SCHOLARS: Journal of Arts & Humanities, Central Department of English Tribhuvan University Kirtipur, Nepal, 2024

This paper explores the intricate portrayal and symbolic nuances of patriarchy and religion as fe... more This paper explores the intricate portrayal and symbolic nuances of patriarchy and religion as fervent sources of intolerance within Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's Purple Hibiscus (2003). The study transcends the binary view of these forces, scrutinizing their dynamic interplay and discerning their nuanced expressions within the depicted characters and broader societal constructs. The examination traverses beyond the surface-level manifestations, rummaging into the intricate fabric of power dynamics, gender roles and cultural norms to unravel their profound impact on individual conduct and the structural foundations of society. Drawing on theoretical frameworks, this study invokes John Locke's Two Treatises of Government and A Letter Concerning Toleration (2003) and Michel Foucault's Discipline and Punish (1995) to dissect patriarchy and religious practices as intricate manifestations of intolerance. By situating the analysis within these theoretical underpinnings, the study unveils the multifaceted layers of control, discipline and ideological enforcement inherent in these forces. The culmination of this exploration propels beyond a mere diagnosis of the issues at hand. It advocates for a transformative shift, contending that the perpetuation of patriarchy and religious fanaticism must be dismantled for the collective well-being of families and society at large. This call for cessation transcends mere condemnation, urging a profound reevaluation of ingrained societal structures and norms. Beyond its contribution to literary discourse, this study seeks to offer a deeper comprehension of the pervasive influence of intolerance, shedding light on its contemporary relevance. By pushing the boundaries of traditional analyses, this paper aspires to be a catalyst for transformative discussions on the dismantling of oppressive forces, paving the way for a more enlightened and inclusive future.

Lumbini Prabha, 2023

This paper reviews Paulo Freire’s concept of critical pedagogy and critical spiritual pedagogy in... more This paper reviews Paulo Freire’s concept of critical pedagogy and critical spiritual pedagogy in the Taittiriya Upanishad , one of the Upanishads in Hinduism, and in Buddhism. Main objective of the study is to show the fact how people applied critical pedagogy in their education in ancient Hindu communities and how the concept of critical spiritual pedagogy emerges in Buddhist studies. Interaction with teachers, meditation, contemplation, penance and some other activities are among them by which they have better learning and enlightenment. These activities develop critical consciousness, a way to solve many daily life problems. Siksha Valli and Bhrigu Valli are two of the three parts of the Taittiriya Upanishad in which we find basics of education- interaction, contemplation, critical consciousness and solving problems. Lord Buddha’s observation of the world and, by the process meditation, getting enlightenment or getting all answers to his questions suggest us the significance of critical spiritual pedagogy. This is the development of Freire’s critical pedagogy. This review justifies that critical spiritual pedagogy has been an ancient practice in Hindu and Buddhist communities.

SCHOLARS: Journal of Arts & Humanities, 2023

This paper aims to explore the body aesthetic myth in Toni Morrison's The Bluest Eye. Body is a r... more This paper aims to explore the body aesthetic myth in Toni Morrison's The Bluest Eye. Body is a rich object of inquiry in the discussion of aesthetics in art and literature. In the case of this fictional work, the problem is seen in Pecola, the protagonist of the novel, who feels herself ugly and desires for blue eyes. The paper has adopted the concepts of Immanuel Kant as an approach to the novel. Kant differentiates the pleasure in the beautiful from other pleasures, by claiming that it is not based on any interest, but it is a disinterested and free satisfaction. The other theory is related to the cognitive aspect of the brain. Body aesthetics, a part of study in neuroaesthetics and neuroculture, takes some new paradigms of philosophy of perception on body aesthetics.

Lumbini Prabha, 2023

Psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud wrote the letter with a response to the question raised by the physic... more Psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud wrote the letter with a response to the question raised by the physicist Albert Einstein. That's the reason the letter contains two different approaches-psychology and science-to the subject "war". As the letter is from the psychologist, there are minute observations of every element that is effective for war. His minute observation has reached at the highest level when he discusses two fundamental and natural human instincts: Love and Hate. We cannot avoid any one of them. War causes destruction: war is for development and prosperity. Nobody likes war but nobody can avoid it.

In around 20 years of teaching profession, I have noticed that students like to read poems, stori... more In around 20 years of teaching profession, I have noticed that students like to read poems, stories and dramas but they do not like essays. They pay least attention to the teacher while he is teaching essays. I was much curious to know the reasons. Therefore, I set out in my research. This paper is result of the curiosity and of the fieldwork research.

This article analyses the revolutionary political discourse of "The Communist Manifesto" that the... more This article analyses the revolutionary political discourse of "The Communist Manifesto" that the world has got from Karl Marx, with a radical challenge to the democracy, the radical challenge to the democracy, the other polarity in the political world. The discourse always stands as a critical political document with all favors on behalf of the proletariats of the world.

Different faculties of human life and society have different ideologies. Politics, culture, race,... more Different faculties of human life and society have different ideologies. Politics, culture, race, religion, education, and many other faculties have their own ideologies. People using English language have also some ideologies regarding the use and spirit of English language. Though it has been international language and being used in the all parts of the world, native and non-native speakers have their own distinct views, attitudes and ideologies about the language and their attachment with the language. In the present paper, these ideologies are critically analysed.

Carter's "The Snow Child" is much more complicated than the resource version, the "Snow White" of... more Carter's "The Snow Child" is much more complicated than the resource version, the "Snow White" of Grimm Brothers version. Complication is natural because Carter's intention is Feministic and Postmodernist criticism on patriarchal society. However, the approach is unique for fantastic and realistic combination, formatting 'fabulation', a concept developed and popularized by Robert Scholes, in his work 'The Fabulators.' 'The Snow Child' is a good example of fabulation. I have made an effort to dissect the fantastic and realistic aspects of the story

Social, cultural, political, and many other faculties of humanities have certain ideologies and t... more Social, cultural, political, and many other faculties of humanities have certain ideologies and these ideologies are in the heart of all literary works. These ideologies are reflective factors in all kinds of art. African people have ancient and tribal cultures which reflect different ideologies. These ideologies are basic substances of African philosophy and African literature. The present paper shows the very truth how philosophy matters in African literature.

This paper reviews presence and role of historical context in Cultural Materialism and New Histor... more This paper reviews presence and role of historical context in Cultural Materialism and New Historicism, two important literary theories emerged in 1980s. Cultural Materialism, propounded by Raymond Williams, and New Historicism, coined by Stephen Jay Greenblatt, are two important approaches to analysis of literature on the common ground of "context", having socio-cultural forces behind an event, because no historical event has a single cause; rather, it is intricately connected with a web of economic, social, and political factors (Foucault). New historical critics are less fact-and event-oriented than historical critics used to be-the truth about what really happened can be purely and objectively known only from its cultural context. They are working right at the border of Marxist, poststructuralist, cultural, postcolonial, feminist, and reader-response/readeroriented criticism. They have multiple interests and motivations. In the final part of the paper, two literary texts-William Shakespeare's play The Merchant of Venice and Emily Bronte's novel Wuthering Heightsare analysed from the perspectives of these two theories with cultural context of the event given in these literary texts.

The art of literature is not reducible to the words in the page; they are there because of the cr... more The art of literature is not reducible to the words in the page; they are there because of the craft of writing. As an art, literature is the organization of words to give pleasure; through them it elevates and transforms experience; through them it functions in society as a continuing symbolic criticism of values. Literature is a form of human expression. But not everything expressed in words-even when organized and written down-is counted as literature.

Apollonianism and Dionystanism are from Nietzsche's First book The Birth of Tragedy. This book in... more Apollonianism and Dionystanism are from Nietzsche's First book The Birth of Tragedy. This book interprets certain aspects of the music of Richard Wagner. Wagner was the contemporary composer of the Ring Cycle of operas based on Celtic (Western European) mythology. Nietzsche regarded him as a true successor of Greek Tragedy. He eventually broke with Wagner on philosophical matters, but his regard for Wagner's music remained strong. This present work celebrates comparison and contrast between "Apollonian" and "Dionysian" values.

Art has aesthetic effects upon audience. Art has magic and audience is enchanted. Beauty of art i... more Art has aesthetic effects upon audience. Art has magic and audience is enchanted. Beauty of art is measured and studied in aestheticism. The present paper discusses different aspects of art and aestheticism and their correlation.

Braj. B. Kachru's concentric circles of English are Inner, Outer and Expanding circles. In flow o... more Braj. B. Kachru's concentric circles of English are Inner, Outer and Expanding circles. In flow of time, these circles have been confined to Inner and Outer circles. David Graddol finds English speakers more in Outer circle rather than those in Inner circle. The present article argues that a new circle of English has emerged during some past decades. That's Aliens' World, which possibly speaks English in a large number, and this world can be further categorized as Expanding Circle of English.

Bertrand Russell (1872-1970) was born in England. He was a mathematician by his study but using t... more Bertrand Russell (1872-1970) was born in England. He was a mathematician by his study but using the mathematics for the purpose of logic he turned to be a most distinguished modern analytic philosopher. He has written most of his works on social issues. He came to be a lecturer in mathematics. However, he lost it because of his pacifist views in the World War 1. He lectured in England. He did work in the USA too but it was his imputed sexual immorality that a court in theUSA denied his lectureship at the City College of New York. In one of his works, he wrote a proposal that temporary marriage should be allowed for undergraduates. Nevertheless, he stayed in America lecturing in different universities, and finally, in 1994, he regained his post at Cambridge University. He lived a pacifist throughout his life and later advocated for nuclear disarmament, too. In 1950, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature. He is still known as a most controversial writer of the twentieth century. He is widely known as a philosopher and social critic. His works touch all aspects of human life. Russell's works vary in theme. Yet it is known fact that his philosophy is very controversial, too. No work has absolute truth. Most works are likely to go against convention. His first major work was The Principles of Mathematics (1900). Having collaborated with Alfred North Whitehead he wrote Principal Mathematical. It is the most important work in mathematics in three volumes. He has attempted to show that mathematics comes from logic. Therefore, the principles of pure logic are needed to understand mathematics. Throughout his life he carried on his pacifist views and for his views, he suffered imprisonment, libelous attack and he also lost his lectureship in philosophy at Cambridge in 1916. There are many other works that he wrote besides

This paper explores and recognizes common points of intersection of law and literature. Different... more This paper explores and recognizes common points of intersection of law and literature. Different literary texts have legal language, court scenes, cross examinations, lawyers, witnesses, judge, and audience. The main focus of this paper is to identify such events from literary texts and also to present instances that people take into the courts from literary texts. Law and literature originate and develop, after all, from the same culture and society. Humanities and social sciences are common grounds of origin and development of law and literature. They are related with each other. They do have correlation on the basis of culture, social norms and values, and humanities. In this paper, they discussed on the grounds of cognitive and behaviouristic aspects of human life.

KHWOPA JOURNAL, 2023

SCHOLARS: Journal of Arts & Humanities, Central Department of English Tribhuvan University Kirtipur, Nepal, 2024

Lumbini Prabha, 2023

SCHOLARS: Journal of Arts & Humanities, 2023

Lumbini Prabha, 2023