Anna Norén | Chalmers University of Technology (original) (raw)

Papers by Anna Norén

Research paper thumbnail of Enhanced remediation of organotin compounds and metal(loid)s in polluted sediments: Chemical stabilization with mining-wastes and nZVI versus physical soil washing

Journal of Environmental Management, 2025

Here we describe two innovative approaches for remediating sediments contaminated with organotin ... more Here we describe two innovative approaches for remediating sediments contaminated with organotin compounds (OTCs, mainly TBT) and metal(loid)s. The first involves chemical stabilization through amendments with nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI), dunite mining waste, and coal tailings, materials that have not been previously studied for OTC remediation. The second focuses on physical soil washing, using grain-size separation and magnetic separation to isolate the most polluted fractions, thereby reducing the volume of contaminated material destined for landfills. The results for the first approach indicated that OTC degradation occurred mainly through nZVI application, with concurrent immobilization of As and mobilization of Cu. Furthermore, combining nZVI with coal tailings enhanced OTC degradation whereas dunite mining waste effectively immobilized Zn. In turn, in the second approach, grain-size separation efficiently removed coarse material (>500 μm) with low pollutant concentrations. Subsequent magnetic separation selectively concentrated less than 5% of the initial volume of sediment in a magnetic fraction that showed the highest contaminant content. Therefore, 95% of material revealed lower contaminant concentrations than the feed material. These findings highlight the potential of combining physical soil washing, which significantly reduces the volume of contaminated sediments, with chemical stabilization, which can effectively stabilize the polluted fractions isolated in the physical treatment.

Research paper thumbnail of The effects of electrochemical pretreatment and curing environment on strength and leaching of stabilized/solidified contaminated sediment

Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Dec 21, 2023

Stabilization and solidification (S/S) is known to improve the structural properties of sediment ... more Stabilization and solidification (S/S) is known to improve the structural properties of sediment and reduce contaminant mobility, enabling the utilization of dredged contaminated sediment. Further reduction of contaminants (e.g., tributyltin (TBT) and metals) can be done using electrochemical treatment prior to S/S and could potentially minimize contaminant leaching. This is the first study on how electrochemical pretreatment affects the strength and leaching properties of stabilized sediments. It also investigates how salinity and organic carbon in the curing liquid affect the stabilized sediment. The results showed that the electrolysis reduced the content of TBT by 22% and zinc by 44% in the sediment. The electrolyzed stabilized samples met the requirements for compression strength and had a reduced surface leaching of zinc. Curing in saline water was beneficial for strength development and reduced the leaching of TBT compared to curing in fresh water. The results indicate that pretreatment prior to stabilization could be beneficial in reducing contaminant leaching and recovering metals from the sediment. The conclusion is that a better understanding of the changes in the sediment caused by electrochemical treatment and how these changes interact with stabilization reactions is needed. In addition, it is recommended to investigate the strength and leaching behavior in environments similar to the intended in situ conditions.

Research paper thumbnail of Stabilization and solidification of metal and organotin contaminated sediment after electrochemical pretreatment

Purpose Stabilization and solidification (S/S) is a technique that enhances the structural proper... more Purpose Stabilization and solidification (S/S) is a technique that enhances the structural properties of the sediment and reduces contaminant mobility, enabling the utilization of dredged contaminated sediment. Further reduction of the contaminants before S/S is, however, desirable to minimize leaching. The metal and organotin content in sediment could be reduced by electrochemical treatment. This is the first study on how electrochemical pretreatment impacts the strength and leaching properties of stabilized sediments. Methods Sediment was sampled from a port and was treated by using electrolysis. The removal of metals and organotin was investigated. Both treated and non-treated sediment was stabilized to investigate how electrolysis and also how different salinity and concentrations of organic matter during the curing affected the S/S properties by doing compression tests and leching tests. Results The electrolysis resulted in a 22% reduction of tributyltin (TBT) and a 44% reducti...

Research paper thumbnail of Integrated cost and environmental impact assessment of management options for dredged sediment

Waste Management, 2022

Large quantities of sediment must be dredged regularly to enable marine transport and trade. The ... more Large quantities of sediment must be dredged regularly to enable marine transport and trade. The sediments are often polluted, with e.g. metals, which limits the management options. The aim of this study has been to assess costs and environmental impacts (impact on climate, marine organisms, etc.) of different management options for polluted dredged sediment, by combining life-cycle assessment (LCA) of the climate impact, scoring of other environmental aspects and a cost evaluation. This approach has been used to study both traditional and new management alternatives for a real port case. The studied options include landfilling, deep-sea disposal, construction of a port area using a stabilization and solidification (S/S) method, and a combination of the aforementioned methods with the innovative option of metal recovery through sediment electrolysis. The LCA showed that deep-sea disposal had the lowest climate impact. The assessment of the other environmental impacts showed that the result varied depending on the pollution level and the time perspective used (short or long-term). Using sediment for construction had the highest climate impact, although other environmental impacts were comparably low. Electrolysis was found to be suitable for highly polluted sediments, as it left the sediment cleaner and enabled recovery of precious metals, however the costs were high. The results highlight the complexity of comparing different environmental impacts and the benefits of using integrated assessments to provide clarity, and to evaluate both the synergetic and counteracting effects associated with the investigated scenarios and may aid early-stage decision making.

Research paper thumbnail of Removal of organotin compounds and metals from Swedish marine sediment using Fenton’s reagent and electrochemical treatment

Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2022

Metal and tributyltin (TBT) contaminated sediments are problematic for sediment managers and the ... more Metal and tributyltin (TBT) contaminated sediments are problematic for sediment managers and the environment. This study is the first to compare Fenton’s reagent and electrochemical treatment as remediation methods for the removal of TBT and metals using laboratory-scale experiments on contaminated dredged sediment. The costs and the applicability of the developed methods were also compared and discussed. Both methods removed > 98% TBT from TBT-spiked sediment samples, while Fenton’s reagent removed 64% of the TBT and electrolysis 58% of the TBT from non-spiked samples. TBT in water phase was effectively degraded in both experiments on spiked water and in leachates during the treatment of the sediment. Positive correlations were observed between TBT removal and the added amount of hydrogen peroxide and current density. Both methods removed metals from the sediment, but Fenton’s reagent was identified as the most potent option for effective removal of both metals and TBT, especial...

Research paper thumbnail of Management and Treatment of Organotin and Metal Contaminated Dredged Sediment

Modern society is dependent on international trade and most traded goods are transported by sea. ... more Modern society is dependent on international trade and most traded goods are transported by sea. To enable this, regular dredging must be done to maintain water depth in ports and waterways, resulting in large quantities of often contaminated sediment that must be handled. Management options are limited due to regulations and depend on the content of contaminants such as tributyltin (TBT) and metals (e.g., zinc and copper) in the sediment. Consequently, there is a need to investigate new treatment techniques and evaluate the sustainability of management alternatives. In this thesis, several techniques to remove TBT and metal from sediment were developed and tested in laboratory studies, including chemical oxidation by electrolysis and Fenton’s reagent (Fenton) (Paper III), leaching with ultra-pure water, EDDS, saponified tall oil, iron colloids, humic acid, hydroxypropyl cellulose, and acid and alkaline solutions (Paper II). The highest TBT removal from natural sediment was reached ...

Research paper thumbnail of Low impact leaching agents as remediation media for organotin and metal contaminated sediments

Journal of Environmental Management, 2021

All over the world, elevated levels of metals and the toxic compound tributyltin (TBT) and its de... more All over the world, elevated levels of metals and the toxic compound tributyltin (TBT) and its degradation products are found in sediments, especially close to areas associated with shipping and anthropogenic activities. Ports require regular removal of sediments. As a result, large volumes of often contaminated sediments must be managed. The aim of this study was to investigate enhanced leaching as a treatment method for organotin (TBT) and metal (Cu and Zn) contaminated marine sediments. Thus, enabling the possibility to reuse these cleaner masses e. g. in construction. In addition to using acid and alkaline leaching agents that extract the OTs and metals but reduce the management options post treatment, innovative alternatives such as EDDS, hydroxypropyl cellulose, humic acid, iron colloids, ultra-pure Milli-Q water, saponified tall oil ("soap"), and NaCl were tested. Organotin removal ranged from 36 to 75%, where the most efficient leaching agent was Milli-Q water, which was also the leaching agent achieving the highest removal rate for TBT (46%), followed by soap (34%). The TBT reduction accomplished by Milli-Q water and soap leaching enabled a change in Swedish sediment classification from the highest class to the second highest class. The highest reduction of Zn was in HPC leached samples (39% removal) and Cu in EDDS leached samples (33% removal). Although high metal and OT leaching were achieved, none of the investigated leaching agents are sufficiently effective for the removal of both metals and OTs. The results of this study indicate that leaching with ultra-clean water, such as Milli-Q water, may be sufficient to treat TBT contaminated sediments and potentially allow mass reuse.

Research paper thumbnail of Integrated assessment of management strategies for metal-contaminated dredged sediments – What are the best approaches for ports, marinas and waterways?

Science of The Total Environment, 2019

A new integrated assessment tool for improved sediment management is developed. • Sediment metal ... more A new integrated assessment tool for improved sediment management is developed. • Sediment metal recovery could be economically and environmentally beneficial. • Environmental management impacts are site-specific and depend on time perspective.

Research paper thumbnail of A Method for Treatment of Organotin Contaminated Marine Sediments: Degradation, Stabilisation and Leaching

High concentrations of tributyltin (TBT) are often found in sediment in harbors in Sweden. The ch... more High concentrations of tributyltin (TBT) are often found in sediment in harbors in Sweden. The chemical originates from boat paint where it has served as an antifouling-agent. Tributyltin in boat paint has been forbidden since 1993 in Sweden and since 2003 in the EU due to its toxicity and long half-life. Exposure to TBT has proven to affect hormone and immune system of marine organisms. High concentrations of TBT in sediment force the Port of Gothenburg to investigate sediment disposal options.

Research paper thumbnail of The effects of electrochemical pretreatment and curing environment on strength and leaching of stabilized/solidified contaminated sediment

Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2023

Research paper thumbnail of Low impact leaching agents as remediation media for organotin and metal contaminated sediments

Journal of Environmental Management, 2021

Research paper thumbnail of Removal of organotin compounds and metals from Swedish marine sediment using Fenton’s reagent and electrochemical treatment

Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2022

Research paper thumbnail of Integrated cost and environmental impact assessment of management options for dredged sediment

Research paper thumbnail of Integrated assessment of management strategies for metal-contaminated dredged sediments – What are the best approaches for ports, marinas and waterways?

Science of The Total Environment, 2020

Thesis Chapters by Anna Norén

Research paper thumbnail of Management and Treatment of Organotin and Metal Contaminated Dredged Sediment

THESIS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY , 2021

Modern society is dependent on international trade and most traded goods are transported by sea. ... more Modern society is dependent on international trade and most traded goods are transported by sea. To enable this, regular dredging must be done to maintain water depth in ports and waterways, resulting in large quantities of often contaminated sediment that must be handled. Management options are limited due to regulations and depend on the content of contaminants such as tributyltin (TBT) and metals (e.g., zinc and copper) in the sediment. Consequently, there is a need to investigate new treatment techniques and evaluate the sustainability of management alternatives. In this thesis, several techniques to remove TBT and metal from sediment were developed and tested in laboratory studies, including chemical oxidation by electrolysis and Fenton’s reagent (Fenton) (Paper III), leaching with ultra-pure water, EDDS, saponified tall oil, iron colloids, humic acid, hydroxypropyl cellulose, and acid and alkaline solutions (Paper II). The highest TBT removal from natural sediment was reached using Fenton (64%) followed by electrolysis (58%). On TBT spiked sediment, Fenton and electrolysis reduced the TBT content by 98% by 100% respectively. In spiked water, TBT was degraded 100% by electrolysis. The most effective method for simultaneous TBT and metal removal was Fenton. However, due to the low pH of Fenton residue, electrolyzed sediment was instead chosen for stabilization and solidification, a method that forms a concrete-like product that could be used in construction (Paper IV). The impacts of electrolysis pre-treatment on compression strength and leaching patterns were investigated. The results show that stabilized pre-treated sediment leached less but had lower compression strength than stabilized untreated samples. The surrounding environment during curing was important, as a saline solution increased the compression strength and decreased TBT leaching, but increased metal leaching compared to a less saline solution. Environmental impacts and costs associated with different sediment management strategies were studied using life cycle assessment (Paper V) and integrated monetary and environmental multicriteria analysis (Paper I). Metal recovery from sediment was identified as a potential future alternative, with increasing metal prices and economic incentives as highly contaminated sediments cost more to handle. However, effective and sustainable metal recovery techniques need to be further developed. The results highlight the importance of individually assessing each site when evaluating risk, determining management strategies, and assessing short- and long-term environmental impacts. The developed methods are useful for identifying economic and environmental conflicts and synergetic effects and could be useful tools in decision-making processes. The results of this thesis could contribute further to the development of full-scale treatment methods to remediate and enable the use of contaminated dredged sediment.

Research paper thumbnail of Enhanced remediation of organotin compounds and metal(loid)s in polluted sediments: Chemical stabilization with mining-wastes and nZVI versus physical soil washing

Journal of Environmental Management, 2025

Here we describe two innovative approaches for remediating sediments contaminated with organotin ... more Here we describe two innovative approaches for remediating sediments contaminated with organotin compounds (OTCs, mainly TBT) and metal(loid)s. The first involves chemical stabilization through amendments with nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI), dunite mining waste, and coal tailings, materials that have not been previously studied for OTC remediation. The second focuses on physical soil washing, using grain-size separation and magnetic separation to isolate the most polluted fractions, thereby reducing the volume of contaminated material destined for landfills. The results for the first approach indicated that OTC degradation occurred mainly through nZVI application, with concurrent immobilization of As and mobilization of Cu. Furthermore, combining nZVI with coal tailings enhanced OTC degradation whereas dunite mining waste effectively immobilized Zn. In turn, in the second approach, grain-size separation efficiently removed coarse material (>500 μm) with low pollutant concentrations. Subsequent magnetic separation selectively concentrated less than 5% of the initial volume of sediment in a magnetic fraction that showed the highest contaminant content. Therefore, 95% of material revealed lower contaminant concentrations than the feed material. These findings highlight the potential of combining physical soil washing, which significantly reduces the volume of contaminated sediments, with chemical stabilization, which can effectively stabilize the polluted fractions isolated in the physical treatment.

Research paper thumbnail of The effects of electrochemical pretreatment and curing environment on strength and leaching of stabilized/solidified contaminated sediment

Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Dec 21, 2023

Stabilization and solidification (S/S) is known to improve the structural properties of sediment ... more Stabilization and solidification (S/S) is known to improve the structural properties of sediment and reduce contaminant mobility, enabling the utilization of dredged contaminated sediment. Further reduction of contaminants (e.g., tributyltin (TBT) and metals) can be done using electrochemical treatment prior to S/S and could potentially minimize contaminant leaching. This is the first study on how electrochemical pretreatment affects the strength and leaching properties of stabilized sediments. It also investigates how salinity and organic carbon in the curing liquid affect the stabilized sediment. The results showed that the electrolysis reduced the content of TBT by 22% and zinc by 44% in the sediment. The electrolyzed stabilized samples met the requirements for compression strength and had a reduced surface leaching of zinc. Curing in saline water was beneficial for strength development and reduced the leaching of TBT compared to curing in fresh water. The results indicate that pretreatment prior to stabilization could be beneficial in reducing contaminant leaching and recovering metals from the sediment. The conclusion is that a better understanding of the changes in the sediment caused by electrochemical treatment and how these changes interact with stabilization reactions is needed. In addition, it is recommended to investigate the strength and leaching behavior in environments similar to the intended in situ conditions.

Research paper thumbnail of Stabilization and solidification of metal and organotin contaminated sediment after electrochemical pretreatment

Purpose Stabilization and solidification (S/S) is a technique that enhances the structural proper... more Purpose Stabilization and solidification (S/S) is a technique that enhances the structural properties of the sediment and reduces contaminant mobility, enabling the utilization of dredged contaminated sediment. Further reduction of the contaminants before S/S is, however, desirable to minimize leaching. The metal and organotin content in sediment could be reduced by electrochemical treatment. This is the first study on how electrochemical pretreatment impacts the strength and leaching properties of stabilized sediments. Methods Sediment was sampled from a port and was treated by using electrolysis. The removal of metals and organotin was investigated. Both treated and non-treated sediment was stabilized to investigate how electrolysis and also how different salinity and concentrations of organic matter during the curing affected the S/S properties by doing compression tests and leching tests. Results The electrolysis resulted in a 22% reduction of tributyltin (TBT) and a 44% reducti...

Research paper thumbnail of Integrated cost and environmental impact assessment of management options for dredged sediment

Waste Management, 2022

Large quantities of sediment must be dredged regularly to enable marine transport and trade. The ... more Large quantities of sediment must be dredged regularly to enable marine transport and trade. The sediments are often polluted, with e.g. metals, which limits the management options. The aim of this study has been to assess costs and environmental impacts (impact on climate, marine organisms, etc.) of different management options for polluted dredged sediment, by combining life-cycle assessment (LCA) of the climate impact, scoring of other environmental aspects and a cost evaluation. This approach has been used to study both traditional and new management alternatives for a real port case. The studied options include landfilling, deep-sea disposal, construction of a port area using a stabilization and solidification (S/S) method, and a combination of the aforementioned methods with the innovative option of metal recovery through sediment electrolysis. The LCA showed that deep-sea disposal had the lowest climate impact. The assessment of the other environmental impacts showed that the result varied depending on the pollution level and the time perspective used (short or long-term). Using sediment for construction had the highest climate impact, although other environmental impacts were comparably low. Electrolysis was found to be suitable for highly polluted sediments, as it left the sediment cleaner and enabled recovery of precious metals, however the costs were high. The results highlight the complexity of comparing different environmental impacts and the benefits of using integrated assessments to provide clarity, and to evaluate both the synergetic and counteracting effects associated with the investigated scenarios and may aid early-stage decision making.

Research paper thumbnail of Removal of organotin compounds and metals from Swedish marine sediment using Fenton’s reagent and electrochemical treatment

Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2022

Metal and tributyltin (TBT) contaminated sediments are problematic for sediment managers and the ... more Metal and tributyltin (TBT) contaminated sediments are problematic for sediment managers and the environment. This study is the first to compare Fenton’s reagent and electrochemical treatment as remediation methods for the removal of TBT and metals using laboratory-scale experiments on contaminated dredged sediment. The costs and the applicability of the developed methods were also compared and discussed. Both methods removed > 98% TBT from TBT-spiked sediment samples, while Fenton’s reagent removed 64% of the TBT and electrolysis 58% of the TBT from non-spiked samples. TBT in water phase was effectively degraded in both experiments on spiked water and in leachates during the treatment of the sediment. Positive correlations were observed between TBT removal and the added amount of hydrogen peroxide and current density. Both methods removed metals from the sediment, but Fenton’s reagent was identified as the most potent option for effective removal of both metals and TBT, especial...

Research paper thumbnail of Management and Treatment of Organotin and Metal Contaminated Dredged Sediment

Modern society is dependent on international trade and most traded goods are transported by sea. ... more Modern society is dependent on international trade and most traded goods are transported by sea. To enable this, regular dredging must be done to maintain water depth in ports and waterways, resulting in large quantities of often contaminated sediment that must be handled. Management options are limited due to regulations and depend on the content of contaminants such as tributyltin (TBT) and metals (e.g., zinc and copper) in the sediment. Consequently, there is a need to investigate new treatment techniques and evaluate the sustainability of management alternatives. In this thesis, several techniques to remove TBT and metal from sediment were developed and tested in laboratory studies, including chemical oxidation by electrolysis and Fenton’s reagent (Fenton) (Paper III), leaching with ultra-pure water, EDDS, saponified tall oil, iron colloids, humic acid, hydroxypropyl cellulose, and acid and alkaline solutions (Paper II). The highest TBT removal from natural sediment was reached ...

Research paper thumbnail of Low impact leaching agents as remediation media for organotin and metal contaminated sediments

Journal of Environmental Management, 2021

All over the world, elevated levels of metals and the toxic compound tributyltin (TBT) and its de... more All over the world, elevated levels of metals and the toxic compound tributyltin (TBT) and its degradation products are found in sediments, especially close to areas associated with shipping and anthropogenic activities. Ports require regular removal of sediments. As a result, large volumes of often contaminated sediments must be managed. The aim of this study was to investigate enhanced leaching as a treatment method for organotin (TBT) and metal (Cu and Zn) contaminated marine sediments. Thus, enabling the possibility to reuse these cleaner masses e. g. in construction. In addition to using acid and alkaline leaching agents that extract the OTs and metals but reduce the management options post treatment, innovative alternatives such as EDDS, hydroxypropyl cellulose, humic acid, iron colloids, ultra-pure Milli-Q water, saponified tall oil ("soap"), and NaCl were tested. Organotin removal ranged from 36 to 75%, where the most efficient leaching agent was Milli-Q water, which was also the leaching agent achieving the highest removal rate for TBT (46%), followed by soap (34%). The TBT reduction accomplished by Milli-Q water and soap leaching enabled a change in Swedish sediment classification from the highest class to the second highest class. The highest reduction of Zn was in HPC leached samples (39% removal) and Cu in EDDS leached samples (33% removal). Although high metal and OT leaching were achieved, none of the investigated leaching agents are sufficiently effective for the removal of both metals and OTs. The results of this study indicate that leaching with ultra-clean water, such as Milli-Q water, may be sufficient to treat TBT contaminated sediments and potentially allow mass reuse.

Research paper thumbnail of Integrated assessment of management strategies for metal-contaminated dredged sediments – What are the best approaches for ports, marinas and waterways?

Science of The Total Environment, 2019

A new integrated assessment tool for improved sediment management is developed. • Sediment metal ... more A new integrated assessment tool for improved sediment management is developed. • Sediment metal recovery could be economically and environmentally beneficial. • Environmental management impacts are site-specific and depend on time perspective.

Research paper thumbnail of A Method for Treatment of Organotin Contaminated Marine Sediments: Degradation, Stabilisation and Leaching

High concentrations of tributyltin (TBT) are often found in sediment in harbors in Sweden. The ch... more High concentrations of tributyltin (TBT) are often found in sediment in harbors in Sweden. The chemical originates from boat paint where it has served as an antifouling-agent. Tributyltin in boat paint has been forbidden since 1993 in Sweden and since 2003 in the EU due to its toxicity and long half-life. Exposure to TBT has proven to affect hormone and immune system of marine organisms. High concentrations of TBT in sediment force the Port of Gothenburg to investigate sediment disposal options.

Research paper thumbnail of The effects of electrochemical pretreatment and curing environment on strength and leaching of stabilized/solidified contaminated sediment

Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2023

Research paper thumbnail of Low impact leaching agents as remediation media for organotin and metal contaminated sediments

Journal of Environmental Management, 2021

Research paper thumbnail of Removal of organotin compounds and metals from Swedish marine sediment using Fenton’s reagent and electrochemical treatment

Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2022

Research paper thumbnail of Integrated cost and environmental impact assessment of management options for dredged sediment

Research paper thumbnail of Integrated assessment of management strategies for metal-contaminated dredged sediments – What are the best approaches for ports, marinas and waterways?

Science of The Total Environment, 2020

Research paper thumbnail of Management and Treatment of Organotin and Metal Contaminated Dredged Sediment

THESIS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY , 2021

Modern society is dependent on international trade and most traded goods are transported by sea. ... more Modern society is dependent on international trade and most traded goods are transported by sea. To enable this, regular dredging must be done to maintain water depth in ports and waterways, resulting in large quantities of often contaminated sediment that must be handled. Management options are limited due to regulations and depend on the content of contaminants such as tributyltin (TBT) and metals (e.g., zinc and copper) in the sediment. Consequently, there is a need to investigate new treatment techniques and evaluate the sustainability of management alternatives. In this thesis, several techniques to remove TBT and metal from sediment were developed and tested in laboratory studies, including chemical oxidation by electrolysis and Fenton’s reagent (Fenton) (Paper III), leaching with ultra-pure water, EDDS, saponified tall oil, iron colloids, humic acid, hydroxypropyl cellulose, and acid and alkaline solutions (Paper II). The highest TBT removal from natural sediment was reached using Fenton (64%) followed by electrolysis (58%). On TBT spiked sediment, Fenton and electrolysis reduced the TBT content by 98% by 100% respectively. In spiked water, TBT was degraded 100% by electrolysis. The most effective method for simultaneous TBT and metal removal was Fenton. However, due to the low pH of Fenton residue, electrolyzed sediment was instead chosen for stabilization and solidification, a method that forms a concrete-like product that could be used in construction (Paper IV). The impacts of electrolysis pre-treatment on compression strength and leaching patterns were investigated. The results show that stabilized pre-treated sediment leached less but had lower compression strength than stabilized untreated samples. The surrounding environment during curing was important, as a saline solution increased the compression strength and decreased TBT leaching, but increased metal leaching compared to a less saline solution. Environmental impacts and costs associated with different sediment management strategies were studied using life cycle assessment (Paper V) and integrated monetary and environmental multicriteria analysis (Paper I). Metal recovery from sediment was identified as a potential future alternative, with increasing metal prices and economic incentives as highly contaminated sediments cost more to handle. However, effective and sustainable metal recovery techniques need to be further developed. The results highlight the importance of individually assessing each site when evaluating risk, determining management strategies, and assessing short- and long-term environmental impacts. The developed methods are useful for identifying economic and environmental conflicts and synergetic effects and could be useful tools in decision-making processes. The results of this thesis could contribute further to the development of full-scale treatment methods to remediate and enable the use of contaminated dredged sediment.