Er Harpreet Kaur Channi | Chandigarh University Gharuan (original) (raw)
Papers by Er Harpreet Kaur Channi
International Journal of Scientific Research in Computer Science, Engineering and Information Technology, Nov 8, 2019
This Development of wireless power failure indicator design a product that could detect fault in ... more This Development of wireless power failure indicator design a product that could detect fault in transmission line system information back to the control center and also show in the LCD display. In the we are using Radio frequency and GSM Based system to detect and alert the person with message. In this paper, a prototype of electric fault indicator via Sms by using GSM is choose. Gsm module are best for transfer the sms because it's good to other and it's not depend on mobile devices,Gsm sim 900a and Arduino for controlling circuit were using here.
International Journal of Scientific Research in Computer Science, Engineering and Information Technology, Nov 15, 2019
The electric vehicles industry is continuously evolving. One type of such electric vehicle is the... more The electric vehicles industry is continuously evolving. One type of such electric vehicle is the electric bicycle (e-bike). Electric bicycles, like other electric vehicles, use a BLDC motor (Brushless Direct Current Motor). This paper presents a way of designing and implementing an electronic module for an e-Bike. The paper shows how a low power, 8-bit microcontroller can be used to drive such a motor and also manage other useful functions on an e-Bike.
Nano science and innovation is the present day world idea which depends on the exploration of sma... more Nano science and innovation is the present day world idea which depends on the exploration of small molecule inside the size extent no less than one measurement estimated from 1 to 100 nanometers. Nonmaterial are material science based way to deal with nanotechnology. In nano scale size all materials have a significant substantial surface zone to volume proportion. This single trademark clears route for new quantum mechanical impacts. Because of these impacts the span of the molecule decreases, which causes an adjustment in the electronic properties of the strong. At the point when the span of the material gets to be miniaturized scale, there won't be any impedance of the quantum impact. Be that as it may, the impact will begin its play when the material gets to be nano-sized. There will be changes in the physical and chemical exercises of the material. When the material changes from large scale to nano-scale accordingly, it is comprehended that there is a radical change in properties. These progressions can be exceptionally one of a kind and can be utilized for an assortment of uses. This paper gives a study of different nonmaterial and their applications.
Energy resources are exhausting day-by-day. Now it's very difficult to find new energy resources.... more Energy resources are exhausting day-by-day. Now it's very difficult to find new energy resources. But if we make effective use of renewable energy resources we can definitely decrease the rate of utilization of non-renewable energy resources [1-4]. Some of these renewable energy resources are sunlight, wind and heat. In this paper a new way of generating electricity from nature is presented [2]. The energy system which is to be explained is solar botanic renewable energy system. The energy harvesting trees are super eco-friendly synthetic trees which make use of renewable energy from the sun along with wind power, are an effective clean and environmentally sound medium of gathering solar radiation and wind energy [4]. The artificial trees are implanted with Nanoleaves, a composite of nano-photovoltaic nano-thermovoltaic and nano-piezo sources transforming light, heat and wind energy into eco-friendly electricity [4-5]. This paper begin with an overview of nano leaves and Bio-mimicry concept.
The electrical energy is almost exclusively generated,transmitted and distributed in the form of ... more The electrical energy is almost exclusively generated,transmitted and distributed in the form of alternating current. Therefore, the question of power factor immediately comes into picture. Most of the loads(e.g. induction motors, arc lamps) are inductive in nature and hence have low lagging power factor. The low power factor is highly undesirable as it causes an increase in current, resulting in additional losses of active power in all elements of power system from power station generator down to the utilisation devices[1-3]. In order to ensure most favourable conditions for a supply system from engineering and economical standpoint, it is important to have power factor as close to unity as possible. In this paper various power factor improvement techniques will be discussed.
This research gives brief introduction about types of renewable Energy Sources mainly Solar and W... more This research gives brief introduction about types of renewable Energy Sources mainly Solar and Wind energy. Renewable Energy Sources are of paramount importance as conventional Energy Sources are not in a position to cater the needs of changing demand scenario. Various Renewable Energy Technologies are not conversant with Conventional Energy Sources Technologies. Thus, to synchronize both past and present Energy Sources, advanced technologies need to address. This paper addresses the technologies used for Renewable Energy Source (geothermal energy) and their prominent role in present scenario.
The depletion of fossil fuel resources on a worldwide basis has necessitated an urgent search for... more The depletion of fossil fuel resources on a worldwide basis has necessitated an urgent search for alternative energy sources to meet up the present day demand. The world also faces the dual challenges of fossil fuel depletion and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, and the main candidates for facing these challenges are coal with carbon sequestration (CCS), nuclear and renewable sources of energy. However, safe and economic concepts for CCS have not been proven, nuclear suffers from high cost, radioactive waste management, fuel availability, and nuclear weapon proliferation issues; and renewable, other than hydropower, have been limited by resource limits, high cost, and intermittency problems. Biomass could be a fuel or a source of electricity, but there is not enough land or water to meet the demand and to feed the world's growing population. Wind is intermittent, and the total wind energy resource is limited to a few terawatts (TW) worldwide. Solar energy has huge potential -tens or hundreds of TWs are practical, but it suffers from intermittency. However, recent drastic cost reductions in the production of photo voltaic (PV) pave the way for enabling solar technologies to become cost competitive with fossil fuel energy generation. Scaling of concentrating solar power (CSP) may also enable drastic cost reductions. The objective of this paper is to estimate the potential of solar photovoltaic power at Chandigarh University (C.U.) and finally develop a system based on the potential estimations for a chosen roof area of 1050.1416 m 2 . Equipment specifications are provided based on the availability of the components in India. In the last, cost estimation of SPV plant and grid is also calculated to show whether it is economically viable or not.
Index Terms --Unit commitment, forward and backward tracking, dynamic programming.
In the modern world, the demand for nonrenewable energy sources is increasing day by day due to m... more In the modern world, the demand for nonrenewable energy sources is increasing day by day due to modernization and mechanization. Demand for electricity and enormous increase in the number of automobiles has resulted in greater demand for petroleum products. The increasing demand for the petroleum based fuels has led to oil crises in the recent times. Therefore attention has been focused on developing the renewable or alternate fuels to replace the petroleum based fuels for transport vehicles. Fossil fuels are commonly used fuel for automobiles. The reserve stock and exhaust gas emission of fossil fuel cause a serious problem. So there is a need of an alternative ecofriendly fuel. Renewable energy sources such as biodiesel, bioethanol, biomethane, and biomass from wastes or hydrogen have become the subjects of great interest. These fuels contribute to the reduction of dependence on fossil fuels. In addition, these energy sources could partially replace the use of those fuels which are responsible for environmental pollution and may be scarce in the future. Biodiesel is a renewable fuel produced from plant and animal material by esterification. Biodiesel has the potential to become a suitable substitute for diesel fuel in the future. However, the reduction of production costs and finding a permanent oil source have remained the two main concerns for this green fuel. In this article a comparison of different biodiesel production technologies is made and suggests the best one which helps to reduce the production cost of biodiesel.
An electrical power system consists of generators, transformers, transmission and distribution li... more An electrical power system consists of generators, transformers, transmission and distribution lines. Short circuit and other abnormal conditions often occur on a power system. The heavy current associated with short circuits is likely to cause damage to the equipment if suitable protective relays and circuit breakers are not provided for the protection of each section of the power system. A protective system includes circuit breakers, transducers (CTs and VTs), and protective relays to isolate the faulty section of the power system from the healthy sections. The function of a protective relay is to detect and locate a fault and issue a command to the circuit breaker to disconnect the faulty element. The conventional protective relays are either of electromechanical or static type. The electromechanical relays suffer from several drawbacks such as high burden on instrument transformer, high operating time, contact problem etc. The static relays also suffer from a number of disadvantages such as inflexibility, inadaptability to changing system conditions and complexity. The functions of electromechanical protection systems are now being replaced by microprocessor-based digital protective relays, sometimes called "numeric relays". The increased growth of power system both in size and complexity has brought about the need for fast and reliable relays to protect major equipment and to maintain system stability. The concept of digital protection employing computers which shows much promise in providing improved performance has evolved during the past two decades. Digital computer can easily fulfil the protection requirements of modern power system without difficulties. With the development of economical, powerful and sophisticated microprocessor, there is a growing interest in developing microprocessor-based protective relays which are more flexible because of being programmable and are superior to conventional relays. The objective of this paper is to give a comparative review of microprocessor-based protective relays.
Digital communication is a transfer of information from source to destination in the form of disc... more Digital communication is a transfer of information from source to destination in the form of discrete signals. These signals are manipulated by electronic circuits (analog or digital) for making it possible to transmit and receive the data or information. Digital transmission is the physical transfer of data over a point-to-point or point-to-multipoint communication channel such as copper wires (guided and unguided channels), optical fibres, wireless communication channels, and storage media. The data is represented as an electromagnetic signal, such as an electrical voltage, radiowave, microwave, or infrared signal. In communication systems, the noise is an error or undesired random disturbance of a useful information signal, introduced before or after the detector and decoder. The noise is a summation of unwanted or disturbing energy from natural and sometimes man-made sources. If we transmit the baseband signals directly, the signals from different transmitters will get mixed up and the information will be lost. Because of these reasons, we use the technology of modulation, for transmitting message signals effectively for long distances Modulation is the process of varying one or more properties of a high frequency periodic waveform, called the carrier signal, with a modulating signal which typically contains information to be transmitted. The main goal of modulation today is to squeeze as much data into the least amount of spectrum possible. That objective, known as spectral efficiency, measures how quickly data can be transmitted in an assigned bandwidth expressed in terms of bits per second per Hz (b/s/Hz). Multiple techniques have emerged to achieve and improve spectral efficiency. There are various analog and digital modulation techniques used to transmit the signals. Due to various advantages of digital signals over analog signals, digital modulation techniques are preferred widely. This paper presents a brief study of different digital modulation methods and their uses for a particular application.
Good communications and consultation are essential for efficient operation in any organization.
In the modern world, the demand for nonrenewable energy sources is increasing day by day due to m... more In the modern world, the demand for nonrenewable energy sources is increasing day by day due to modernization and mechanization. Demand for electricity and enormous increase in the number of automobiles has resulted in greater demand for petroleum products. The increasing demand for the petroleum based fuels has led to oil crises in the recent times. Therefore attention has been focused on developing the renewable or alternate fuels to replace the petroleum based fuels for transport vehicles. Fossil fuels are commonly used fuel for automobiles. The reserve stock and exhaust gas emission of fossil fuel cause a serious problem. So there is a need of an alternative ecofriendly fuel. Renewable energy sources such as biodiesel, bioethanol, biomethane, and biomass from wastes or hydrogen have become the subjects of great interest. These fuels contribute to the reduction of dependence on fossil fuels. In addition, these energy sources could partially replace the use of those fuels which are responsible for environmental pollution and may be scarce in the future. Biodiesel is a renewable fuel produced from plant and animal material by esterification. Biodiesel has the potential to become a suitable substitute for diesel fuel in the future. However, the reduction of production costs and finding a permanent oil source have remained the two main concerns for this green fuel. In this article a comparison of different biodiesel production technologies is made and suggests the best one which helps to reduce the production cost of biodiesel.
Index Terms --Unit commitment, forward and backward tracking, dynamic programming.
An electrical power system consists of generators, transformers, transmission and distribution li... more An electrical power system consists of generators, transformers, transmission and distribution lines. Short circuit and other abnormal conditions often occur on a power system. The heavy current associated with short circuits is likely to cause damage to the equipment if suitable protective relays and circuit breakers are not provided for the protection of each section of the power system. A protective system includes circuit breakers, transducers (CTs and VTs), and protective relays to isolate the faulty section of the power system from the healthy sections. The function of a protective relay is to detect and locate a fault and issue a command to the circuit breaker to disconnect the faulty element. The conventional protective relays are either of electromechanical or static type. The electromechanical relays suffer from several drawbacks such as high burden on instrument transformer, high operating time, contact problem etc. The static relays also suffer from a number of disadvantages such as inflexibility, inadaptability to changing system conditions and complexity. The functions of electromechanical protection systems are now being replaced by microprocessor-based digital protective relays, sometimes called "numeric relays". The increased growth of power system both in size and complexity has brought about the need for fast and reliable relays to protect major equipment and to maintain system stability. The concept of digital protection employing computers which shows much promise in providing improved performance has evolved during the past two decades. Digital computer can easily fulfil the protection requirements of modern power system without difficulties. With the development of economical, powerful and sophisticated microprocessor, there is a growing interest in developing microprocessor-based protective relays which are more flexible because of being programmable and are superior to conventional relays. The objective of this paper is to give a comparative review of microprocessor-based protective relays.
Good communications and consultation are essential for efficient operation in any organization. H... more Good communications and consultation are essential for efficient operation in any organization. However their impact is often diminished due to lack of skill or knowledge on the p arts of participants. It is important, therefore, to provide both managers and employees with training in the skill and communication required for communication and consultation. Training is crucial for organizational development and success. It is fruitful to both employers and employees of an organization. An employee will become more efficient and productive if he is trained well. Training of employees takes place after orientation takes place. Training is the process of enhancing the skills, capabilities and knowledge of employees for doing a particular job. Training process moulds the thinking of employees and leads to quality performance of employees. It is continuous and never ending in nature. Training is very necessary for the growth of the organization. The effectiveness of the organization depends on competence of the employees. This paper gives an overview of different ways of employee training and highlights their benefits to the organization.
International Journal of Scientific Research in Computer Science, Engineering and Information Technology, Nov 8, 2019
This Development of wireless power failure indicator design a product that could detect fault in ... more This Development of wireless power failure indicator design a product that could detect fault in transmission line system information back to the control center and also show in the LCD display. In the we are using Radio frequency and GSM Based system to detect and alert the person with message. In this paper, a prototype of electric fault indicator via Sms by using GSM is choose. Gsm module are best for transfer the sms because it's good to other and it's not depend on mobile devices,Gsm sim 900a and Arduino for controlling circuit were using here.
International Journal of Scientific Research in Computer Science, Engineering and Information Technology, Nov 15, 2019
The electric vehicles industry is continuously evolving. One type of such electric vehicle is the... more The electric vehicles industry is continuously evolving. One type of such electric vehicle is the electric bicycle (e-bike). Electric bicycles, like other electric vehicles, use a BLDC motor (Brushless Direct Current Motor). This paper presents a way of designing and implementing an electronic module for an e-Bike. The paper shows how a low power, 8-bit microcontroller can be used to drive such a motor and also manage other useful functions on an e-Bike.
Nano science and innovation is the present day world idea which depends on the exploration of sma... more Nano science and innovation is the present day world idea which depends on the exploration of small molecule inside the size extent no less than one measurement estimated from 1 to 100 nanometers. Nonmaterial are material science based way to deal with nanotechnology. In nano scale size all materials have a significant substantial surface zone to volume proportion. This single trademark clears route for new quantum mechanical impacts. Because of these impacts the span of the molecule decreases, which causes an adjustment in the electronic properties of the strong. At the point when the span of the material gets to be miniaturized scale, there won't be any impedance of the quantum impact. Be that as it may, the impact will begin its play when the material gets to be nano-sized. There will be changes in the physical and chemical exercises of the material. When the material changes from large scale to nano-scale accordingly, it is comprehended that there is a radical change in properties. These progressions can be exceptionally one of a kind and can be utilized for an assortment of uses. This paper gives a study of different nonmaterial and their applications.
Energy resources are exhausting day-by-day. Now it's very difficult to find new energy resources.... more Energy resources are exhausting day-by-day. Now it's very difficult to find new energy resources. But if we make effective use of renewable energy resources we can definitely decrease the rate of utilization of non-renewable energy resources [1-4]. Some of these renewable energy resources are sunlight, wind and heat. In this paper a new way of generating electricity from nature is presented [2]. The energy system which is to be explained is solar botanic renewable energy system. The energy harvesting trees are super eco-friendly synthetic trees which make use of renewable energy from the sun along with wind power, are an effective clean and environmentally sound medium of gathering solar radiation and wind energy [4]. The artificial trees are implanted with Nanoleaves, a composite of nano-photovoltaic nano-thermovoltaic and nano-piezo sources transforming light, heat and wind energy into eco-friendly electricity [4-5]. This paper begin with an overview of nano leaves and Bio-mimicry concept.
The electrical energy is almost exclusively generated,transmitted and distributed in the form of ... more The electrical energy is almost exclusively generated,transmitted and distributed in the form of alternating current. Therefore, the question of power factor immediately comes into picture. Most of the loads(e.g. induction motors, arc lamps) are inductive in nature and hence have low lagging power factor. The low power factor is highly undesirable as it causes an increase in current, resulting in additional losses of active power in all elements of power system from power station generator down to the utilisation devices[1-3]. In order to ensure most favourable conditions for a supply system from engineering and economical standpoint, it is important to have power factor as close to unity as possible. In this paper various power factor improvement techniques will be discussed.
This research gives brief introduction about types of renewable Energy Sources mainly Solar and W... more This research gives brief introduction about types of renewable Energy Sources mainly Solar and Wind energy. Renewable Energy Sources are of paramount importance as conventional Energy Sources are not in a position to cater the needs of changing demand scenario. Various Renewable Energy Technologies are not conversant with Conventional Energy Sources Technologies. Thus, to synchronize both past and present Energy Sources, advanced technologies need to address. This paper addresses the technologies used for Renewable Energy Source (geothermal energy) and their prominent role in present scenario.
The depletion of fossil fuel resources on a worldwide basis has necessitated an urgent search for... more The depletion of fossil fuel resources on a worldwide basis has necessitated an urgent search for alternative energy sources to meet up the present day demand. The world also faces the dual challenges of fossil fuel depletion and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, and the main candidates for facing these challenges are coal with carbon sequestration (CCS), nuclear and renewable sources of energy. However, safe and economic concepts for CCS have not been proven, nuclear suffers from high cost, radioactive waste management, fuel availability, and nuclear weapon proliferation issues; and renewable, other than hydropower, have been limited by resource limits, high cost, and intermittency problems. Biomass could be a fuel or a source of electricity, but there is not enough land or water to meet the demand and to feed the world's growing population. Wind is intermittent, and the total wind energy resource is limited to a few terawatts (TW) worldwide. Solar energy has huge potential -tens or hundreds of TWs are practical, but it suffers from intermittency. However, recent drastic cost reductions in the production of photo voltaic (PV) pave the way for enabling solar technologies to become cost competitive with fossil fuel energy generation. Scaling of concentrating solar power (CSP) may also enable drastic cost reductions. The objective of this paper is to estimate the potential of solar photovoltaic power at Chandigarh University (C.U.) and finally develop a system based on the potential estimations for a chosen roof area of 1050.1416 m 2 . Equipment specifications are provided based on the availability of the components in India. In the last, cost estimation of SPV plant and grid is also calculated to show whether it is economically viable or not.
Index Terms --Unit commitment, forward and backward tracking, dynamic programming.
In the modern world, the demand for nonrenewable energy sources is increasing day by day due to m... more In the modern world, the demand for nonrenewable energy sources is increasing day by day due to modernization and mechanization. Demand for electricity and enormous increase in the number of automobiles has resulted in greater demand for petroleum products. The increasing demand for the petroleum based fuels has led to oil crises in the recent times. Therefore attention has been focused on developing the renewable or alternate fuels to replace the petroleum based fuels for transport vehicles. Fossil fuels are commonly used fuel for automobiles. The reserve stock and exhaust gas emission of fossil fuel cause a serious problem. So there is a need of an alternative ecofriendly fuel. Renewable energy sources such as biodiesel, bioethanol, biomethane, and biomass from wastes or hydrogen have become the subjects of great interest. These fuels contribute to the reduction of dependence on fossil fuels. In addition, these energy sources could partially replace the use of those fuels which are responsible for environmental pollution and may be scarce in the future. Biodiesel is a renewable fuel produced from plant and animal material by esterification. Biodiesel has the potential to become a suitable substitute for diesel fuel in the future. However, the reduction of production costs and finding a permanent oil source have remained the two main concerns for this green fuel. In this article a comparison of different biodiesel production technologies is made and suggests the best one which helps to reduce the production cost of biodiesel.
An electrical power system consists of generators, transformers, transmission and distribution li... more An electrical power system consists of generators, transformers, transmission and distribution lines. Short circuit and other abnormal conditions often occur on a power system. The heavy current associated with short circuits is likely to cause damage to the equipment if suitable protective relays and circuit breakers are not provided for the protection of each section of the power system. A protective system includes circuit breakers, transducers (CTs and VTs), and protective relays to isolate the faulty section of the power system from the healthy sections. The function of a protective relay is to detect and locate a fault and issue a command to the circuit breaker to disconnect the faulty element. The conventional protective relays are either of electromechanical or static type. The electromechanical relays suffer from several drawbacks such as high burden on instrument transformer, high operating time, contact problem etc. The static relays also suffer from a number of disadvantages such as inflexibility, inadaptability to changing system conditions and complexity. The functions of electromechanical protection systems are now being replaced by microprocessor-based digital protective relays, sometimes called "numeric relays". The increased growth of power system both in size and complexity has brought about the need for fast and reliable relays to protect major equipment and to maintain system stability. The concept of digital protection employing computers which shows much promise in providing improved performance has evolved during the past two decades. Digital computer can easily fulfil the protection requirements of modern power system without difficulties. With the development of economical, powerful and sophisticated microprocessor, there is a growing interest in developing microprocessor-based protective relays which are more flexible because of being programmable and are superior to conventional relays. The objective of this paper is to give a comparative review of microprocessor-based protective relays.
Digital communication is a transfer of information from source to destination in the form of disc... more Digital communication is a transfer of information from source to destination in the form of discrete signals. These signals are manipulated by electronic circuits (analog or digital) for making it possible to transmit and receive the data or information. Digital transmission is the physical transfer of data over a point-to-point or point-to-multipoint communication channel such as copper wires (guided and unguided channels), optical fibres, wireless communication channels, and storage media. The data is represented as an electromagnetic signal, such as an electrical voltage, radiowave, microwave, or infrared signal. In communication systems, the noise is an error or undesired random disturbance of a useful information signal, introduced before or after the detector and decoder. The noise is a summation of unwanted or disturbing energy from natural and sometimes man-made sources. If we transmit the baseband signals directly, the signals from different transmitters will get mixed up and the information will be lost. Because of these reasons, we use the technology of modulation, for transmitting message signals effectively for long distances Modulation is the process of varying one or more properties of a high frequency periodic waveform, called the carrier signal, with a modulating signal which typically contains information to be transmitted. The main goal of modulation today is to squeeze as much data into the least amount of spectrum possible. That objective, known as spectral efficiency, measures how quickly data can be transmitted in an assigned bandwidth expressed in terms of bits per second per Hz (b/s/Hz). Multiple techniques have emerged to achieve and improve spectral efficiency. There are various analog and digital modulation techniques used to transmit the signals. Due to various advantages of digital signals over analog signals, digital modulation techniques are preferred widely. This paper presents a brief study of different digital modulation methods and their uses for a particular application.
Good communications and consultation are essential for efficient operation in any organization.
In the modern world, the demand for nonrenewable energy sources is increasing day by day due to m... more In the modern world, the demand for nonrenewable energy sources is increasing day by day due to modernization and mechanization. Demand for electricity and enormous increase in the number of automobiles has resulted in greater demand for petroleum products. The increasing demand for the petroleum based fuels has led to oil crises in the recent times. Therefore attention has been focused on developing the renewable or alternate fuels to replace the petroleum based fuels for transport vehicles. Fossil fuels are commonly used fuel for automobiles. The reserve stock and exhaust gas emission of fossil fuel cause a serious problem. So there is a need of an alternative ecofriendly fuel. Renewable energy sources such as biodiesel, bioethanol, biomethane, and biomass from wastes or hydrogen have become the subjects of great interest. These fuels contribute to the reduction of dependence on fossil fuels. In addition, these energy sources could partially replace the use of those fuels which are responsible for environmental pollution and may be scarce in the future. Biodiesel is a renewable fuel produced from plant and animal material by esterification. Biodiesel has the potential to become a suitable substitute for diesel fuel in the future. However, the reduction of production costs and finding a permanent oil source have remained the two main concerns for this green fuel. In this article a comparison of different biodiesel production technologies is made and suggests the best one which helps to reduce the production cost of biodiesel.
Index Terms --Unit commitment, forward and backward tracking, dynamic programming.
An electrical power system consists of generators, transformers, transmission and distribution li... more An electrical power system consists of generators, transformers, transmission and distribution lines. Short circuit and other abnormal conditions often occur on a power system. The heavy current associated with short circuits is likely to cause damage to the equipment if suitable protective relays and circuit breakers are not provided for the protection of each section of the power system. A protective system includes circuit breakers, transducers (CTs and VTs), and protective relays to isolate the faulty section of the power system from the healthy sections. The function of a protective relay is to detect and locate a fault and issue a command to the circuit breaker to disconnect the faulty element. The conventional protective relays are either of electromechanical or static type. The electromechanical relays suffer from several drawbacks such as high burden on instrument transformer, high operating time, contact problem etc. The static relays also suffer from a number of disadvantages such as inflexibility, inadaptability to changing system conditions and complexity. The functions of electromechanical protection systems are now being replaced by microprocessor-based digital protective relays, sometimes called "numeric relays". The increased growth of power system both in size and complexity has brought about the need for fast and reliable relays to protect major equipment and to maintain system stability. The concept of digital protection employing computers which shows much promise in providing improved performance has evolved during the past two decades. Digital computer can easily fulfil the protection requirements of modern power system without difficulties. With the development of economical, powerful and sophisticated microprocessor, there is a growing interest in developing microprocessor-based protective relays which are more flexible because of being programmable and are superior to conventional relays. The objective of this paper is to give a comparative review of microprocessor-based protective relays.
Good communications and consultation are essential for efficient operation in any organization. H... more Good communications and consultation are essential for efficient operation in any organization. However their impact is often diminished due to lack of skill or knowledge on the p arts of participants. It is important, therefore, to provide both managers and employees with training in the skill and communication required for communication and consultation. Training is crucial for organizational development and success. It is fruitful to both employers and employees of an organization. An employee will become more efficient and productive if he is trained well. Training of employees takes place after orientation takes place. Training is the process of enhancing the skills, capabilities and knowledge of employees for doing a particular job. Training process moulds the thinking of employees and leads to quality performance of employees. It is continuous and never ending in nature. Training is very necessary for the growth of the organization. The effectiveness of the organization depends on competence of the employees. This paper gives an overview of different ways of employee training and highlights their benefits to the organization.