Ewen McLean | Claflin University (original) (raw)
Papers by Ewen McLean
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Libyan Journal of Medicine, 2021
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Elsevier eBooks, 2021
Abstract An increasingly diverse literature has established that microRNAs (miRNAs) are expansive... more Abstract An increasingly diverse literature has established that microRNAs (miRNAs) are expansively engaged in typical brain development, function, and dysfunction. They are comprehensively involved in the genesis of the hippocampus, frontal cortex, cerebellum, midbrain, and other nervous tissues. miRNA dysfunction has been demonstrated to lead to nerve-related pathologies. Deciphering the roles of miRNAs in response to diseases, such as Zika, provides an approach to discover key pathways connected to illness, including the role of essential genes that may be silenced, repressed, activated, and/or enhanced.
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EBioMedicine, Aug 1, 2016
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Oman Medical Journal, Sep 30, 2021
Objectives: We sought to determine whether SARS-CoV-2 infections are associated with anosmia and ... more Objectives: We sought to determine whether SARS-CoV-2 infections are associated with anosmia and if this virus infects other neuronal cells. We utilized male and female olfactory neuronal cell lines and other olfactory cell lines to determine the viral targets. Methods: We used four undifferentiated and two partially differentiated human developing neuronal cell lines. Infectivity was confirmed by reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), immunofluorescence assay (IFA) probing with anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody, evaluation of cytopathic effects, and neurite formation. We induced partial differentiation of all cell lines (since both olfactory cell lines were terminally differentiated) with retinoic acid (RA) to determine whether differentiation was a factor in viral permissiveness. The expression of serine protease, transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2), and angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2) receptors were examined by RT-qPCR and IFA to determine the mechanism of viral entry. Results: Four to five days after exposure, both olfactory cell lines exhibited morphological evidence of infection; IFA analyses indicated that ~30% of the neurons were SARS-CoV-2 positive. At two weeks, 70–80% were positive for SARS-CoV-2 antigens. The partially differentiated (CRL-2266 and CRL-2267) and undifferentiated cell lines (CRL-2142, CRL-2149, CRL-127, and CDL-2271) were essentially non-permissive. After RA treatment, only CRL-127 exhibited slight permissiveness (RT-qPCR). The TMPRSS2 receptor showed high expression in olfactory neurons, but low expression in RA treated CRL-127. ACE2 exhibited high expression in olfactory neurons, whereas other cell lines showed low expression, including RA-treated cell lines. ACE2 expression slightly increased in CRL-127 post RA-treatment. Conclusions: Our studies confirm neurotropism of SARS-CoV-2 to olfactory neurons with viral entry likely mediated by TMPRSS2/ACE2. Other neuronal cell lines were non-permissive. Our results established that the nerve cells were infected regardless of male or female origin and strengthened the reported association of COVID-19 with loss of smell in infected individuals.
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Libyan Journal of Medicine, 2017
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CRC Press eBooks, May 31, 2023
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CRC Press eBooks, May 31, 2023
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CRC Press eBooks, May 31, 2023
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Libyan Journal of Medicine, 2021
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Elsevier eBooks, 2021
Abstract An increasingly diverse literature has established that microRNAs (miRNAs) are expansive... more Abstract An increasingly diverse literature has established that microRNAs (miRNAs) are expansively engaged in typical brain development, function, and dysfunction. They are comprehensively involved in the genesis of the hippocampus, frontal cortex, cerebellum, midbrain, and other nervous tissues. miRNA dysfunction has been demonstrated to lead to nerve-related pathologies. Deciphering the roles of miRNAs in response to diseases, such as Zika, provides an approach to discover key pathways connected to illness, including the role of essential genes that may be silenced, repressed, activated, and/or enhanced.
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EBioMedicine, Aug 1, 2016
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Oman Medical Journal, Sep 30, 2021
Objectives: We sought to determine whether SARS-CoV-2 infections are associated with anosmia and ... more Objectives: We sought to determine whether SARS-CoV-2 infections are associated with anosmia and if this virus infects other neuronal cells. We utilized male and female olfactory neuronal cell lines and other olfactory cell lines to determine the viral targets. Methods: We used four undifferentiated and two partially differentiated human developing neuronal cell lines. Infectivity was confirmed by reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), immunofluorescence assay (IFA) probing with anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody, evaluation of cytopathic effects, and neurite formation. We induced partial differentiation of all cell lines (since both olfactory cell lines were terminally differentiated) with retinoic acid (RA) to determine whether differentiation was a factor in viral permissiveness. The expression of serine protease, transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2), and angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2) receptors were examined by RT-qPCR and IFA to determine the mechanism of viral entry. Results: Four to five days after exposure, both olfactory cell lines exhibited morphological evidence of infection; IFA analyses indicated that ~30% of the neurons were SARS-CoV-2 positive. At two weeks, 70–80% were positive for SARS-CoV-2 antigens. The partially differentiated (CRL-2266 and CRL-2267) and undifferentiated cell lines (CRL-2142, CRL-2149, CRL-127, and CDL-2271) were essentially non-permissive. After RA treatment, only CRL-127 exhibited slight permissiveness (RT-qPCR). The TMPRSS2 receptor showed high expression in olfactory neurons, but low expression in RA treated CRL-127. ACE2 exhibited high expression in olfactory neurons, whereas other cell lines showed low expression, including RA-treated cell lines. ACE2 expression slightly increased in CRL-127 post RA-treatment. Conclusions: Our studies confirm neurotropism of SARS-CoV-2 to olfactory neurons with viral entry likely mediated by TMPRSS2/ACE2. Other neuronal cell lines were non-permissive. Our results established that the nerve cells were infected regardless of male or female origin and strengthened the reported association of COVID-19 with loss of smell in infected individuals.
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Libyan Journal of Medicine, 2017
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Plagues, a word derived from the Latin plaga, meaning a blow, stroke or wound, have infested Euro... more Plagues, a word derived from the Latin plaga, meaning a blow, stroke or wound, have infested Europe throughout history. The first plagues were, by all accounts, devastating in human terms and the high mortalities associated with early plagues resulted due to the "first contact" effect.
This document was a www presentation from 1999 developed as part of a lecture for Biotechnology students.
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