Offloading Design & Internals — Clang 21.0.0git documentation (original) (raw)

Introduction

This document describes the Clang driver and code generation steps for creating offloading applications. Clang supports offloading to various architectures using programming models like CUDA, HIP, and OpenMP. The purpose of this document is to illustrate the steps necessary to create an offloading application using Clang.

OpenMP Offloading

Clang supports OpenMP target offloading to several different architectures such as NVPTX, AMDGPU, X86_64, Arm, and PowerPC. Offloading code is generated by Clang and then executed using the libomptarget runtime and the associated plugin for the target architecture, e.g. libomptarget.rtl.cuda. This section describes the steps necessary to create a functioning device image that can be loaded by the OpenMP runtime. More information on the OpenMP runtimes can be found at the OpenMP documentation page.

Offloading Overview

The goal of offloading compilation is to create an executable device image that can be run on the target device. OpenMP offloading creates executable images by compiling the input file for both the host and the target device. The output from the device phase then needs to be embedded into the host to create a fat object. A special tool then needs to extract the device code from the fat objects, run the device linking step, and embed the final image in a symbol the host runtime library can use to register the library and access the symbols on the device.

Compilation Process

The compiler performs the following high-level actions to generate OpenMP offloading code:

Generating Offloading Entries

The first step in compilation is to generate offloading entries for the host. This information is used to identify function kernels or global values that will be provided by the device. Blocks contained in a #pragma omp target or symbols inside a #pragma omp declare target directive will have offloading entries generated. The following table shows the offload entry structure.

__tgt_offload_entry Structure

Type Identifier Description
void* addr Address of global symbol within device image (function or global)
char* name Name of the symbol
size_t size Size of the entry info (0 if it is a function)
int32_t flags Flags associated with the entry (see Target Region Entry Flags)
int32_t reserved Reserved, to be used by the runtime library.

The address of the global symbol will be set to the device pointer value by the runtime once the device image is loaded. The flags are set to indicate the handling required for the offloading entry. If the offloading entry is an entry to a target region it can have one of the following entry flags.

Target Region Entry Flags

Name Value Description
OMPTargetRegionEntryTargetRegion 0x00 Mark the entry as generic target region
OMPTargetRegionEntryCtor 0x02 Mark the entry as a global constructor
OMPTargetRegionEntryDtor 0x04 Mark the entry as a global destructor

If the offloading entry is a global variable, indicated by a non-zero size, it will instead have one of the following global flags.

Target Region Global

Name Value Description
OMPTargetGlobalVarEntryTo 0x00 Mark the entry as a ‘to’ attribute (w.r.t. the to clause)
OMPTargetGlobalVarEntryLink 0x01 Mark the entry as a ‘link’ attribute (w.r.t. the link clause)

The target offload entries are used by the runtime to access the device kernels and globals that will be provided by the final device image. Each offloading entry is set to use the omp_offloading_entries section. When the final application is created the linker will provide the__start_omp_offloading_entries and __stop_omp_offloading_entries symbols which are used to create the final image.

This information is used by the device compilation stage to determine which symbols need to be exported from the device. We use the omp_offload.infometadata node to pass this information device compilation stage.

Accessing Entries on the Device

Accessing the entries in the device is done using the address field in theoffload entry. The runtime will set the address to the pointer associated with the device image during runtime initialization. This is used to call the corresponding kernel function when entering a #pragma omp target region. For variables, the runtime maintains a table mapping host pointers to device pointers. Global variables inside a#pragma omp target declare directive are first initialized to the host’s address. Once the device address is initialized we insert it into the table to map the host address to the device address.

Debugging Information

We generate structures to hold debugging information that is passed tolibomptarget. This allows the front-end to generate information the runtime library uses for more informative error messages. This is done using the standard identifier structure used inlibomp and libomptarget. This is used to pass information and source locations to the runtime.

ident_t Structure

Type Identifier Description
int32_t reserved Reserved, to be used by the runtime library.
int32_t flags Flags used to indicate some features, mostly unused.
int32_t reserved Reserved, to be used by the runtime library.
int32_t reserved Reserved, to be used by the runtime library.
char* psource Program source information, stored as “;filename;function;line;column;;\0”

If debugging information is enabled, we will also create strings to indicate the names and declarations of variables mapped in target regions. These have the same format as the source location in the identifier structure, but the function name is replaced with the variable name.

Offload Device Compilation

The input file is compiled for each active device toolchain. The device compilation stage is performed differently from the host stage. Namely, we do not generate any offloading entries. This is set by passing the-fopenmp-is-target-device flag to the front-end. We use the host bitcode to determine which symbols to export from the device. The bitcode file is passed in from the previous stage using the -fopenmp-host-ir-file-path flag. Compilation is otherwise performed as it would be for any other target triple.

When compiling for the OpenMP device, we set the visibility of all device symbols to be protected by default. This improves performance and prevents a class of errors where a symbol in the target device could preempt a host library.

The OpenMP runtime library is linked in during compilation to provide the implementations for standard OpenMP functionality. For GPU targets this is done by linking in a special bitcode library during compilation, (e.g.libomptarget-nvptx64-sm_70.bc) using the -mlink-builtin-bitcode flag. Other device libraries, such as CUDA’s libdevice, are also linked this way. If the target is a standard architecture with an existing libompimplementation, that will be linked instead. Finally, device tools are used to create a relocatable device object file that can be embedded in the host.

Creating Fat Objects

A fat binary is a binary file that contains information intended for another device. We create a fat object by embedding the output of the device compilation stage into the host as a named section. The output from the device compilation is passed to the host backend using the -fembed-offload-object flag. This embeds the device image into the .llvm.offloading section using a special binary format that behaves like a string map. This binary format is used to bundle metadata about the image so the linker can associate the proper device linking action with the image. Each device image will start with the magic bytes0x10FF10AD.

@llvm.embedded.object = private constant [1 x i8] c"\00", section ".llvm.offloading"

The device code will then be placed in the corresponding section one the backend is run on the host, creating a fat object. Using fat objects allows us to treat offloading objects as standard host objects. The final object file should contain the following offloading sections. We will use this information when Linking Target Device Code.

Offloading Sections

Section Description
omp_offloading_entries Offloading entry information (see __tgt_offload_entry Structure)
.llvm.offloading Embedded device object file for the target device and architecture

Linking Target Device Code

Objects containing Offloading Sections require special handling to create an executable device image. This is done using a Clang tool, seeClang Linker Wrapper for more information. This tool works as a wrapper over the host linking job. It scans the input object files for the offloading section .llvm.offloading. The device files stored in this section are then extracted and passed to the appropriate linking job. The linked device image is then wrapped to create the symbols used to load the device image and link it with the host.

The linker wrapper tool supports linking bitcode files through link time optimization (LTO). This is used whenever the object files embedded in the host contain LLVM bitcode. Bitcode will be embedded for architectures that do not support a relocatable object format, such as AMDGPU or SPIR-V, or if the user requested it using the -foffload-lto flag.

Device Binary Wrapping

Various structures and functions are used to create the information necessary to offload code on the device. We use the linked device executable with the corresponding offloading entries to create the symbols necessary to load and execute the device image.

Structure Types

Several different structures are used to store offloading information. Thedevice image structure stores a single linked device image and its associated offloading entries. The offloading entries are stored using the __start_omp_offloading_entries and__stop_omp_offloading_entries symbols generated by the linker using the__tgt_offload_entry Structure.

__tgt_device_image Structure

Type Identifier Description
void* ImageStart Pointer to the target code start
void* ImageEnd Pointer to the target code end
__tgt_offload_entry* EntriesBegin Begin of table with all target entries
__tgt_offload_entry* EntriesEnd End of table (non inclusive)

The target target binary descriptor is used to store all binary images and offloading entries in an array.

__tgt_bin_desc Structure

Type Identifier Description
int32_t NumDeviceImages Number of device types supported
__tgt_device_image* DeviceImages Array of device images (1 per dev. type)
__tgt_offload_entry* HostEntriesBegin Begin of table with all host entries
__tgt_offload_entry* HostEntriesEnd End of table (non inclusive)

Global Variables

Global Variables lists various global variables, along with their type and their explicit ELF sections, which are used to store device images and related symbols.

Global Variables

Variable Type ELF Section Description
__start_omp_offloading_entries __tgt_offload_entry .omp_offloading_entries Begin symbol for the offload entries table.
__stop_omp_offloading_entries __tgt_offload_entry .omp_offloading_entries End symbol for the offload entries table.
__dummy.omp_offloading.entry __tgt_offload_entry .omp_offloading_entries Dummy zero-sized object in the offload entries section to force linker to define begin/end symbols defined above.
.omp_offloading.device_image __tgt_device_image .omp_offloading_entries ELF device code object of the first image.
.omp_offloading.device_image.N __tgt_device_image .omp_offloading_entries ELF device code object of the (N+1)th image.
.omp_offloading.device_images __tgt_device_image .omp_offloading_entries Array of images.
.omp_offloading.descriptor __tgt_bin_desc .omp_offloading_entries Binary descriptor object (see Binary Descriptor for Device Images)

Binary Descriptor for Device Images

This object is passed to the offloading runtime at program startup and it describes all device images available in the executable or shared library. It is defined as follows:

attribute((visibility("hidden"))) extern __tgt_offload_entry *__start_omp_offloading_entries; attribute((visibility("hidden"))) extern __tgt_offload_entry *__stop_omp_offloading_entries; static const char Image0[] = { <Bufs.front() contents> }; ... static const char ImageN[] = { <Bufs.back() contents> }; static const __tgt_device_image Images[] = { { Image0, /ImageStart/ Image0 + sizeof(Image0), /ImageEnd/ __start_omp_offloading_entries, /EntriesBegin/ __stop_omp_offloading_entries /EntriesEnd/ }, ... { ImageN, /ImageStart/ ImageN + sizeof(ImageN), /ImageEnd/ __start_omp_offloading_entries, /EntriesBegin/ __stop_omp_offloading_entries /EntriesEnd/ } }; static const __tgt_bin_desc BinDesc = { sizeof(Images) / sizeof(Images[0]), /NumDeviceImages/ Images, /DeviceImages/ __start_omp_offloading_entries, /HostEntriesBegin/ __stop_omp_offloading_entries /HostEntriesEnd/ };

Global Constructor and Destructor

The global constructor (.omp_offloading.descriptor_reg()) registers the device images with the runtime by calling the __tgt_register_lib() runtime function. The constructor is explicitly defined in .text.startup section and is run once when the program starts. Similarly, the global destructor (.omp_offloading.descriptor_unreg()) calls __tgt_unregister_lib() for the destructor and is also defined in .text.startup section and run when the program exits.

Offloading Example

This section contains a simple example of generating offloading code using OpenMP offloading. We will use a simple ZAXPY BLAS routine.

#include

using complex = std::complex;

void zaxpy(complex *X, complex *Y, complex D, std::size_t N) { #pragma omp target teams distribute parallel for for (std::size_t i = 0; i < N; ++i) Y[i] = D * X[i] + Y[i]; }

int main() { const std::size_t N = 1024; complex X[N], Y[N], D; #pragma omp target data map(to:X[0 : N]) map(tofrom:Y[0 : N]) zaxpy(X, Y, D, N); }

This code is compiled using the following Clang flags.

$ clang++ -fopenmp -fopenmp-targets=nvptx64 -O3 zaxpy.cpp -c

The output section in the object file can be seen using the readelf utility. The .llvm.offloading section has the SHF_EXCLUDE flag so it will be removed from the final executable or shared library by the linker.

$ llvm-readelf -WS zaxpy.o Section Headers: [Nr] Name Type Address Off Size ES Flg Lk Inf Al [11] omp_offloading_entries PROGBITS 0000000000000000 0001f0 000040 00 A 0 0 1 [12] .llvm.offloading PROGBITS 0000000000000000 000260 030950 00 E 0 0 8

Compiling this file again will invoke the clang-linker-wrapper utility to extract and link the device code stored at the section named.llvm.offloading and then use entries stored in the section named omp_offloading_entries to create the symbols necessary forlibomptarget to register the device image and call the entry function.

$ clang++ -fopenmp -fopenmp-targets=nvptx64 zaxpy.o -o zaxpy $ ./zaxpy

We can see the steps created by clang to generate the offloading code using the-ccc-print-phases option in Clang. This matches the description inOffloading Overview.

$ clang++ -fopenmp -fopenmp-targets=nvptx64 -ccc-print-phases zaxpy.cpp

"x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu" - "clang", inputs: ["zaxpy.cpp"], output: "/tmp/zaxpy-host.bc"

"nvptx64-nvidia-cuda" - "clang", inputs: ["zaxpy.cpp", "/tmp/zaxpy-e6a41b.bc"], output: "/tmp/zaxpy-07f434.s"

"nvptx64-nvidia-cuda" - "NVPTX::Assembler", inputs: ["/tmp/zaxpy-07f434.s"], output: "/tmp/zaxpy-0af7b7.o"

"x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu" - "clang", inputs: ["/tmp/zaxpy-e6a41b.bc", "/tmp/zaxpy-0af7b7.o"], output: "/tmp/zaxpy-416cad.o"

"x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu" - "Offload::Linker", inputs: ["/tmp/zaxpy-416cad.o"], output: "a.out"

Relocatable Linking

The offloading compilation pipeline normally will defer the final device linking and runtime registration until the clang-linker-wrapper is run to create the executable. This is the standard behaviour when compiling for OpenMP offloading or CUDA and HIP in -fgpu-rdc mode. However, there are some cases where the user may wish to perform this device handling prematurely. This is described in the linker wrapper documentation.

Effectively, this allows the user to handle offloading specific linking ahead of time when shipping objects or static libraries. This can be thought of as performing a standard -fno-gpu-rdc compilation on a subset of object files. This can be useful to reduce link time, prevent users from interacting with the library’s device code, or for shipping libraries to incompatible compilers.

Normally, if a relocatable link is done using clang -r it will simply merge the .llvm.offloading sections which will then be linked later when the executable is created. However, if the -r flag is used with the offloading toolchain, it will perform the device linking and registration phases and then merge the registration code into the final relocatable object file.

The following example shows how using the relocatable link with the offloading pipeline can create a static library with offloading code that can be redistributed without requiring any additional handling.

$ clang++ -fopenmp -fopenmp-targets=nvptx64 foo.cpp -c $ clang++ -lomptarget.devicertl --offload-link -r foo.o -o merged.o $ llvm-ar rcs libfoo.a merged.o

g++ app.cpp -L. -lfoo