C A Johnson | Claremont Graduate University (original) (raw)

Papers by C A Johnson

Research paper thumbnail of Relative income inequality and selected health outcomes in urban Chinese youth

Social science & medicine (1982), 2012

Self reported cross-sectional data gathered in 2002 from 12,449 middle and high school students f... more Self reported cross-sectional data gathered in 2002 from 12,449 middle and high school students from seven major cities in China were examined to explore the association of self-perceived relative income inequality (SPRII) with general health status, depression, stress, and cigarette smoking. Two types of self-perceived relative income were evaluated: household income relative to peers (SPRII-S) and relative to their own past (SPRII-P). SPRII-S and SPRII-P were coded as three-level categorical variables: lower, equal, and higher. As hypothesized, the youth in the "Lower" SPRII-S or SPRII-P groups reported the worst general health and the highest levels of depression and stress; the youth in the "Higher" groups reported the best general health. Unexpectedly, the youth in the "Higher" groups did not report the lowest levels of depression and stress, and the relationship between SPRII and cigarette smoking was even less straightforward. The expected positi...

Research paper thumbnail of Immediate Impact of Thirty-Two Drug Use Prevention Activities among Students at Continuation High Schools

Substance Use & Misuse, 1997

Those teenagers who are unable to remain in the regular school system for reasons including subst... more Those teenagers who are unable to remain in the regular school system for reasons including substance use are transferred to a continuation high school. Generic comprehensive social-influence-drug-use-prevention-activities are less likely to be effective for use with these at risk youth. Thus, both classroom and self-instruction (main mode of instruction at continuation high schools) versions of 16 activities derived from different theoretical sources were tested and ranked on immediate outcome variables. 388 students from six continuation high schools were provided with a pretest-activity-posttest "component study" protocol. The scores on perceived quality ratings were standardized and averaged to permit easy comparisons across lessons. While yielding similar knowledge changes, students who received the health educator led activity consistently reported higher scores on perceived quality. Social influence-oriented lessons, in general, were rated of relatively low perceived quality. The present approach assisted in selection of the lessons with the greatest overall immediate impact.

Research paper thumbnail of Primary Prevention of Chronic Diseases in Adolescence: Effects of the Midwestern Prevention Project on Tobacco Use

American Journal of Epidemiology, 1989

Research paper thumbnail of Emotional Intelligence and Acculturation to the United States: Interactions on the Perceived Social Consequences of Smoking in Early Adolescents

Substance Use & Misuse, 2005

High emotional intelligence (EI) is associated with decreased adolescent smoking. Acculturation t... more High emotional intelligence (EI) is associated with decreased adolescent smoking. Acculturation to the United States is a risk factor for adolescent smoking. High EI may buffer the relationship between acculturation to the United States and perceptions of the social consequences of smoking (PSC). Emotional intelligence is the ability to: accurately perceive, appraise, and express emotion; access and/or generate feelings in facilitating thought; understand emotion and emotional knowledge; and regulate emotions. Emotional intelligence (measured by the Multifactor Emotional Intelligence Scale, Adolescent Version), acculturation, and PSC were assessed in 2001 from 416 Southern California sixth graders (47% boys; mean age = 11.3 yrs; 32% Hispanic/ Latino, 29% Asian/Pacific Islander, 13% White, 19% Multiethnic, 6% Other). There was a significant EI x US acculturation interaction (p < 0.01) suggesting that those with high EI perceived more social consequences associated with smoking. As the U.S. population becomes increasingly diversified, identifying protective variables and designing effective prevention programs for adolescents of diverse ethnic and cultural backgrounds becomes important.

Research paper thumbnail of Relationship of Body Weight, Muscle Mass and Strength to Bone Mass of Chinese Adolescents

Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 2001

Research paper thumbnail of An Exploration of Psychosocial Determinants of Obesity among Hispanic Women

Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 2002

Obesity,a major public health problem among U.S. Hispanic women,has a psychosocial cultural conte... more Obesity,a major public health problem among U.S. Hispanic women,has a psychosocial cultural context,which we explore through quantitative and qualitative methods. We examine,e.g. paid and unpaid work,cultural and familial dynamics,and their relation to eating habits,BMI and general well-being. Twenty-three Hispanic mothers mainly born in Mexico participated. Over half were obese and had less than 8 years of schooling. Multivariate predictors of BMI were “unrewarding” meal-related family behaviors and negative attributes of the children. Language discrepancy (Spanish predominance for the mother,but English spoken in the home) was sharpest among those with lowest SES, and was significantly correlated with unrewarding meal-related behaviors,poor self-assessed health,and borderline significantly with BMI. Low SES,social isolation and heavy burden of preparing meals,were inter-correlated and each directly associated with low self-esteem and indirectly, with obesity.

Research paper thumbnail of Effects of Program Implementation on Adolescent Drug Use Behavior

Evaluation Review, 1990

This study evaluated the relationship between level of program implementation and change in adole... more This study evaluated the relationship between level of program implementation and change in adolescent drug use behavior in the Midwestern Prevention Project (MPP), a school- and community-based program for drug abuse prevention. Trained teachers implemented the pro gram with transition year students. Implementation was measured by teacher self-report and validated by research staff reports. Adolescent drug use was measured by student self-report; an expired air measure of smoking was used to increase the accuracy of self-reported drug use. Regression analyses were used to evaluate adherence; exposure, or amount of implementation; and reinvention. Results showed that all schools assigned to the program condition adhered to the research by implementing the program. Exposure had a significant effect on minimizing the increase in drug use from baseline to one year. Exposure also had a larger magnitude of intervention effect than experimental group assignment. Reinvention did not affect...

Research paper thumbnail of Effects of perceived peer isolation and social support availability on the relationship between body mass index and depressive symptoms

International Journal of Obesity, 2005

Research paper thumbnail of Comprehensive Community Programs for Drug Abuse Prevention

Journal of Children in Contemporary Society, 1986

Abstract This paper describes both a pilot and a larger research effort to implement and evaluate... more Abstract This paper describes both a pilot and a larger research effort to implement and evaluate a comprehensive community-based approach to drug abuse prevention. Since heart disease is a side effect of youth and adult chemical abusers, models for community-based prevention in the heart disease prevention area are discussed as well as issues that are specific to the area of drug abuse prevention. Criteria for successful community drug abuse prevention programs are outlined that include the necessity for employing a step-wise multi-component approach involving school, media, parent, and community organization programs. Implications of the initial results of the pilot for future community prevention programs are also described. Entry, community support, and long-term community ownership of prevention are emphasized.

Research paper thumbnail of The television, school, and family project V. The impact of curriculum delivery format on program acceptance

Preventive Medicine, 1989

Research paper thumbnail of Project SMART Parent Program: Preliminary Results of a Chronic Disease Risk Reduction Trial

Research paper thumbnail of Project SMART Parent Program: Preliminary results of a chronic disease risk reduction trial

Annals of Medicine, 1989

Project SMART Parent Program is a school-based healthy lifestyle promotion program designed to re... more Project SMART Parent Program is a school-based healthy lifestyle promotion program designed to reduce chronic disease risk in adults and to provide a health-conscious home environment for children through the adoption of healthy lifestyles by their parents. Parents in the high involvement condition received comprehensive health status appraisals, and a program designed to reduce dietary fat intake, and increase aerobic activity levels. Parents in the low involvement condition received only the comprehensive health status ...

Research paper thumbnail of The television, school, and family project V. The impact of curriculum delivery format on program acceptance

Preventive …, Jul 31, 1989

Research paper thumbnail of Breadth of Program and Outcome Effectiveness in Drug Abuse Prevention

American Behavioral Scientist, 1996

The most popular school programs for tobacco and other drug abuse prevention address a variety of... more The most popular school programs for tobacco and other drug abuse prevention address a variety of substances from tobacco to alcohol to other drugs. It is not uncommon for the same school program to address an even broader range of health and social objectives including exercise and nutrition promotion, pregnancy and HIV prevention, and violence prevention. In this article, the authors address the question of whether it is more effective to target a narrow range of objectives (e.g., smoking prevention) or a wider range of related behaviors (e.g., tobacco, alcohol, and other drug abuse). First, they consider a range of assumptions about effectiveness including definition of program effectiveness, issues regarding program acceptance and maintenance, and the objectives of sponsoring agencies. Next, they present the arguments for broad and narrowly focused programs and present comparative data from broadly and narrowly targeted programs. Finally, they suggest strategies for program deve...

Research paper thumbnail of Breadth of program and outcome effectiveness in drug abuse prevention

The most popular school programs for tobacco and other drug abuse prevention address a variety of... more The most popular school programs for tobacco and other drug abuse prevention address a variety of substances from tobacco to alcohol to other drugs. It is not uncommon for the same school program to address an even broader range of health and social objectives including exercise and nutrition promotion, pregnancy and HIV prevention, and violence prevention. In this article, the authors address the question of whether it is more effective to target a narrow range of objectives (e.g., smoking prevention) or a wider range of related behaviors (e.g., tobacco, alcohol, and other drug abuse). First, they consider a range of assumptions about effectiveness including definition of program effectiveness, issues regarding program acceptance and maintenance, and the objectives of sponsoring agencies. Next, they present the arguments for broad and narrowly focused programs and present comparative data from broadly and narrowly targeted programs. Finally, they suggest strategies for program developers and implementers to consider in making decisions about breadth of objectives. They recommend that future research address these behavioral and policy issues directly.

Research paper thumbnail of Targeted tobacco markets: outdoor advertising in Los Angeles minority neighborhoods

American Journal of Public Health, 1997

Research paper thumbnail of Project FLAVOR: 1-year outcomes of a multicultural, school-based smoking prevention curriculum for adolescents

Journal Information, Feb 1, 2004

To evaluate a multicultural smoking prevention curriculum, 16 schools were randomized to receive ... more To evaluate a multicultural smoking prevention curriculum, 16 schools were randomized to receive the multicultural curriculum or a standard curriculum and program effects on 1-year smoking initiation among 1430 never smokers were assessed. Hispanic boys who received the multicultural curriculum were less likely to initiate smoking than were those who received the standard curriculum; effects were insignificant among other groups. The prevention effect among Hispanic boys is encouraging, but additional research is needed to improve ...

Research paper thumbnail of Bone mineral density in Hispanic women: role of aerobic capacity, fat-free mass, and adiposity

International journal of sports medicine, 2004

Understanding the etiology of factors influencing bone mineral density (BMD) in Hispanic women fo... more Understanding the etiology of factors influencing bone mineral density (BMD) in Hispanic women for the prevention of osteoporosis was the aim of this investigation. Whole body BMD (WBBMD) of 39 Hispanic, premenopausal women aged 22 - 51 years was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Maximal aerobic capacity ((.-)VO(2max)) was determined by treadmill ergometry with direct measurement of oxygen consumption. Fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass were estimated from two independent techniques, DXA and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). A questionnaire was administered to determine weekly physical activity, age of menarche, oral contraceptive (OC) use, parity, and lactation. Factors with significant correlation to WBBMD were weight ( r = 0.74), body mass index ( r = 0.66), fat mass ( r = 0.68 - 0.69), FFM ( r = 0.55 - 0.65), percent fat ( r = 0.43 - 0.55), sagittal diameter ( r = 0.58), waist circumference ( r = 0.53), hip circumference ( r = 0.66) and weekly activity (...

Research paper thumbnail of Why Smoking Prevention Programs Sometimes Fail. Does Effectiveness Depend on Sociocultural Context and Individual Characteristics?

Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention, 2007

Research paper thumbnail of Methodological and Substantive Issues in Substance Abuse Prevention Research: An Integration

American Behavioral Scientist, 1996

This article summarizes current issues in drug abuse prevention research through integration of o... more This article summarizes current issues in drug abuse prevention research through integration of other articles in this Journal and by heeding historical trends in prevention science. Recommendations are made for future research directions. For prevention to advance, iterative processes are needed involving both quast-experimental and experimental designs and involving both small, simple units and large, complex, interactive units. Accuracy of measurement and replication are of paramount importance.

Research paper thumbnail of Relative income inequality and selected health outcomes in urban Chinese youth

Social science & medicine (1982), 2012

Self reported cross-sectional data gathered in 2002 from 12,449 middle and high school students f... more Self reported cross-sectional data gathered in 2002 from 12,449 middle and high school students from seven major cities in China were examined to explore the association of self-perceived relative income inequality (SPRII) with general health status, depression, stress, and cigarette smoking. Two types of self-perceived relative income were evaluated: household income relative to peers (SPRII-S) and relative to their own past (SPRII-P). SPRII-S and SPRII-P were coded as three-level categorical variables: lower, equal, and higher. As hypothesized, the youth in the "Lower" SPRII-S or SPRII-P groups reported the worst general health and the highest levels of depression and stress; the youth in the "Higher" groups reported the best general health. Unexpectedly, the youth in the "Higher" groups did not report the lowest levels of depression and stress, and the relationship between SPRII and cigarette smoking was even less straightforward. The expected positi...

Research paper thumbnail of Immediate Impact of Thirty-Two Drug Use Prevention Activities among Students at Continuation High Schools

Substance Use & Misuse, 1997

Those teenagers who are unable to remain in the regular school system for reasons including subst... more Those teenagers who are unable to remain in the regular school system for reasons including substance use are transferred to a continuation high school. Generic comprehensive social-influence-drug-use-prevention-activities are less likely to be effective for use with these at risk youth. Thus, both classroom and self-instruction (main mode of instruction at continuation high schools) versions of 16 activities derived from different theoretical sources were tested and ranked on immediate outcome variables. 388 students from six continuation high schools were provided with a pretest-activity-posttest "component study" protocol. The scores on perceived quality ratings were standardized and averaged to permit easy comparisons across lessons. While yielding similar knowledge changes, students who received the health educator led activity consistently reported higher scores on perceived quality. Social influence-oriented lessons, in general, were rated of relatively low perceived quality. The present approach assisted in selection of the lessons with the greatest overall immediate impact.

Research paper thumbnail of Primary Prevention of Chronic Diseases in Adolescence: Effects of the Midwestern Prevention Project on Tobacco Use

American Journal of Epidemiology, 1989

Research paper thumbnail of Emotional Intelligence and Acculturation to the United States: Interactions on the Perceived Social Consequences of Smoking in Early Adolescents

Substance Use & Misuse, 2005

High emotional intelligence (EI) is associated with decreased adolescent smoking. Acculturation t... more High emotional intelligence (EI) is associated with decreased adolescent smoking. Acculturation to the United States is a risk factor for adolescent smoking. High EI may buffer the relationship between acculturation to the United States and perceptions of the social consequences of smoking (PSC). Emotional intelligence is the ability to: accurately perceive, appraise, and express emotion; access and/or generate feelings in facilitating thought; understand emotion and emotional knowledge; and regulate emotions. Emotional intelligence (measured by the Multifactor Emotional Intelligence Scale, Adolescent Version), acculturation, and PSC were assessed in 2001 from 416 Southern California sixth graders (47% boys; mean age = 11.3 yrs; 32% Hispanic/ Latino, 29% Asian/Pacific Islander, 13% White, 19% Multiethnic, 6% Other). There was a significant EI x US acculturation interaction (p < 0.01) suggesting that those with high EI perceived more social consequences associated with smoking. As the U.S. population becomes increasingly diversified, identifying protective variables and designing effective prevention programs for adolescents of diverse ethnic and cultural backgrounds becomes important.

Research paper thumbnail of Relationship of Body Weight, Muscle Mass and Strength to Bone Mass of Chinese Adolescents

Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 2001

Research paper thumbnail of An Exploration of Psychosocial Determinants of Obesity among Hispanic Women

Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 2002

Obesity,a major public health problem among U.S. Hispanic women,has a psychosocial cultural conte... more Obesity,a major public health problem among U.S. Hispanic women,has a psychosocial cultural context,which we explore through quantitative and qualitative methods. We examine,e.g. paid and unpaid work,cultural and familial dynamics,and their relation to eating habits,BMI and general well-being. Twenty-three Hispanic mothers mainly born in Mexico participated. Over half were obese and had less than 8 years of schooling. Multivariate predictors of BMI were “unrewarding” meal-related family behaviors and negative attributes of the children. Language discrepancy (Spanish predominance for the mother,but English spoken in the home) was sharpest among those with lowest SES, and was significantly correlated with unrewarding meal-related behaviors,poor self-assessed health,and borderline significantly with BMI. Low SES,social isolation and heavy burden of preparing meals,were inter-correlated and each directly associated with low self-esteem and indirectly, with obesity.

Research paper thumbnail of Effects of Program Implementation on Adolescent Drug Use Behavior

Evaluation Review, 1990

This study evaluated the relationship between level of program implementation and change in adole... more This study evaluated the relationship between level of program implementation and change in adolescent drug use behavior in the Midwestern Prevention Project (MPP), a school- and community-based program for drug abuse prevention. Trained teachers implemented the pro gram with transition year students. Implementation was measured by teacher self-report and validated by research staff reports. Adolescent drug use was measured by student self-report; an expired air measure of smoking was used to increase the accuracy of self-reported drug use. Regression analyses were used to evaluate adherence; exposure, or amount of implementation; and reinvention. Results showed that all schools assigned to the program condition adhered to the research by implementing the program. Exposure had a significant effect on minimizing the increase in drug use from baseline to one year. Exposure also had a larger magnitude of intervention effect than experimental group assignment. Reinvention did not affect...

Research paper thumbnail of Effects of perceived peer isolation and social support availability on the relationship between body mass index and depressive symptoms

International Journal of Obesity, 2005

Research paper thumbnail of Comprehensive Community Programs for Drug Abuse Prevention

Journal of Children in Contemporary Society, 1986

Abstract This paper describes both a pilot and a larger research effort to implement and evaluate... more Abstract This paper describes both a pilot and a larger research effort to implement and evaluate a comprehensive community-based approach to drug abuse prevention. Since heart disease is a side effect of youth and adult chemical abusers, models for community-based prevention in the heart disease prevention area are discussed as well as issues that are specific to the area of drug abuse prevention. Criteria for successful community drug abuse prevention programs are outlined that include the necessity for employing a step-wise multi-component approach involving school, media, parent, and community organization programs. Implications of the initial results of the pilot for future community prevention programs are also described. Entry, community support, and long-term community ownership of prevention are emphasized.

Research paper thumbnail of The television, school, and family project V. The impact of curriculum delivery format on program acceptance

Preventive Medicine, 1989

Research paper thumbnail of Project SMART Parent Program: Preliminary Results of a Chronic Disease Risk Reduction Trial

Research paper thumbnail of Project SMART Parent Program: Preliminary results of a chronic disease risk reduction trial

Annals of Medicine, 1989

Project SMART Parent Program is a school-based healthy lifestyle promotion program designed to re... more Project SMART Parent Program is a school-based healthy lifestyle promotion program designed to reduce chronic disease risk in adults and to provide a health-conscious home environment for children through the adoption of healthy lifestyles by their parents. Parents in the high involvement condition received comprehensive health status appraisals, and a program designed to reduce dietary fat intake, and increase aerobic activity levels. Parents in the low involvement condition received only the comprehensive health status ...

Research paper thumbnail of The television, school, and family project V. The impact of curriculum delivery format on program acceptance

Preventive …, Jul 31, 1989

Research paper thumbnail of Breadth of Program and Outcome Effectiveness in Drug Abuse Prevention

American Behavioral Scientist, 1996

The most popular school programs for tobacco and other drug abuse prevention address a variety of... more The most popular school programs for tobacco and other drug abuse prevention address a variety of substances from tobacco to alcohol to other drugs. It is not uncommon for the same school program to address an even broader range of health and social objectives including exercise and nutrition promotion, pregnancy and HIV prevention, and violence prevention. In this article, the authors address the question of whether it is more effective to target a narrow range of objectives (e.g., smoking prevention) or a wider range of related behaviors (e.g., tobacco, alcohol, and other drug abuse). First, they consider a range of assumptions about effectiveness including definition of program effectiveness, issues regarding program acceptance and maintenance, and the objectives of sponsoring agencies. Next, they present the arguments for broad and narrowly focused programs and present comparative data from broadly and narrowly targeted programs. Finally, they suggest strategies for program deve...

Research paper thumbnail of Breadth of program and outcome effectiveness in drug abuse prevention

The most popular school programs for tobacco and other drug abuse prevention address a variety of... more The most popular school programs for tobacco and other drug abuse prevention address a variety of substances from tobacco to alcohol to other drugs. It is not uncommon for the same school program to address an even broader range of health and social objectives including exercise and nutrition promotion, pregnancy and HIV prevention, and violence prevention. In this article, the authors address the question of whether it is more effective to target a narrow range of objectives (e.g., smoking prevention) or a wider range of related behaviors (e.g., tobacco, alcohol, and other drug abuse). First, they consider a range of assumptions about effectiveness including definition of program effectiveness, issues regarding program acceptance and maintenance, and the objectives of sponsoring agencies. Next, they present the arguments for broad and narrowly focused programs and present comparative data from broadly and narrowly targeted programs. Finally, they suggest strategies for program developers and implementers to consider in making decisions about breadth of objectives. They recommend that future research address these behavioral and policy issues directly.

Research paper thumbnail of Targeted tobacco markets: outdoor advertising in Los Angeles minority neighborhoods

American Journal of Public Health, 1997

Research paper thumbnail of Project FLAVOR: 1-year outcomes of a multicultural, school-based smoking prevention curriculum for adolescents

Journal Information, Feb 1, 2004

To evaluate a multicultural smoking prevention curriculum, 16 schools were randomized to receive ... more To evaluate a multicultural smoking prevention curriculum, 16 schools were randomized to receive the multicultural curriculum or a standard curriculum and program effects on 1-year smoking initiation among 1430 never smokers were assessed. Hispanic boys who received the multicultural curriculum were less likely to initiate smoking than were those who received the standard curriculum; effects were insignificant among other groups. The prevention effect among Hispanic boys is encouraging, but additional research is needed to improve ...

Research paper thumbnail of Bone mineral density in Hispanic women: role of aerobic capacity, fat-free mass, and adiposity

International journal of sports medicine, 2004

Understanding the etiology of factors influencing bone mineral density (BMD) in Hispanic women fo... more Understanding the etiology of factors influencing bone mineral density (BMD) in Hispanic women for the prevention of osteoporosis was the aim of this investigation. Whole body BMD (WBBMD) of 39 Hispanic, premenopausal women aged 22 - 51 years was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Maximal aerobic capacity ((.-)VO(2max)) was determined by treadmill ergometry with direct measurement of oxygen consumption. Fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass were estimated from two independent techniques, DXA and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). A questionnaire was administered to determine weekly physical activity, age of menarche, oral contraceptive (OC) use, parity, and lactation. Factors with significant correlation to WBBMD were weight ( r = 0.74), body mass index ( r = 0.66), fat mass ( r = 0.68 - 0.69), FFM ( r = 0.55 - 0.65), percent fat ( r = 0.43 - 0.55), sagittal diameter ( r = 0.58), waist circumference ( r = 0.53), hip circumference ( r = 0.66) and weekly activity (...

Research paper thumbnail of Why Smoking Prevention Programs Sometimes Fail. Does Effectiveness Depend on Sociocultural Context and Individual Characteristics?

Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention, 2007

Research paper thumbnail of Methodological and Substantive Issues in Substance Abuse Prevention Research: An Integration

American Behavioral Scientist, 1996

This article summarizes current issues in drug abuse prevention research through integration of o... more This article summarizes current issues in drug abuse prevention research through integration of other articles in this Journal and by heeding historical trends in prevention science. Recommendations are made for future research directions. For prevention to advance, iterative processes are needed involving both quast-experimental and experimental designs and involving both small, simple units and large, complex, interactive units. Accuracy of measurement and replication are of paramount importance.