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Papers by Tariku Ayele

Cogent Economics & Finance

Journal of Dairying, Foods & Home Sciences, Nov 23, 2022

Background: In West Guji zone, coffee is cash crop and source of income for the people. However n... more Background: In West Guji zone, coffee is cash crop and source of income for the people. However number of challenges hindered development of market sector. Therefore this study was initiated to identify market chain actors and their roles and analyze structure conduct performance of market. Methods: Primary and secondary data sources were used. Primary data were collected from 152 producers and traders by semi structured questionnaire. Secondary data were collected from, published and unpublished sources. Descriptive and structure conduct performance were used to analyze the data. Result: Market chain actors are producers, cooperatives, union, collectors, wholesalers, retailers, Ethiopian commodity exchange, exporters and consumers. Nine coffee market channels were identified. There is a strong oligopoly markets with average value 65.11%. Capital shortage, administrative and security problems, price fluctuation, unlicensed traders, unfair taxation and lack of reliable price information were barriers of market entry. Highest total gross marketing margin was 85.47% and lowest was 27.9%. Highest producers share was 100% and lowest 14.53%. Highest gross profit was Birr 122.7/kg by wholesalers while lowest Birr 4.7/kg by collectors. It is a need to strengthen institutions, infrastructural, yield increasing technologies and post-harvest management practices in the study area to boost production and market efficiency.

This dataset comprises basic information regarding cereal crops commercialization in the Guji zon... more This dataset comprises basic information regarding cereal crops commercialization in the Guji zone of Ethiopia.

Journal of Resources Development and Management

Pastoralism contributed a lot to the economy of the Africa. In Ethiopia, about 10 million pastora... more Pastoralism contributed a lot to the economy of the Africa. In Ethiopia, about 10 million pastoralists rely on animal husbandry as a key source of wealth and subsistence. The livestock sub-sector accounts for 20% of Ethiopia's GDP, with the national herd inhabiting Ethiopia's vast lowland periphery. So as to support pastoralists in Ethiopia, governmental and non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and amongst other actors, have intervened in various ways. Notwithstanding those remarkable efforts, pastoralist in different parts of Ethiopia operates over increasingly degraded rangeland due to increasing bush encroachment, population growth, agricultural encroachment, land degradation, blocked migration routes and conflict triggered over scarce natural resources. Having this fact, this review was initiated with the aim of exploring pastoral livelihood system in Ethiopia and impacts of climate change on pastoral livelihoods. Reviewed empirical evidence shows that, pastoralist in Ethiopia have engaged on various economic activities which include livestock rearing, crop farming, petty trade, hand craft activities, wood and charcoal sale and casual labor. Moreover, changes in climatic factors directly affected natural resources, livestock yields , caused animal and human disease epidemics, and loss of animals in pastoral areas. Therefore, attention should be given on strengthening pastoralist livelihood diversification through providing training on entrepreneurship, how to pool capital together to finance their economic activities, and ensuring finance and market access for pastoralist. As they are living in water scarce environment, special attention should also be given on encouraging participatory soil and water conservation practices, communal watershed and rangeland management.

International Journal of Forestry and Horticulture

A spice is a dried seed, fruit, root, bark or vegetative substance used in nutritionally insignif... more A spice is a dried seed, fruit, root, bark or vegetative substance used in nutritionally insignificant quantities as a food additive for the purpose of flavoring, and sometimes as a preservative by killing or preventing the growth of harmful bacteria (Masresha, 2010). Spices can be defined as "vegetable products used for flavoring, seasoning and imparting aroma in foods" (FAO, 2005). Ethiopia is a source country for many spice exports, with a long history of spices. The average land covered by spices is approximately 222,700 ha with production reaching 244,000 tons per year. More than 50 spices are produced in Ethiopia, and a total potential for low land spice farming is estimated to be 200,000 hectares (GIT, 2016). In Ethiopia, the production and use of spices is perhaps the most romantic story of any plant product, legendarily known to go back to the times of Queen of Sheba. Studies showed that, spice crops such as korarima cardamom, Ethiopian long pepper, black cumin, bishop's weed, coriander, thyme and fenugreek are also attached to Ethiopia either as a center of origin or diversity. Spices in Ethiopia are also many things and the role they played could be viewed proportionally to the level of their utilization. For centuries, they have been used as one of the major livelihoods and life-giving foods of both the rural and urban populations. Besides, since most of them are labor intensive, small in bulk and so cheap to transport, and of high value per unit, they present a special opportunity to hasten both rural and urban development (Habtewold et.al., 2017). With 18 major agro-ecological zones and various agro ecological subzones, Ethiopia has a suitable climate for growing more than 146 types of crops and has been producing a number of spices. Out of Abstract: Spices are produced in different agro-ecologies of Ethiopia and it is a source of income for producers and traders involved in production and marketing. They are very important cash crops used for food flavor and medication purpose. In spite of their importance, the sector is constrained by different factors. Being cognizant of the situation, this review paper was aimed at reviewing factors affecting production of spices, factors affecting marketing of spices and opportunities of spices production in Ethiopia. Reviewed empirical evidences showed that, traditional way of farming, absence of seeds and planting materials, high frequency of weeding, high input requirement, high input cost, lack of drying facility, taking long time to dry, shortage of access to credit and extension, different disease and pests, wild animal competition, poor quality of output, absence of proper post-harvest handling practices and others are factors affecting production of spices in Ethiopia. Low output price, poor market access and imperfect market information, capital constraints, limited processing of spices, adulteration, mismatch between demand and spices, transportation problems, unlicensed traders, theft, low government support, lack of value addition, price volatility, weak market research and promotion, poor market infrastructure, lack of effective linkage of stakeholders, lack of capacity building, low bargaining power of producers, limited ability of producers to enter in market due to limited time, skill, and resources are some of the factors that affect spices marketing in Ethiopia. Ethiopia is suitable area for spices production due to suitable climate condition and presence of various agro-ecologies, abundant land, cheap labor and favorable policy environment. Therefore, by reducing identified production and marketing constraints and exploiting available opportunities, the country can boost spices production and become competitor in the world spices market.

Food Science and Quality Management

The issue of ensuring food security has become the agenda of concern across all over the globe es... more The issue of ensuring food security has become the agenda of concern across all over the globe especially for low income countries with high population growth rate. So far, a number of efforts have been made by governmental and non-governmental organization to reduce food-insecurity problems in Ethiopia and moreover, a number of food security/insecurity targeted studies have been conducted under different geographical locations of Ethiopia. However, these studies do not provide overall picture of food security or insecurity status at national level over a period of time as they entirely focused on household level food security/insecurity aspects. Therefore, the main aim of this paper was to provide national level data on the status, dynamics and causes of food insecurity in Ethiopia based on official reports and empirical evidences. Results from review shows that, even if food insecurity in the country has shown declining trend, still the percentage of food insecure people (32.7%) is significant. The total food gap in the country is higher than that of other African countries. There are various sources and causes of food insecurity in Ethiopia. They include drought risk, environmental degradation, demographic pressure, ruralurban migration, and conflict. Moreover, household characteristics, limited asset ownership and access to institutional services, low participation in extension and other programs, and poor agricultural technology adoption are the other causes of food insecurity in Ethiopia. Benchmarking the compiled facts, it is possible to conclude that there still remains a number of efforts that should be made to improve food security status of food insecure people and enable them to have a better life through critically influencing four dimensions of food security both at micro and macro level.

International Journal of Research Studies in Agricultural Sciences, 2018

Ethiopian economy is highly dependent on agricultural sector which account for about 38.8% of nat... more Ethiopian economy is highly dependent on agricultural sector which account for about 38.8% of national GDP (Zerihun et al., 2016), 87% of export earnings and remains the main source of employment; generating 72.7% of total employment (UNDP, 2015). Wheat production in SubSaharan Africa is at 10 to 25% of its potential and the region could easily grow more to improve food security. According to Mason et al., (2012), farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa produce 44% of the wheat consumed locally and import the rest from international markets, making the region highly vulnerable to global market and supply shocks. Ethiopia is one of the largest grain producers in Africa, and the first largest wheat producer in Sub-Saharan Africa, followed by South Africa (IFPRI, 2015). Wheat is grown on 1.6 million hectares in Ethiopia making wheat the fourth most widely grown crop in the country, after teff, maize, and sorghum. Wheat is mainly grown in the central and south eastern highlands during the main (M...

European Journal of Business and Management, 2018

In most of developing countries, agriculture failed to feed and sustain rural population due to h... more In most of developing countries, agriculture failed to feed and sustain rural population due to high rate of population growth, poor technology, lack of capital accumulation, and unfavorable climatic condition. Around 85% of Ethiopia's population depends on smallholder agriculture, mostly in subsistence farming. The current Ethiopian government has been implementing ADLI policy that favors industry sector. To realize this, Ethiopian government paid attention to MSEs development where they taken as a benchmark for propelling industry sector. Taking in to account the role of micro and small enterprise in economic development, the review was aimed at exploring the status of MSEs in Ethiopia. The review showed that, the number of MSEs establishment has been increasing over last years. In terms of employment creation, the number of employees absorbed by MSEs has shown increasing trend over years. In terms of capital formation and contribution to country’s’ GDP, rate of capital in MSE...

In the Guji Zone, even though cereal crop production volume has shown an increasing trend by 100.... more In the Guji Zone, even though cereal crop production volume has shown an increasing trend by 100.5% between 2011 and 2020, the proportion of cereal crops that are marketed has declined by 12.9% dur...

There is a great role of micro and small enterprises on improving the living standards of the ent... more There is a great role of micro and small enterprises on improving the living standards of the entrepreneurial households enabling them increase basic needs such as food, education and health facilities, as well as production, investment and income. However, despite their contribution, MSEs in Ethiopia, encounter many problems and as a result, many MSEs perform dismally and fail to contribute as per requirement. This paper is intended to review major constraints/factors affecting the performance of micro and small enterprises in Ethiopia. According to the reviewed literatures, the major problems hindering the performance of micro and small enterprises are financial problems, working space problems, marketing problems, bureaucracy, skill gap, infrastructure and input supply problem. Therefore, the government should focus on mechanisms of resolving these problems in order to increase MSEs performance and make them contribute to more to national economic growth.

Agricultural Reviews

Ethiopia has huge potential for beekeeping production and 1st in honey production in Africa becau... more Ethiopia has huge potential for beekeeping production and 1st in honey production in Africa because of its endowment with diversity in climate and vegetation resources offering potentially favorable conditions for beekeeping. It is important for sources of food and beverages, medication, income generation, creating employment opportunities, environmental balance through pollination. Even though it has a higher contribution, the sector is yet not potentially utilized due to various constraints. Therefore the objectives of this paper are to review the production constraints of honey in Ethiopia and to review the marketing constraints of honey in Ethiopia. Pests, Disease and Predators; weather problem; Shortage of bee forage; Absconding; shortage of trained manpower; shortage of equipment; poor management practices; chemicals; weak research and extension; poor infrastructures and etc. are constraints of honey production in Ethiopia. While linkages problem; lack of market center; lack o...

International Journal of Political Science and Development, 2018

There is a great role of micro and small enterprises on improving the living standards of the ent... more There is a great role of micro and small enterprises on improving the living standards of the entrepreneurial households enabling them increase basic needs such as food, education and health facilities, as well as production, investment and income. However, despite their contribution, MSEs in Ethiopia encounter many problems and as a result, many MSEs perform dismally and fail to contribute as per requirement. This paper is intended to review major constraints/factors affecting the performance of micro and small enterprises in Ethiopia. According to the reviewed literatures, the major factors hindering the performance of micro and small enterprises in Ethiopia are financial problems, working space problems, marketing problems, bureaucracy, skill gap, infrastructure and input supply problem. Therefore, the government should give emphasis on mechanisms of resolving these problems in order to increase MSEs performance and make them contribute more to national economic growth.

Journal of Resources Development and Management, 2020

International Journal of Research Studies in Agricultural Sciences (IJRSAS), 2018

Abstract: In Ethiopia, agricultural transformation is taken as a pathway to transition from a tra... more Abstract: In Ethiopia, agricultural transformation is taken as a pathway to transition from a traditional subsistence orientation to one that is market focused and commercialized. In this regard, efforts to enhance smallholders’ participation in cereal market in general and wheat in particular, through surplus production have been made, but there is dearth of information on the status of market participation and its determinant factors particularly in Adola Rede district. This study was aimed at analyzing market participation of smallholder wheat farmers in Adola Rede district. Two stage sampling technique was employed to select a sample of 150 for analysis. To identify factors affecting market participation decisions and level of market participation, Heckman two step estimation procedures was used. The study shows that, households in the study area sold 39% of their wheat to the market. Perception on lagged wheat price, quantity of wheat produced, size of land allocated for wheat and literacy status of household head had significant positive effect on market participation decision, while age of household head had significant negative effect. Level of market participation affected positively and significantly by perception on lagged wheat price, size of land allocated for wheat, quantity of wheat produced, and literacy status of household head. The study result suggests that, provision of training for households on contract farming, increasing of productivity and production of wheat, improving land efficiency, strengthening of farmers’ education through adult education as a means to enhance wheat market participation and level of participation of smallholders.
Keywords: Smallholders, Market participation, Heckman two step estimation.

European Journal of Business and Management, 2018

Food Science and Quality Management, 2020

The issue of ensuring food security has become the agenda of concern across all over the globe es... more The issue of ensuring food security has become the agenda of concern across all over the globe especially for low income countries with high population growth rate. So far, a number of efforts have been made by governmental and non-governmental organization to reduce food-insecurity problems in Ethiopia and moreover, a number of food security/insecurity targeted studies have been conducted under different geographical locations of Ethiopia. However, these studies do not provide overall picture of food security or insecurity status at national level over a period of time as they entirely focused on household level food security/insecurity aspects. Therefore, the main aim of this paper was to provide national level data on the status, dynamics and causes of food insecurity in Ethiopia based on official reports and empirical evidences. Results from review shows that, even if food insecurity in the country has shown declining trend, still the percentage of food insecure people (32.7%) is significant. The total food gap in the country is higher than that of other African countries. There are various sources and causes of food insecurity in Ethiopia. They include drought risk, environmental degradation, demographic pressure, rural-urban migration, and conflict. Moreover, household characteristics, limited asset ownership and access to institutional services, low participation in extension and other programs, and poor agricultural technology adoption are the other causes of food insecurity in Ethiopia. Benchmarking the compiled facts, it is possible to conclude that there still remains a number of efforts that should be made to improve food security status of food insecure people and enable them to have a better life through critically influencing four dimensions of food security both at micro and macro level.

International Journal of Forestry and Horticulture (IJFH), 2019

Spices are produced in different agro-ecologies of Ethiopia and it is a source of income for prod... more Spices are produced in different agro-ecologies of Ethiopia and it is a source of income for producers and traders involved in production and marketing. They are very important cash crops used for food flavor and medication purpose. In spite of their importance, the sector is constrained by different factors. Being cognizant of the situation, this review paper was aimed at reviewing factors affecting production of spices, factors affecting marketing of spices and opportunities of spices production in Ethiopia. Reviewed empirical evidences showed that, traditional way of farming, absence of seeds and planting materials, high frequency of weeding, high input requirement, high input cost, lack of drying facility, taking long time to dry, shortage of access to credit and extension, different disease and pests, wild animal competition, poor quality of output, absence of proper post-harvest handling practices and others are factors affecting production of spices in Ethiopia. Low output price, poor market access and imperfect market information, capital constraints, limited processing of spices, adulteration, mismatch between demand and spices, transportation problems, unlicensed traders, theft, low government support, lack of value addition, price volatility, weak market research and promotion, poor market infrastructure, lack of effective linkage of stakeholders, lack of capacity building, low bargaining power of producers, limited ability of producers to enter in market due to limited time, skill, and resources are some of the factors that affect spices marketing in Ethiopia. Ethiopia is suitable area for spices production due to suitable climate condition and presence of various agro-ecologies, abundant land, cheap labor and favorable policy environment. Therefore, by reducing identified production and marketing constraints and exploiting available opportunities, the country can boost spices production and become competitor in the world spices market.
Keywords: Spices, Constraints, Opportunities

In Ethiopia, agricultural transformation is taken as a pathway to transition from a traditional s... more In Ethiopia, agricultural transformation is taken as a pathway to transition from a traditional subsistence orientation to one that is market focused and commercialized. In this regard, efforts to enhance smallholders' participation in cereal market in general and wheat in particular, through surplus production have been made, but there is dearth of information on the status of market participation and its determinant factors particularly in Adola Rede district. This study was aimed at analyzing market participation of smallholder wheat farmers in Adola Rede district. Two stage sampling technique was employed to select a sample of 150 for analysis. To identify factors affecting market participation decisions and level of market participation, Heckman two step estimation procedures was used. The study shows that, households in the study area sold 39% of their wheat to the market. Perception on lagged wheat price, quantity of wheat produced, size of land allocated for wheat and literacy status of household head had significant positive effect on market participation decision, while age of household head had significant negative effect. Level of market participation affected positively and significantly by perception on lagged wheat price, size of land allocated for wheat, quantity of wheat produced, and literacy status of household head. The study result suggests that, provision of training for households on contract farming, increasing of productivity and production of wheat, improving land efficiency, strengthening of farmers' education through adult education as a means to enhance wheat market participation and level of participation of smallholders.

Cogent Economics & Finance

Journal of Dairying, Foods & Home Sciences, Nov 23, 2022

Journal of Resources Development and Management

International Journal of Forestry and Horticulture

Food Science and Quality Management

International Journal of Research Studies in Agricultural Sciences, 2018

European Journal of Business and Management, 2018

Agricultural Reviews

International Journal of Political Science and Development, 2018

There is a great role of micro and small enterprises on improving the living standards of the ent... more There is a great role of micro and small enterprises on improving the living standards of the entrepreneurial households enabling them increase basic needs such as food, education and health facilities, as well as production, investment and income. However, despite their contribution, MSEs in Ethiopia encounter many problems and as a result, many MSEs perform dismally and fail to contribute as per requirement. This paper is intended to review major constraints/factors affecting the performance of micro and small enterprises in Ethiopia. According to the reviewed literatures, the major factors hindering the performance of micro and small enterprises in Ethiopia are financial problems, working space problems, marketing problems, bureaucracy, skill gap, infrastructure and input supply problem. Therefore, the government should give emphasis on mechanisms of resolving these problems in order to increase MSEs performance and make them contribute more to national economic growth.

Journal of Resources Development and Management, 2020

International Journal of Research Studies in Agricultural Sciences (IJRSAS), 2018

European Journal of Business and Management, 2018

Food Science and Quality Management, 2020

The issue of ensuring food security has become the agenda of concern across all over the globe es... more The issue of ensuring food security has become the agenda of concern across all over the globe especially for low income countries with high population growth rate. So far, a number of efforts have been made by governmental and non-governmental organization to reduce food-insecurity problems in Ethiopia and moreover, a number of food security/insecurity targeted studies have been conducted under different geographical locations of Ethiopia. However, these studies do not provide overall picture of food security or insecurity status at national level over a period of time as they entirely focused on household level food security/insecurity aspects. Therefore, the main aim of this paper was to provide national level data on the status, dynamics and causes of food insecurity in Ethiopia based on official reports and empirical evidences. Results from review shows that, even if food insecurity in the country has shown declining trend, still the percentage of food insecure people (32.7%) is significant. The total food gap in the country is higher than that of other African countries. There are various sources and causes of food insecurity in Ethiopia. They include drought risk, environmental degradation, demographic pressure, rural-urban migration, and conflict. Moreover, household characteristics, limited asset ownership and access to institutional services, low participation in extension and other programs, and poor agricultural technology adoption are the other causes of food insecurity in Ethiopia. Benchmarking the compiled facts, it is possible to conclude that there still remains a number of efforts that should be made to improve food security status of food insecure people and enable them to have a better life through critically influencing four dimensions of food security both at micro and macro level.

International Journal of Forestry and Horticulture (IJFH), 2019