Dr. Subrata Mandal | Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute (original) (raw)

Papers by Dr. Subrata Mandal

Advances in Automobile Engineering, 2015

International Journal of Applied Science and Engineering, 2018

Biodiesel, which is an alternative for diesel fuel, has gained considerable attention in the rece... more Biodiesel, which is an alternative for diesel fuel, has gained considerable attention in the recent past and now gaining recognition among other available renewable fuels. In practice, biodiesel is produced through a process called transesterification in which organically derived oils are combined with alcohol (ethanol or methanol) in the presence of a catalyst to form ethyl or methyl ester. The produced biodiesel should meet the exiting standards for better performance in unmodified diesel engine. Use of biodiesel in a compression ignition engine was found to develop a highly compatible engine-fuel system with low emission characteristics. Two similar engines were operated using optimum biodiesel blend and mineral diesel oil, respectively. The additional lubricating property present in the fuel resulted in lower wear and improved life of moving components in a biodiesel-fuelled engine. However, this needed experimental verification and quantification. A series of experiments were thus conducted to see the fuel consumption of the various concentrations of biodiesel blends. 100% biodiesel showed lesser consumption rate compared to diesel oil.

Scientific Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 2013

Tillage is an operation performed to obtain a desirable soil structure for a seedbed or root bed.... more Tillage is an operation performed to obtain a desirable soil structure for a seedbed or root bed. A granular structure is desirable to allow rapid infiltration and good retention of rainfall and to minimize resistance to root penetration. Rotavator (also called rotary tiller) is a tractor operated cultivating implement that breaks or works the soil with the help of rotating blades. The use of rotavator is increasing due to its versatility in doing a good quality tillage job with minimum number of passes. The rotavator do simultaneous ploughing and harrowing in dry and optimum soil moisture in single operation. The blades are the main critical parts of a rotary tiller which are engaged with soil. So, wearing takes places at the cutting edges of these blades due to high stresses are coming. In this context a lot of research on rotavator blade has been carried out in different parts of the world. This paper briefly reviews the work done so far on the rotary tillers’ blade design optim...

International Journal of Computer Aided Engineering and Technology, 2011

Generally for any new design initially a concept layout in 2D CAD is generated. But sometimes, if... more Generally for any new design initially a concept layout in 2D CAD is generated. But sometimes, if the geometry of the product becomes complicated, then 3D CAD model is preferred, because 3D CAD model can give us a complete all side view at a time like a real product, but in a virtual world. The present case study will show the utilisation of 3D CAD at the concept design stage of a complicated shaped product for a new system. This will also give an idea about cost and time comparison. This will also show how 3D CAD model can also helps to analyse the product. Thus, this paper will describe about the importance of 3D CAD tools for product development.

Scientific Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 2013

Generally for any new design initially a concept layout in 2D CAD is generated. But sometimes if ... more Generally for any new design initially a concept layout in 2D CAD is generated. But sometimes if the geometry of product becomes complicated, then 3D CAD model is preferred. Because 3D CAD model can give us a complete all side view at a time like a real product, but in a virtual world. The present case study will show the utilization of 3D CAD at the concept design stage of a complicated shaped product for a new system. This will also give an idea about cost and time comparison. Thus this paper will describe about the importance of 3D CAD tools for product development.

Proper matching of implements with tractor and the performance evaluation of the combination is v... more Proper matching of implements with tractor and the performance evaluation of the combination is very much important to minimize the expenditure in farming operations. To obtain a suitable implement according to tractor horsepower, implement size plays an important role. An improper matching of tractor-implement combination results in under loading of engine and hence poor efficiency and higher operating costs. Implements that are too large for the horsepower available will cause overload, excessive tire slippage, increase in fuel consumption and unsatisfactory performance in general. Implements that are too small will result in inefficient operations, low production and increased cost. The objective should be to match as effectively as possible the tractor with the implement as some of the small size implements will not utilize all of the tractor horsepower available. With small size tractor, it is necessary to select an implement size that is convenient to use or adequate for the j...

Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research, 2018

In manual pulse thresher, input rotary motion is converted into reciprocating motion of beaters. ... more In manual pulse thresher, input rotary motion is converted into reciprocating motion of beaters. Due to indefinite swing angle of beaters usual four bar linkage cannot be used for this purpose. In this proposed investigation, a novel mechanism has been designed to overcome the problem of indefinite swing angle as is necessary for meaningful operation of manual pulse thresher. Here, Grash of mechanism has been modified to generate the desired kinematics. At first, particular four bar linkage satisfying Grash of’s criteria has been designed considering definite swing angle of beaters, followed by a suitably designed slot has been incorporated into the coupler design to obtain indefinite swing angle. This modified linkage mechanism has been tested successfully to generate variable (may vary even on every cycle) swinging of beaters while taking rotary motion as input.

Journal of Manufacturing Engineering, 2022

A rotary tiller or rotavator is active tillage equipment used to prepare farmland for sowing seed... more A rotary tiller or rotavator is active tillage equipment used to prepare farmland for sowing seeds, weeding, mixing manure and fertiliser into the soil, crushing soil blocks, etc. Compared with conventional farming, the advantages of this equipment are rapid seedbed preparation and reduced draught. Nowadays, the utilisation rate of rotary tillers has increased. However, the blades are the key component that engages with the soil in the rotary tiller. These blades interact with the soil differently from ordinary ploughs and bear impact loads and high frictional forces, which eventually generate unbalanced and uneven forces on the entire rotary tiller. As a result, the blade faces significant wear. Therefore, it is necessary to optimise the design of the blades to minimise wear and enhance the service life. In this research work, design optimisation was carried out towards improving service life.

Advances in Automobile Engineering, 2016

Now-a-days, in an industrial growth, cost and quality production in time as well as quality impro... more Now-a-days, in an industrial growth, cost and quality production in time as well as quality improvement are of major interest in engineering design. Therefore, in order to make a decision as early as possible and according to the product specifications, mechanical analysis is used more and more, and earlier and earlier in the engineering process. Then, a multitude of mechanical models are elaborated during engineering design, and management difficulties appear with engineering changes or evolution of specifications. Moreover, when the designer is faced with design or modelling options, previous analysis could answer the choice of options for decision making. Then, the reuse of a previous analysis must be envisaged. The paper presented the aim and the different use of mechanical analysis in engineering design. Afterwards, different levels of models handled by the designer during the engineering process are proposed. The present case study will show the utilization of engineering design through 3D CAD at the concept design stage of a highly complicated shaped product for a new system.

Agricultural Machinery is mostly used in off road i.e. in the field. In the field these machines ... more Agricultural Machinery is mostly used in off road i.e. in the field. In the field these machines perform different field operations like Ploughing, where the parts are subjected to stresses like tensile stress, compressive stress and shear stress thereby high wear due to heavy loads. The critical components in the agriculture machinery are either forged or fabricated out of medium carbon steel by unorganized sectors in India. As a result the users suffer on account of quality and short service life of these components. Recently Austempered Ductile Iron (ADI) has come up which has high strength, high wear resistance and less manufacturing cost. This material is now being widely used in production of critical agricultural machinery components for cost effectiveness uses. The paper described the Mechanical, Tribological properties of Austempered ductile iron and its application areas in agricultural machinery in India and abroad. © 2013 Elixir All rights Reserved. ARTICLE INF O Articl ...

International Journal of Scientific Research in Knowledge, 2013

Agricultural land preparation cost has increased to a new high label due to increase in fossil fu... more Agricultural land preparation cost has increased to a new high label due to increase in fossil fuel prices. This directly increases the cost of food. Demand of food also increases due to high rise of population and at the same time land sizes becoming small (< 2-4 ha) due to fragmentation of land. So farmers are more interested to reduce the land preparation cost and increase the yield. Due to these facts, preparation of seedbeds for deep tillage in conventional tillage system, particularly in Indian farming, the situation is becoming worsened day by day. This system of tillage escalates land preparation costs because it requires a series of operations using passive tillage tools to realize an acceptable tilth quality. It also ties down capital in the form of additional machinery and tillage tools; thus increasing significantly the cost of land preparation. Rotary tiller or rotavator is a tillage machine most suitable for seedbed preparation. In a Rotary tiller, Blades are the main critical parts which are engaged with soil to prepare the land. These blades interact with soil in a different way than normal plows which are subjected to impact and high friction that creates unbalancing and non uniform forces which results wearing of the blades as a whole. This actually decreases the service life of a blade. Therefore, it is necessary to design and develop suitable blade so that service life also enhanced. This paper presents design and development of rotavator blade through the use of computer aided design (CAD) tools/method.

The continuous increase in fossil fuels price has resulted substantial and tremendous increase in... more The continuous increase in fossil fuels price has resulted substantial and tremendous increase in the cost of land preparation. This has direct effect on the food pricing which in turns results in considerable increase in the cost. The situation is worsened by the prevalent use of the conventional tillage system in the preparation of seedbeds, particularly for deep tillage. This system of tillage escalates land preparation costs because it requires a series of operations using passive tillage tools to realize an acceptable tilth quality. It also ties down capital in the form of additional machinery and tillage tools; thus increasing significantly the cost of land preparation. Rotary tiller is a most suitable tillage machine designed for seedbed preparation. Blades are the main critical parts of a rotary tiller, which are engaged with soil to prepare the land. These blades interact with soil in a different way than normal plows which are subjected to impact and high friction which ul...

Overall seating comfort is influenced by both static and dynamic characteristics of seat system. ... more Overall seating comfort is influenced by both static and dynamic characteristics of seat system. For occupant’s comfort and health, good seat design should be applied by considering sitting postures. Static and dynamic anthropometry data are considered for proper design of a comfortable and safe seat. Seats are one of the most important components of vehicles and they are the place where professional driver spend most of their time. For example, according to Occupational Outlook Handbook by United State Department of Labor, the truck drivers frequently work 50 or more hours a week. The truck drivers sit while they are driving their 50 hours per week. Assuming four weeks vacation and one more for holidays, which is about 2350 hours driving time per year. Automotive seats, which are in contact with vehicle occupants, play an important role in improving the comfort and work environment of a driver and passengers. The improvement of automotive seating systems, particularly for the driver, has been the subject of intense interest for many years since a driver feels more fatigue than passengers. The paper describes some case studies and up-to-date techniques developed for vehicle seats that used by different type of transportation system such as cars, trucks, tractors, trains etc. The objective of this paper is to review the state of the art of vehicle seat design.

American Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 2013

Precision farming becomes more and more an accepted way of crop production and helps to achieve a... more Precision farming becomes more and more an accepted way of crop production and helps to achieve a sustainable environmental friendly agriculture. Furthermore, growing interest in automated data acquisition and information processing is going to form another milestone towards improved farm management and an overall trace ability in agricultural food production. The benefit and effectiveness of using precision farming techniques is highly dependent on the capabilities of the utilized technology.

Tillage is an operation performed to obtain a desirable soil structure for a seedbed. A granular ... more Tillage is an operation performed to obtain a desirable soil structure for a seedbed. A granular structure is
desirable to allow rapid infiltration and good retention of rainfall, to provide adequate air capacity and exchange
within the soil and to minimize resistance to root penetration. Rotary tiller or rotavator (derived from rotary cultivator)
is a tillage machine designed for preparing land by breaking the soil with the help of rotating blades suitable for
sowing seeds (without overturning of the soil). Nowadays, utilization of rotary tillers has been increased in agricultural
applications because of simple structure and high efficiency. However in a rotary tiller, blades are the main critical
parts which engaged with soil to prepare the land. These blades interact with soil in a different way than normal plows
that are subjected to impact load and high friction which ultimately creates unbalancing and non-uniform forces on
the rotary tiller. This result wears in the blades. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize the design of blade so that wear
will minimum and thereby enhanced the service life. The present research has dealt with design of “L” type blade for
tractor drawn Rotary tiller or Rotavator using Specific Work Method (SWM).

Applications of laser are becoming very important topic in the current research. A large number o... more Applications of laser are becoming very important topic in the current research. A large
number of applications are already done for the use of laser technology in agriculture. This
technology has already proven to be a user-friendly as per the need of the situations. This
technology is becoming a well known and acceptable technique to the farmers. Now it has
also proven that this technology is no longer as costly and within the reach of a farmer for
his specific requirements. Real-time control is becoming an integral part of modern machine
systems for high-quality agricultural production. Maintaining consistently high-quality
agricultural production, while keeping up with growing labor shortages is a challenge. Labor
shortages and environmental constraints coupled with the reality of spatial variability of
chemical and physical properties among and within agricultural production areas readily
explain the migration toward real-time control of agricultural equipment. The paper aims to
describe the major field of applications of laser technology in agriculture in the past time.
This paper also presents a review of the most recent advances in the development of sensors
and controllers for agricultural applications.

Tillage is an operation performed to obtain a desirable soil structure for a seedbed or root bed.... more Tillage is an operation performed to obtain a desirable soil structure for a seedbed or root bed. A granular structure is desirable to allow rapid infiltration and good retention of rainfall and to minimize resistance to root penetration. Rotavator (also called rotary tiller) is a tractor operated cultivating implement that breaks or works the soil with the help of rotating blades. The use of rotavator is increasing due to its versatility in doing a good quality tillage job with minimum number of passes. The rotavator do simultaneous ploughing and harrowing in dry and optimum soil moisture in single operation. The blades are the main critical parts of a rotary tiller which are engaged with soil. So, wearing takes places at the cutting edges of these blades due to high stresses are coming. In this context a lot of research on rotavator blade has been carried out in different parts of the world. This paper briefly reviews the work done so far on the rotary tillers’ blade design optimization and development.

Generally for any new design initially a concept layout in 2D CAD is generated. But sometimes if ... more Generally for any new design initially a concept layout in 2D CAD is generated. But sometimes if the geometry of product becomes complicated, then 3D CAD model is preferred. Because 3D CAD model can give us a complete all side view at a time like a real product, but in a virtual world. The present case study will show the utilization of 3D CAD at the concept design stage of a complicated shaped product for a new system. This will also give an idea about cost and time comparison. Thus this paper will describe about the importance of 3D CAD tools for product development.

Farm mechanization is a dynamic process to bring significant improvement in agricultural producti... more Farm mechanization is a dynamic process to bring
significant improvement in agricultural productivity.
The timeliness of operations has assumed greater
significant in obtaining optimal yields by way of
mechanization. There are various equipments,
mostly suitable for medium to large size farm, are
available for different farming operations like tillage,
sowing, planting, irrigation, plant protection,
threshing etc. Due to fragmentation of land size,
numbers of small & marginal land holdings (farm
size <1.0 ha) is increasing at an alarming rate.
These small & marginal farmers are facing tough
challenges to access the commercially available
equipments for tillage, sowing, planting etc. So,
these farmers’ uses custom make animal-drawn
equipments/hand tools, which increasing the
farming time and cost. Based on the stated fact, an
Animal Drawn Multipurpose Agricultural Equipment
was designed and a prototype was developed at
CSIR-Central Mechanical Engineering Research
Institute (CMERI) Durgapur, West Bengal, India for
planting of suitable crops. The performance was
studied with a pair of buffalo to draw the implements
throughout the experiment. The result showed that
the equipment works at an average speed of 0.8m/s
for 8h a day. The average field capacity was
observed as 0.27 ha/hr for the three varieties of
crop used.

Advances in Automobile Engineering, 2015

International Journal of Applied Science and Engineering, 2018

Biodiesel, which is an alternative for diesel fuel, has gained considerable attention in the rece... more Biodiesel, which is an alternative for diesel fuel, has gained considerable attention in the recent past and now gaining recognition among other available renewable fuels. In practice, biodiesel is produced through a process called transesterification in which organically derived oils are combined with alcohol (ethanol or methanol) in the presence of a catalyst to form ethyl or methyl ester. The produced biodiesel should meet the exiting standards for better performance in unmodified diesel engine. Use of biodiesel in a compression ignition engine was found to develop a highly compatible engine-fuel system with low emission characteristics. Two similar engines were operated using optimum biodiesel blend and mineral diesel oil, respectively. The additional lubricating property present in the fuel resulted in lower wear and improved life of moving components in a biodiesel-fuelled engine. However, this needed experimental verification and quantification. A series of experiments were thus conducted to see the fuel consumption of the various concentrations of biodiesel blends. 100% biodiesel showed lesser consumption rate compared to diesel oil.

Scientific Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 2013

Tillage is an operation performed to obtain a desirable soil structure for a seedbed or root bed.... more Tillage is an operation performed to obtain a desirable soil structure for a seedbed or root bed. A granular structure is desirable to allow rapid infiltration and good retention of rainfall and to minimize resistance to root penetration. Rotavator (also called rotary tiller) is a tractor operated cultivating implement that breaks or works the soil with the help of rotating blades. The use of rotavator is increasing due to its versatility in doing a good quality tillage job with minimum number of passes. The rotavator do simultaneous ploughing and harrowing in dry and optimum soil moisture in single operation. The blades are the main critical parts of a rotary tiller which are engaged with soil. So, wearing takes places at the cutting edges of these blades due to high stresses are coming. In this context a lot of research on rotavator blade has been carried out in different parts of the world. This paper briefly reviews the work done so far on the rotary tillers’ blade design optim...

International Journal of Computer Aided Engineering and Technology, 2011

Generally for any new design initially a concept layout in 2D CAD is generated. But sometimes, if... more Generally for any new design initially a concept layout in 2D CAD is generated. But sometimes, if the geometry of the product becomes complicated, then 3D CAD model is preferred, because 3D CAD model can give us a complete all side view at a time like a real product, but in a virtual world. The present case study will show the utilisation of 3D CAD at the concept design stage of a complicated shaped product for a new system. This will also give an idea about cost and time comparison. This will also show how 3D CAD model can also helps to analyse the product. Thus, this paper will describe about the importance of 3D CAD tools for product development.

Scientific Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 2013

Generally for any new design initially a concept layout in 2D CAD is generated. But sometimes if ... more Generally for any new design initially a concept layout in 2D CAD is generated. But sometimes if the geometry of product becomes complicated, then 3D CAD model is preferred. Because 3D CAD model can give us a complete all side view at a time like a real product, but in a virtual world. The present case study will show the utilization of 3D CAD at the concept design stage of a complicated shaped product for a new system. This will also give an idea about cost and time comparison. Thus this paper will describe about the importance of 3D CAD tools for product development.

Proper matching of implements with tractor and the performance evaluation of the combination is v... more Proper matching of implements with tractor and the performance evaluation of the combination is very much important to minimize the expenditure in farming operations. To obtain a suitable implement according to tractor horsepower, implement size plays an important role. An improper matching of tractor-implement combination results in under loading of engine and hence poor efficiency and higher operating costs. Implements that are too large for the horsepower available will cause overload, excessive tire slippage, increase in fuel consumption and unsatisfactory performance in general. Implements that are too small will result in inefficient operations, low production and increased cost. The objective should be to match as effectively as possible the tractor with the implement as some of the small size implements will not utilize all of the tractor horsepower available. With small size tractor, it is necessary to select an implement size that is convenient to use or adequate for the j...

Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research, 2018

In manual pulse thresher, input rotary motion is converted into reciprocating motion of beaters. ... more In manual pulse thresher, input rotary motion is converted into reciprocating motion of beaters. Due to indefinite swing angle of beaters usual four bar linkage cannot be used for this purpose. In this proposed investigation, a novel mechanism has been designed to overcome the problem of indefinite swing angle as is necessary for meaningful operation of manual pulse thresher. Here, Grash of mechanism has been modified to generate the desired kinematics. At first, particular four bar linkage satisfying Grash of’s criteria has been designed considering definite swing angle of beaters, followed by a suitably designed slot has been incorporated into the coupler design to obtain indefinite swing angle. This modified linkage mechanism has been tested successfully to generate variable (may vary even on every cycle) swinging of beaters while taking rotary motion as input.

Journal of Manufacturing Engineering, 2022

A rotary tiller or rotavator is active tillage equipment used to prepare farmland for sowing seed... more A rotary tiller or rotavator is active tillage equipment used to prepare farmland for sowing seeds, weeding, mixing manure and fertiliser into the soil, crushing soil blocks, etc. Compared with conventional farming, the advantages of this equipment are rapid seedbed preparation and reduced draught. Nowadays, the utilisation rate of rotary tillers has increased. However, the blades are the key component that engages with the soil in the rotary tiller. These blades interact with the soil differently from ordinary ploughs and bear impact loads and high frictional forces, which eventually generate unbalanced and uneven forces on the entire rotary tiller. As a result, the blade faces significant wear. Therefore, it is necessary to optimise the design of the blades to minimise wear and enhance the service life. In this research work, design optimisation was carried out towards improving service life.

Advances in Automobile Engineering, 2016

Now-a-days, in an industrial growth, cost and quality production in time as well as quality impro... more Now-a-days, in an industrial growth, cost and quality production in time as well as quality improvement are of major interest in engineering design. Therefore, in order to make a decision as early as possible and according to the product specifications, mechanical analysis is used more and more, and earlier and earlier in the engineering process. Then, a multitude of mechanical models are elaborated during engineering design, and management difficulties appear with engineering changes or evolution of specifications. Moreover, when the designer is faced with design or modelling options, previous analysis could answer the choice of options for decision making. Then, the reuse of a previous analysis must be envisaged. The paper presented the aim and the different use of mechanical analysis in engineering design. Afterwards, different levels of models handled by the designer during the engineering process are proposed. The present case study will show the utilization of engineering design through 3D CAD at the concept design stage of a highly complicated shaped product for a new system.

Agricultural Machinery is mostly used in off road i.e. in the field. In the field these machines ... more Agricultural Machinery is mostly used in off road i.e. in the field. In the field these machines perform different field operations like Ploughing, where the parts are subjected to stresses like tensile stress, compressive stress and shear stress thereby high wear due to heavy loads. The critical components in the agriculture machinery are either forged or fabricated out of medium carbon steel by unorganized sectors in India. As a result the users suffer on account of quality and short service life of these components. Recently Austempered Ductile Iron (ADI) has come up which has high strength, high wear resistance and less manufacturing cost. This material is now being widely used in production of critical agricultural machinery components for cost effectiveness uses. The paper described the Mechanical, Tribological properties of Austempered ductile iron and its application areas in agricultural machinery in India and abroad. © 2013 Elixir All rights Reserved. ARTICLE INF O Articl ...

International Journal of Scientific Research in Knowledge, 2013

Agricultural land preparation cost has increased to a new high label due to increase in fossil fu... more Agricultural land preparation cost has increased to a new high label due to increase in fossil fuel prices. This directly increases the cost of food. Demand of food also increases due to high rise of population and at the same time land sizes becoming small (< 2-4 ha) due to fragmentation of land. So farmers are more interested to reduce the land preparation cost and increase the yield. Due to these facts, preparation of seedbeds for deep tillage in conventional tillage system, particularly in Indian farming, the situation is becoming worsened day by day. This system of tillage escalates land preparation costs because it requires a series of operations using passive tillage tools to realize an acceptable tilth quality. It also ties down capital in the form of additional machinery and tillage tools; thus increasing significantly the cost of land preparation. Rotary tiller or rotavator is a tillage machine most suitable for seedbed preparation. In a Rotary tiller, Blades are the main critical parts which are engaged with soil to prepare the land. These blades interact with soil in a different way than normal plows which are subjected to impact and high friction that creates unbalancing and non uniform forces which results wearing of the blades as a whole. This actually decreases the service life of a blade. Therefore, it is necessary to design and develop suitable blade so that service life also enhanced. This paper presents design and development of rotavator blade through the use of computer aided design (CAD) tools/method.

The continuous increase in fossil fuels price has resulted substantial and tremendous increase in... more The continuous increase in fossil fuels price has resulted substantial and tremendous increase in the cost of land preparation. This has direct effect on the food pricing which in turns results in considerable increase in the cost. The situation is worsened by the prevalent use of the conventional tillage system in the preparation of seedbeds, particularly for deep tillage. This system of tillage escalates land preparation costs because it requires a series of operations using passive tillage tools to realize an acceptable tilth quality. It also ties down capital in the form of additional machinery and tillage tools; thus increasing significantly the cost of land preparation. Rotary tiller is a most suitable tillage machine designed for seedbed preparation. Blades are the main critical parts of a rotary tiller, which are engaged with soil to prepare the land. These blades interact with soil in a different way than normal plows which are subjected to impact and high friction which ul...

Overall seating comfort is influenced by both static and dynamic characteristics of seat system. ... more Overall seating comfort is influenced by both static and dynamic characteristics of seat system. For occupant’s comfort and health, good seat design should be applied by considering sitting postures. Static and dynamic anthropometry data are considered for proper design of a comfortable and safe seat. Seats are one of the most important components of vehicles and they are the place where professional driver spend most of their time. For example, according to Occupational Outlook Handbook by United State Department of Labor, the truck drivers frequently work 50 or more hours a week. The truck drivers sit while they are driving their 50 hours per week. Assuming four weeks vacation and one more for holidays, which is about 2350 hours driving time per year. Automotive seats, which are in contact with vehicle occupants, play an important role in improving the comfort and work environment of a driver and passengers. The improvement of automotive seating systems, particularly for the driver, has been the subject of intense interest for many years since a driver feels more fatigue than passengers. The paper describes some case studies and up-to-date techniques developed for vehicle seats that used by different type of transportation system such as cars, trucks, tractors, trains etc. The objective of this paper is to review the state of the art of vehicle seat design.

American Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 2013

Precision farming becomes more and more an accepted way of crop production and helps to achieve a... more Precision farming becomes more and more an accepted way of crop production and helps to achieve a sustainable environmental friendly agriculture. Furthermore, growing interest in automated data acquisition and information processing is going to form another milestone towards improved farm management and an overall trace ability in agricultural food production. The benefit and effectiveness of using precision farming techniques is highly dependent on the capabilities of the utilized technology.

Tillage is an operation performed to obtain a desirable soil structure for a seedbed. A granular ... more Tillage is an operation performed to obtain a desirable soil structure for a seedbed. A granular structure is
desirable to allow rapid infiltration and good retention of rainfall, to provide adequate air capacity and exchange
within the soil and to minimize resistance to root penetration. Rotary tiller or rotavator (derived from rotary cultivator)
is a tillage machine designed for preparing land by breaking the soil with the help of rotating blades suitable for
sowing seeds (without overturning of the soil). Nowadays, utilization of rotary tillers has been increased in agricultural
applications because of simple structure and high efficiency. However in a rotary tiller, blades are the main critical
parts which engaged with soil to prepare the land. These blades interact with soil in a different way than normal plows
that are subjected to impact load and high friction which ultimately creates unbalancing and non-uniform forces on
the rotary tiller. This result wears in the blades. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize the design of blade so that wear
will minimum and thereby enhanced the service life. The present research has dealt with design of “L” type blade for
tractor drawn Rotary tiller or Rotavator using Specific Work Method (SWM).

Applications of laser are becoming very important topic in the current research. A large number o... more Applications of laser are becoming very important topic in the current research. A large
number of applications are already done for the use of laser technology in agriculture. This
technology has already proven to be a user-friendly as per the need of the situations. This
technology is becoming a well known and acceptable technique to the farmers. Now it has
also proven that this technology is no longer as costly and within the reach of a farmer for
his specific requirements. Real-time control is becoming an integral part of modern machine
systems for high-quality agricultural production. Maintaining consistently high-quality
agricultural production, while keeping up with growing labor shortages is a challenge. Labor
shortages and environmental constraints coupled with the reality of spatial variability of
chemical and physical properties among and within agricultural production areas readily
explain the migration toward real-time control of agricultural equipment. The paper aims to
describe the major field of applications of laser technology in agriculture in the past time.
This paper also presents a review of the most recent advances in the development of sensors
and controllers for agricultural applications.

Tillage is an operation performed to obtain a desirable soil structure for a seedbed or root bed.... more Tillage is an operation performed to obtain a desirable soil structure for a seedbed or root bed. A granular structure is desirable to allow rapid infiltration and good retention of rainfall and to minimize resistance to root penetration. Rotavator (also called rotary tiller) is a tractor operated cultivating implement that breaks or works the soil with the help of rotating blades. The use of rotavator is increasing due to its versatility in doing a good quality tillage job with minimum number of passes. The rotavator do simultaneous ploughing and harrowing in dry and optimum soil moisture in single operation. The blades are the main critical parts of a rotary tiller which are engaged with soil. So, wearing takes places at the cutting edges of these blades due to high stresses are coming. In this context a lot of research on rotavator blade has been carried out in different parts of the world. This paper briefly reviews the work done so far on the rotary tillers’ blade design optimization and development.

Generally for any new design initially a concept layout in 2D CAD is generated. But sometimes if ... more Generally for any new design initially a concept layout in 2D CAD is generated. But sometimes if the geometry of product becomes complicated, then 3D CAD model is preferred. Because 3D CAD model can give us a complete all side view at a time like a real product, but in a virtual world. The present case study will show the utilization of 3D CAD at the concept design stage of a complicated shaped product for a new system. This will also give an idea about cost and time comparison. Thus this paper will describe about the importance of 3D CAD tools for product development.

Farm mechanization is a dynamic process to bring significant improvement in agricultural producti... more Farm mechanization is a dynamic process to bring
significant improvement in agricultural productivity.
The timeliness of operations has assumed greater
significant in obtaining optimal yields by way of
mechanization. There are various equipments,
mostly suitable for medium to large size farm, are
available for different farming operations like tillage,
sowing, planting, irrigation, plant protection,
threshing etc. Due to fragmentation of land size,
numbers of small & marginal land holdings (farm
size <1.0 ha) is increasing at an alarming rate.
These small & marginal farmers are facing tough
challenges to access the commercially available
equipments for tillage, sowing, planting etc. So,
these farmers’ uses custom make animal-drawn
equipments/hand tools, which increasing the
farming time and cost. Based on the stated fact, an
Animal Drawn Multipurpose Agricultural Equipment
was designed and a prototype was developed at
CSIR-Central Mechanical Engineering Research
Institute (CMERI) Durgapur, West Bengal, India for
planting of suitable crops. The performance was
studied with a pair of buffalo to draw the implements
throughout the experiment. The result showed that
the equipment works at an average speed of 0.8m/s
for 8h a day. The average field capacity was
observed as 0.27 ha/hr for the three varieties of
crop used.