Victor Inem | College of medicine, University of Lagos. (original) (raw)
Papers by Victor Inem
Journal of clinical sciences, 2004
Journal of Infectious Diseases and Therapy, 2014
Journal of Tropical Diseases, 2013
Nigerian Quarterly Journal of Hospital Medicine, 2004
The Nigerian medical practitioner, Jan 19, 2005
Introduction: Cervical cancer is the third most common malignant tumour in women. As far as we kn... more Introduction: Cervical cancer is the third most common malignant tumour in women. As far as we know today, the main cause of cervical cancer is human papilloma virus (HPV) infection with high grade oncogenic HPV genotypes, as well as co-occurrence of other factors predisposing women to cervical cancer. According to the WHO, the factors include smoking, multiple sexual partners, low socioeconomic status, herpes simplex virus (HSV) co-infection, human immunodeficiency virus infection, and antioxidant and vitamin insufficiency in the diet. Aim of the research: To assess the knowledge of cervical cancer among young women. Material and methods: The survey was carried out in 2010-2012 in a group of 149 female students at the age of 20 ±1 at the Jan Kochanowski Memorial University, Kielce prior to gynaecology, pathology and oncology classes. The questionnaire survey included closed multiple choice questions. The statistical analyais was conducted by means of PQStat ver. 1.4.4 software using ANOVA and Fisher tests. Results and conclusions: The obtained results show that the 94% of the surveyed people are familiar with the impact of HPV infection, but knowledge of accessory risk factors of cervical cancer is at low level. The study revealed that smoking is regarded as another risk factor by 13% of the surveyed people, HSV infection by 9%, multiple sex partners by 21%, and low hygiene level by 25%. Our examination revealed differences regarding the knowledge and available information sources by the respondents' place of residence. Knowledge level of cervical cancer development depends on the place of residence and reaches the highest level in towns with over 20,000 inhabitants. The main source of information on cervical cancer risk factors is Internet and peer opinions.
Nigerian Journal of Family Practice, Nov 30, 2018
Background: Erectile dysfunction is a common male sexual disorder which is largely under-reported... more Background: Erectile dysfunction is a common male sexual disorder which is largely under-reported by sufferers and overlooked by healthcare providers. A dysfunctional family relationship is a source of stress that is not salutary to erectile function. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of erectile dysfunction and the family functioning of men attending Eku Baptist Hospital. Methods: The study was a descriptive cross-sectional one of three months duration, from September 2013 to December 2013 in the general outpatient clinics of Eku Baptist Hospital. Data was collected using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. The Erection Hardness Score was used to screen for erectile dysfunction. The family APGAR was used to assess family functioning. Data collected from 199 subjects was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20. A p-value < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: The prevalence of erectile dysfunction was 46.2%. Majority (61.3%) had functional families. Erectile dysfunction was more prevalent among men from dysfunctional families (34.7%) compared to men from functional families (11.5%). The association between erectile dysfunction and family functioning was significant (X 2 =95.097, p<0.001). Conclusion: Primary healthcare providers should acquaint themselves with screening and management of erectile dysfunction in the context of the family setting. Keywords: Sexual health, erection hardness score, family functioning, erectile dysfunction
Journal of clinical sciences, 2016
Background: Emergency contraception are birth control measures that, if taken after unprotected s... more Background: Emergency contraception are birth control measures that, if taken after unprotected sexual intercourse, contraceptive failure, incorrect use of contraceptives or in cases of sexual assault may prevent pregnancy. Objective: The aim of the study was to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice of female preparatory students towards emergency contraception in April, 2015. G y n e c o lo gy & O b s te tr ic s
Nigerian Journal of Health and Biomedical Sciences, May 5, 2005
Research of medical schools initiative attempting to orient medical students towards future role ... more Research of medical schools initiative attempting to orient medical students towards future role in society can only serve in pursuance of WHO objectives for medical education. Medical teachers see the natural process of death as an anathema and pay little attention to the subject in both pathology and clinical courses. Doctors and consequently medical students have the notion that their primary responsibility is to save lives and if possible prolong life possibly in perpetuity. The death of a patient is seen as an indictment. Therefore, in the medical school curriculum little emphasis is placed on the training of last offices. A medical school has responded to the need in this area by the use of a dynamic curriculum in which as part of the medical jurisprudence course the future role of doctors are highlighted. A cross sectional survey of 127 final year medical students aptitude to filling the death certificate was carried out by administering a 14 item self administered questionnaires with the filling of a death certificate. These were Medical and Dental Students of the College of Medicine, University of Lagos, who had completed rotations in pathology and Clinical medicine. The aim of the study was to assess the knowledge in performance of last offices and test skills in death certification. Results show that about 96% of the students had no formal teaching in the filling of death certificates. A large percentage, over 70% of them had never seen a death certificate filled. Among the 38 students who had seen or had been taught how to complete death certificates, 23 (18.1%) of the total students surveyed and (61%) of those who had seen certificates filled did this at the Third Year 400 Level of their studies during pathology posting while less than 1% or only 10/38 (27%) of them had seen this event during their clinical years. Of the cadre of medical staff who the students had observed filling death certificates, more Registrars (72%) were responsible for this activity than others. Over 85% of the students were aware of the importance of death certification. We recommend the inclusion of formal training on death certificate completion in Medical School curriculum in Nigeria to enhance the accuracy of health statistics. KEY WORDS: Death certificate, medical students, medical education, Nigeria Nigerian Journal of Health and Biomedical Sciences Vol.4(1) 2005: 76-81
Nature Communications, May 9, 2023
Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) protect against invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) among ... more Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) protect against invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) among vaccinees. However, at population level, this protection is driven by indirect effects. PCVs prevent nasopharyngeal acquisition of vaccine-serotype (VT) pneumococci, reducing onward transmission. Each disease episode is preceded by infection from a carrier, so vaccine impacts on carriage provide a minimum estimate of disease reduction in settings lacking expensive IPD surveillance. We documented carriage prevalence and vaccine coverage in two settings in Nigeria annually (2016-2020) following PCV10 introduction in 2016. Among 4,684 rural participants, VT carriage prevalence fell from 21 to 12% as childhood (<5 years) vaccine coverage rose from 7 to 84%. Among 2,135 urban participants, VT carriage prevalence fell from 16 to 9% as uptake rose from 15 to 94%. Within these ranges, carriage prevalence declined with uptake. Increasing PCV10 coverage reduced pneumococcal infection at all ages, implying at least a comparable reduction in IPD. In 2015, pneumococcal disease was estimated to cause~300,000 deaths globally among children aged 1-59 months. Over 50% of these deaths occurred in Africa, and Nigeria alone accounted for nearly 50,000 of these pneumococcal deaths 1. Between 2014 and 2016, in three geographically distinct phases, Nigeria introduced the 10-valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV10) in a three-dose schedule for infants aged 6, 10 and 14 weeks, without a catch-up campaign. Although PCV is the most expensive vaccine programme in the Nigerian portfolio, the country could not evaluate the impact of the vaccine programme on invasive disease or pneumonia due to lack of surveillance data. Every episode of pneumococcal disease is preceded by infection from another infected person, normally a nasopharyngeal carrier 2. Young children are the main reservoirs for carriage and have the highest number of effective contacts 3,4. Consequently, a reduction in carriage prevalence among young children is likely to reduce onward transmission and the incidence of disease proportionately across the population. Among vaccinated children, PCVs provide direct protection against both acquiring carriage and progressing to invasive disease following carriage of vaccine-serotypes (VTs) 2. At the population level, PCVs provide indirect protection, regardless of vaccine status, by reducing everyone's exposure to new infections from VTs. This indirect effect is driven by the direct protection against carriage among vaccinees 5,6. As vaccine coverage increases, VT carriage prevalence declines linearly due to direct protection among vaccinees and nonlinearly due to indirect protection from the consequences of reduced VT transmission in the whole population 2,5. In real-world settings, the indirect effects of PCVs account for most of the vaccine programme impact 2,7. Consequently, some countries have tailored their PCV schedules to maximise indirect effects of a
PubMed, Jul 1, 2015
Background: Hypertension is the commonest cardiovascular risk factor in the world. In Nigeria the... more Background: Hypertension is the commonest cardiovascular risk factor in the world. In Nigeria there have been rapid changes to a more western lifestyle and this is strongly associated with hypertension. Many spouses share similar lifestyle practices. The aim was to examine the association between elevated blood pressure and lifestyle practices among spouses of hypertensive patients. Methods: In a hospital based cross-sectional descriptive study at the General Outpatient Clinic of Lagos University Teaching Hospital, two hundred and thirty spouses of hypertensive patients were recruited by systematic sampling. An interviewer administered questionnaire adapted from WHO STEP instrument. Blood pressure was measured with a standardized mercury sphygmomanometer. Results: The mean age of respondents was 52.3 ± 9.73 years. The mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures were 128.45 ± 19.47 mmHg and 82.68 ± 11.71 mmHg respectively. The proportion of respondents who had elevated systolic or diastolic blood pressure was 35.2 %. Proportion of current smokers was 3.9% and 3.5 % of respondents had excessive consumption of alcohol in the preceding seven days. Up to 43.9% of respondents had taken alcoholic beverage within the previous 12 months. About half (45.7%) of respondents engaged in moderate physical activity that lasted for at least 150 minutes per week. There was a statistically significant association between, the following factors and elevated systolic blood pressure among respondents; alcohol consumption within the past 12 months (c2= 6.738, p= 0.009); higher frequency of extra salt consumption (c2 = 4.816, p = 0.028); and red meat intake > 14times/week (c2 = 10.673, p = 0.014), with tobacco smoking (c2=6.202, p=0.037) and higher frequency of extra salt (c2 = 7.416, p=0.006) being significantly associated with elevated diastolic blood pressure. On the other hand, daily fruit intake (c2= 4.158, p=0.042) and vigorous physical activity >75min (c2=5.403, p=0.017)were significantly associated with non-elevated blood pressure among respondents. Conclusion: From this study, it can be concluded that more than one third of spouses of patients with hypertension are likely to have elevated blood pressure. It can also be concluded that elevated blood pressure among spouses of patients with hypertension is mostly associatedwithlack of vigorous physical activity >75min per week, recent consumption of alcohol, current smoking status, lack of daily fruit intake, higher salt consumption (addition of extra salt to served meal) and increased red meat consumption. Thus, this study has shown the importance of spousal case finding for both hypertension and adverse lifestyle practices, as a vital component of comprehensive care offered by family physicians caring for patients with hypertension.
Nigerian Journal of Family Practice, Oct 11, 2016
Background: The prevalence of both hypertension and obesity have been observed to be on the incre... more Background: The prevalence of both hypertension and obesity have been observed to be on the increase worldwide and in Nigeria. Obesity has been identified as a major risk factor for Hypertension. The aim was to examine the anthropometric characteristics and blood pressure levels of spouses of people living with hypertension. Methods: Two hundred and thirty (230) spouses of hypertensive patients were selected by systematic sampling in this hospital based cross-sectional descriptive study at the General Outpatient Clinic of Lagos University Teaching Hospital. An interviewer administered questionnaire adapted from WHO STEP instrument was used to collect data. Blood pressure was measured with a standardized mercury sphygmomanometer. BMI and waist hip ratio were computed. Results: The mean age of respondents was 52.3 ± 9.73 years. The mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures were 128.45 ± 19.47 mmHg and 82.68 ± 11.71 mmHg respectively. More than one third (35.2%) of spouses of hypertensive patients had elevated blood pressure. Also, most (73.1 %) of respondents were either overweight or obese by body mass index while 40% of them have elevated waist circumference. Over 80% of them have elevated waist hip ratio and these factors were all significantly associated with elevated blood pressure (P < 0.05). Conclusion: More than one third of spouses of hypertensive patients are likely to have elevated blood pressure with almost threequarters being either overweight or obese. There is statistical relationship between overweight/obesity and blood pressure levels among them. Thus, there is a need to incorporate spousal case finding for obesity and hypertension in the comprehensive care offered by family physicians caring for hypertensive patients.
The Nigerian postgraduate medical journal, 2000
Resident doctors in Internal Medicine Faculty and General Medical Practice from accredited reside... more Resident doctors in Internal Medicine Faculty and General Medical Practice from accredited residency programmes from all over Nigeria were surveyed to investigate the existence of variation in the technique of clinical examination. Using a 10 item self administered questionnaire, the doctors were required to answer questions to test knowledge and skill of examining the jugular venous pressure. Data from 70 Internal Medicine (IMR) and 30 General Medical Practice Residents (GMP) were analysed. For both groups, years of post medical graduation and period spent in residency programme were comparable. On methodology of examination of JVP, there was significant inter- and intra group variation. Sixty per cent (60%) of IMR and only 10% of family practice doctors will use the internal jugular vein alone for assessment, whilst a comparable proportion (30% of IMR and 25% of GMP) will use both internal and external jugular veins. Whilst the sternal angle was the choice of reference point in th...
Nigerian Quarterly Journal of Hospital Medicine, 2004
JRTPH, 2007
Between 80-90% of the world's malaria cases occur in sub Sahara Africa and approximately 19-24 mi... more Between 80-90% of the world's malaria cases occur in sub Sahara Africa and approximately 19-24 million pregnant women are at risk for malaria and its adverse consequences. The major impact of Malaria in pregnancy has severe negative effects on maternal health and birth outcomes including maternal anaemia, high incidence of miscarriages and low birth weight. Primigravidae and secundigravidae are most at risk. Due to increased and spreading malaria parasite resistance to first line antimalarials like chloroquine and sulphadoxine-Pyrimethamine in sub-Saharan Africa, the available tools for malaria control in pregnancy are now very limited. One of the most commonly used tool for preventing malaria in pregnancy is insecticide treated bed nets (ITNs), which have been shown to reduce the number of infective mosquito bites by 70-90% in a variety of ecologic settings. In Nigeria, the current use of ITNs among pregnant women and children under 5 years, is just 1%, according to the Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS). This study aimed at examining the effects of the use of ITNs on episodes of uncomplicated malaria, frequencies of malaria parasitaemia and anaemia among two hundred and eight primigravidae. The design was an analytical case control. One hundred and four subjects received ITNs between August 2003 and January 2004 and the other 104 subjects acted as controls. Data were obtained using the new World Health Organization antenatal care classifying form and the basic component checklist, and a structured interviewer-administered, 30-item questionnaire. Laboratory tests were done to obtain data on episodes of malaria, levels of malaria parasitaemia, mean haemoglobin concentration and anaemia. The results in test group showed 28.9% and 20% reduction in episodes of uncomplicated malaria and in frequency of malaria parasitaemia at 38 weeks gestation, respectively. However, there was no difference in mean haemoglobin concentration and in frequency anaemia between the test and control groups. The use of ITNs by primigravidae in this peri-urban settlement in south eastern Nigeria, showed significant reductions in episodes of uncomplicated malaria and malarial parasitaemia.
South African Family Practice, 2007
Introduction Each year in sub-Saharan Africa, where 80 to 90% of the world's malaria cases occur,... more Introduction Each year in sub-Saharan Africa, where 80 to 90% of the world's malaria cases occur, approximately 19 to 24 million women are at risk for malaria and its adverse consequences during pregnancy. The major impact of malaria during pregnancy in these regions is caused by persistent or recurrent, predominantly low-grade, sometimes sub-patent, parasitaemia. In Nigeria, malaria has severe negative effects on maternal health and birth outcomes, resulting in maternal anaemia, a high incidence of miscarriages and low birth weight. Primigravidae and secundigravidae are most at risk. Resistance to first-line antimalarials has increased in sub-Saharan Africa, and the available arsenal of alternative tools for malaria control in pregnancy is very limited. One of the most promising of these tools is insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs), which have been shown to reduce the number of infective mosquito bites by 70 to 90% in a variety of ecologic settings. In Nigeria, the current use of ITNs by the at-risk groups, pregnant women and children under five years, is just 1%, according to the latest report of the Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS). Aim TThis study aimed at examining the effects of the use of ITNs on pregnancy outcomes among 208 primigravidae. Methodology The study design was an analytical case control. One hundred and four subjects, the intervention group, received ITNs between August 2003 and January 2004. The other 104 subjects were the control. Data were obtained using the new World Health Organization antenatal care classifying form and the basic component checklist, and a self-structured, 30-item pretested questionnaire. The Apgar scores of the babies and their birth weights were observed and recorded for both the intervention and the control groups. Results The results showed that 83% of babies of mothers in the intervention group had a good condition at birth, while 87% of babies of mothers in the control group had a good condition at birth (p>0.07; X2=1.69). A small increase in mean birth weight (0.001kg) of the babies of mothers in the intervention group was observed over those of mothers in the control group (p>0.90). This showed that there were no significant beneficial impacts of the use of ITNs on foetal condition at birth, mean birth weight and low birth weight. Conclusion The use of ITNs by primigravidae in Okpoko, a peri-urban slum in southeastern Nigeria, showed no significant impact on pregnancy outcome.
Nigerian quarterly journal of hospital medicine, 2017
Background: Malaria in pregnancy is a major public health problem contributing significantly to h... more Background: Malaria in pregnancy is a major public health problem contributing significantly to high morbidity and mortality. Malaria infection during pregnancy predisposes to adverse pregnancy outcomes which include; miscarriage, premature delivery, small for date babies, maternal anaemia and even intrauterine death. Utilization of current national antimalarial treatment guideline showed low level of use of antimalaria guideline by healthcare providers. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine and compare the knowledge, attitude and practice of healthcare providers about malaria in pregnancy in public and private secondary hospitals in Lagos State. Method: This is a comparative, cross sectional study that assessed the factors influencing health care providers knowledge, attitude and practice in public and private secondary health facilities in Lagos State. Data was collected using a pretested questionnaire administered to 302 healthcare providers selected through multistag...
African Journal of …, 2010
... Correspondence to: Dr Victor Inem, Family Medicine Unit, Institute of Child Health and Primar... more ... Correspondence to: Dr Victor Inem, Family Medicine Unit, Institute of Child Health and Primary Care, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, PMB 12003, SuruLere, Nigeria. Email: inemv@yahoo.com ... Jinadu MK, Owolabi SP, Hossain MZ. ...
West African journal of medicine, 2020
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus can be a major drain on resources due to lifelong treatment a... more BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus can be a major drain on resources due to lifelong treatment and risk of catastrophic expenditure from treatment of complications. The prevalence has been projected to rise to alarming levels in developing countries. This study aimed to assess the levels of, and associations between good glycaemic control among patients with type 2 diabetes and their modes of financing healthcare. METHODS In this hospital based descriptive cross-sectional study, 260 patients being managed for type 2 diabetes at the outpatient clinics of Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos were recruited by systematic random sampling method. All participants received a HBA1C test to assess glycaemic control and a composite interviewer administered questionnaire adapted from the MMAS-8 and diabetes care profile to assess medication adherence, modes of financing and other factors related to disease management. RESULTS Of the 260 study participants, 34.62% (90) had good glycaemic...
Background : Hypertension and its related conditions have been recognized to be on the increase i... more Background : Hypertension and its related conditions have been recognized to be on the increase in developing countries. The roots of essential hypertension may extend back into childhood. Increased blood pressure in childhood correlates with hypertension in adults which emphasizes the need to track blood pressure in children. Genetic influence and familial blood pressure patterns are recognized in adolescents. Objective : The aim of the study was to determine the blood pressure pattern among adolescents whose fathers are hypertensive while comparing the blood pressure of adolescents with normotensive fathers. Methods : The survey employed a descriptive cross-sectional analytical study: The study subjects were adolescent offsprings of hypertensive fathers and controls were adolescents of normotensive (fathers) attending the medical outpatient and family medicine Clinics of Lagos University Teaching Hospital (LUTH), Idi Araba, Lagos. Data was collected using the seventh report of the...
Research Journal of Health Sciences, 2017
Objectives: Malaria in pregnancy is a major public health problems contributing significantly to ... more Objectives: Malaria in pregnancy is a major public health problems contributing significantly to high morbidity and mortality. Intermittent preventive treatment of malaria during pregnancy (IPTp) is a key intervention in the national strategy for malaria control, Sulphadoxine-Pyrimethamine, the current drug of choice, is recommended to be administered in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy during antenatal care (ANC) visits. Aim was therefore, to determine and compare the provision of chemoprevention using intermittent preventive treatment (IPTp) in public and private secondary hospitals in Lagos State. Method: This is a comparative, cross sectional study that assessed the factors influencing health care providers-provision of chemoprohylaxis-in public and private secondary health facilities in Lagos State. Data was collected using a pretested questionnaires administered to 302 healthcare providers selected through multistage sampling. Data generated was analysed with Epi-Info 2012 version. Results: The private providers had a better practice and provision of chemotherapy. Only 69.0% of public providers and 74.8% of private providers prescribed IPT using sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine. The private providers were more aware of the timing (recommended time to give IPTp) of IPTp. Conclusion: Both public and private health care providers have not fully embraced the evidence based World Health Organization recommendation of administration of least two doses of sulphadoxinepyrimethamine for malaria in pregnancy.
Journal of clinical sciences, 2004
Journal of Infectious Diseases and Therapy, 2014
Journal of Tropical Diseases, 2013
Nigerian Quarterly Journal of Hospital Medicine, 2004
The Nigerian medical practitioner, Jan 19, 2005
Introduction: Cervical cancer is the third most common malignant tumour in women. As far as we kn... more Introduction: Cervical cancer is the third most common malignant tumour in women. As far as we know today, the main cause of cervical cancer is human papilloma virus (HPV) infection with high grade oncogenic HPV genotypes, as well as co-occurrence of other factors predisposing women to cervical cancer. According to the WHO, the factors include smoking, multiple sexual partners, low socioeconomic status, herpes simplex virus (HSV) co-infection, human immunodeficiency virus infection, and antioxidant and vitamin insufficiency in the diet. Aim of the research: To assess the knowledge of cervical cancer among young women. Material and methods: The survey was carried out in 2010-2012 in a group of 149 female students at the age of 20 ±1 at the Jan Kochanowski Memorial University, Kielce prior to gynaecology, pathology and oncology classes. The questionnaire survey included closed multiple choice questions. The statistical analyais was conducted by means of PQStat ver. 1.4.4 software using ANOVA and Fisher tests. Results and conclusions: The obtained results show that the 94% of the surveyed people are familiar with the impact of HPV infection, but knowledge of accessory risk factors of cervical cancer is at low level. The study revealed that smoking is regarded as another risk factor by 13% of the surveyed people, HSV infection by 9%, multiple sex partners by 21%, and low hygiene level by 25%. Our examination revealed differences regarding the knowledge and available information sources by the respondents' place of residence. Knowledge level of cervical cancer development depends on the place of residence and reaches the highest level in towns with over 20,000 inhabitants. The main source of information on cervical cancer risk factors is Internet and peer opinions.
Nigerian Journal of Family Practice, Nov 30, 2018
Background: Erectile dysfunction is a common male sexual disorder which is largely under-reported... more Background: Erectile dysfunction is a common male sexual disorder which is largely under-reported by sufferers and overlooked by healthcare providers. A dysfunctional family relationship is a source of stress that is not salutary to erectile function. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of erectile dysfunction and the family functioning of men attending Eku Baptist Hospital. Methods: The study was a descriptive cross-sectional one of three months duration, from September 2013 to December 2013 in the general outpatient clinics of Eku Baptist Hospital. Data was collected using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. The Erection Hardness Score was used to screen for erectile dysfunction. The family APGAR was used to assess family functioning. Data collected from 199 subjects was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20. A p-value < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: The prevalence of erectile dysfunction was 46.2%. Majority (61.3%) had functional families. Erectile dysfunction was more prevalent among men from dysfunctional families (34.7%) compared to men from functional families (11.5%). The association between erectile dysfunction and family functioning was significant (X 2 =95.097, p<0.001). Conclusion: Primary healthcare providers should acquaint themselves with screening and management of erectile dysfunction in the context of the family setting. Keywords: Sexual health, erection hardness score, family functioning, erectile dysfunction
Journal of clinical sciences, 2016
Background: Emergency contraception are birth control measures that, if taken after unprotected s... more Background: Emergency contraception are birth control measures that, if taken after unprotected sexual intercourse, contraceptive failure, incorrect use of contraceptives or in cases of sexual assault may prevent pregnancy. Objective: The aim of the study was to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice of female preparatory students towards emergency contraception in April, 2015. G y n e c o lo gy & O b s te tr ic s
Nigerian Journal of Health and Biomedical Sciences, May 5, 2005
Research of medical schools initiative attempting to orient medical students towards future role ... more Research of medical schools initiative attempting to orient medical students towards future role in society can only serve in pursuance of WHO objectives for medical education. Medical teachers see the natural process of death as an anathema and pay little attention to the subject in both pathology and clinical courses. Doctors and consequently medical students have the notion that their primary responsibility is to save lives and if possible prolong life possibly in perpetuity. The death of a patient is seen as an indictment. Therefore, in the medical school curriculum little emphasis is placed on the training of last offices. A medical school has responded to the need in this area by the use of a dynamic curriculum in which as part of the medical jurisprudence course the future role of doctors are highlighted. A cross sectional survey of 127 final year medical students aptitude to filling the death certificate was carried out by administering a 14 item self administered questionnaires with the filling of a death certificate. These were Medical and Dental Students of the College of Medicine, University of Lagos, who had completed rotations in pathology and Clinical medicine. The aim of the study was to assess the knowledge in performance of last offices and test skills in death certification. Results show that about 96% of the students had no formal teaching in the filling of death certificates. A large percentage, over 70% of them had never seen a death certificate filled. Among the 38 students who had seen or had been taught how to complete death certificates, 23 (18.1%) of the total students surveyed and (61%) of those who had seen certificates filled did this at the Third Year 400 Level of their studies during pathology posting while less than 1% or only 10/38 (27%) of them had seen this event during their clinical years. Of the cadre of medical staff who the students had observed filling death certificates, more Registrars (72%) were responsible for this activity than others. Over 85% of the students were aware of the importance of death certification. We recommend the inclusion of formal training on death certificate completion in Medical School curriculum in Nigeria to enhance the accuracy of health statistics. KEY WORDS: Death certificate, medical students, medical education, Nigeria Nigerian Journal of Health and Biomedical Sciences Vol.4(1) 2005: 76-81
Nature Communications, May 9, 2023
Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) protect against invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) among ... more Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) protect against invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) among vaccinees. However, at population level, this protection is driven by indirect effects. PCVs prevent nasopharyngeal acquisition of vaccine-serotype (VT) pneumococci, reducing onward transmission. Each disease episode is preceded by infection from a carrier, so vaccine impacts on carriage provide a minimum estimate of disease reduction in settings lacking expensive IPD surveillance. We documented carriage prevalence and vaccine coverage in two settings in Nigeria annually (2016-2020) following PCV10 introduction in 2016. Among 4,684 rural participants, VT carriage prevalence fell from 21 to 12% as childhood (<5 years) vaccine coverage rose from 7 to 84%. Among 2,135 urban participants, VT carriage prevalence fell from 16 to 9% as uptake rose from 15 to 94%. Within these ranges, carriage prevalence declined with uptake. Increasing PCV10 coverage reduced pneumococcal infection at all ages, implying at least a comparable reduction in IPD. In 2015, pneumococcal disease was estimated to cause~300,000 deaths globally among children aged 1-59 months. Over 50% of these deaths occurred in Africa, and Nigeria alone accounted for nearly 50,000 of these pneumococcal deaths 1. Between 2014 and 2016, in three geographically distinct phases, Nigeria introduced the 10-valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV10) in a three-dose schedule for infants aged 6, 10 and 14 weeks, without a catch-up campaign. Although PCV is the most expensive vaccine programme in the Nigerian portfolio, the country could not evaluate the impact of the vaccine programme on invasive disease or pneumonia due to lack of surveillance data. Every episode of pneumococcal disease is preceded by infection from another infected person, normally a nasopharyngeal carrier 2. Young children are the main reservoirs for carriage and have the highest number of effective contacts 3,4. Consequently, a reduction in carriage prevalence among young children is likely to reduce onward transmission and the incidence of disease proportionately across the population. Among vaccinated children, PCVs provide direct protection against both acquiring carriage and progressing to invasive disease following carriage of vaccine-serotypes (VTs) 2. At the population level, PCVs provide indirect protection, regardless of vaccine status, by reducing everyone's exposure to new infections from VTs. This indirect effect is driven by the direct protection against carriage among vaccinees 5,6. As vaccine coverage increases, VT carriage prevalence declines linearly due to direct protection among vaccinees and nonlinearly due to indirect protection from the consequences of reduced VT transmission in the whole population 2,5. In real-world settings, the indirect effects of PCVs account for most of the vaccine programme impact 2,7. Consequently, some countries have tailored their PCV schedules to maximise indirect effects of a
PubMed, Jul 1, 2015
Background: Hypertension is the commonest cardiovascular risk factor in the world. In Nigeria the... more Background: Hypertension is the commonest cardiovascular risk factor in the world. In Nigeria there have been rapid changes to a more western lifestyle and this is strongly associated with hypertension. Many spouses share similar lifestyle practices. The aim was to examine the association between elevated blood pressure and lifestyle practices among spouses of hypertensive patients. Methods: In a hospital based cross-sectional descriptive study at the General Outpatient Clinic of Lagos University Teaching Hospital, two hundred and thirty spouses of hypertensive patients were recruited by systematic sampling. An interviewer administered questionnaire adapted from WHO STEP instrument. Blood pressure was measured with a standardized mercury sphygmomanometer. Results: The mean age of respondents was 52.3 ± 9.73 years. The mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures were 128.45 ± 19.47 mmHg and 82.68 ± 11.71 mmHg respectively. The proportion of respondents who had elevated systolic or diastolic blood pressure was 35.2 %. Proportion of current smokers was 3.9% and 3.5 % of respondents had excessive consumption of alcohol in the preceding seven days. Up to 43.9% of respondents had taken alcoholic beverage within the previous 12 months. About half (45.7%) of respondents engaged in moderate physical activity that lasted for at least 150 minutes per week. There was a statistically significant association between, the following factors and elevated systolic blood pressure among respondents; alcohol consumption within the past 12 months (c2= 6.738, p= 0.009); higher frequency of extra salt consumption (c2 = 4.816, p = 0.028); and red meat intake > 14times/week (c2 = 10.673, p = 0.014), with tobacco smoking (c2=6.202, p=0.037) and higher frequency of extra salt (c2 = 7.416, p=0.006) being significantly associated with elevated diastolic blood pressure. On the other hand, daily fruit intake (c2= 4.158, p=0.042) and vigorous physical activity >75min (c2=5.403, p=0.017)were significantly associated with non-elevated blood pressure among respondents. Conclusion: From this study, it can be concluded that more than one third of spouses of patients with hypertension are likely to have elevated blood pressure. It can also be concluded that elevated blood pressure among spouses of patients with hypertension is mostly associatedwithlack of vigorous physical activity >75min per week, recent consumption of alcohol, current smoking status, lack of daily fruit intake, higher salt consumption (addition of extra salt to served meal) and increased red meat consumption. Thus, this study has shown the importance of spousal case finding for both hypertension and adverse lifestyle practices, as a vital component of comprehensive care offered by family physicians caring for patients with hypertension.
Nigerian Journal of Family Practice, Oct 11, 2016
Background: The prevalence of both hypertension and obesity have been observed to be on the incre... more Background: The prevalence of both hypertension and obesity have been observed to be on the increase worldwide and in Nigeria. Obesity has been identified as a major risk factor for Hypertension. The aim was to examine the anthropometric characteristics and blood pressure levels of spouses of people living with hypertension. Methods: Two hundred and thirty (230) spouses of hypertensive patients were selected by systematic sampling in this hospital based cross-sectional descriptive study at the General Outpatient Clinic of Lagos University Teaching Hospital. An interviewer administered questionnaire adapted from WHO STEP instrument was used to collect data. Blood pressure was measured with a standardized mercury sphygmomanometer. BMI and waist hip ratio were computed. Results: The mean age of respondents was 52.3 ± 9.73 years. The mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures were 128.45 ± 19.47 mmHg and 82.68 ± 11.71 mmHg respectively. More than one third (35.2%) of spouses of hypertensive patients had elevated blood pressure. Also, most (73.1 %) of respondents were either overweight or obese by body mass index while 40% of them have elevated waist circumference. Over 80% of them have elevated waist hip ratio and these factors were all significantly associated with elevated blood pressure (P < 0.05). Conclusion: More than one third of spouses of hypertensive patients are likely to have elevated blood pressure with almost threequarters being either overweight or obese. There is statistical relationship between overweight/obesity and blood pressure levels among them. Thus, there is a need to incorporate spousal case finding for obesity and hypertension in the comprehensive care offered by family physicians caring for hypertensive patients.
The Nigerian postgraduate medical journal, 2000
Resident doctors in Internal Medicine Faculty and General Medical Practice from accredited reside... more Resident doctors in Internal Medicine Faculty and General Medical Practice from accredited residency programmes from all over Nigeria were surveyed to investigate the existence of variation in the technique of clinical examination. Using a 10 item self administered questionnaire, the doctors were required to answer questions to test knowledge and skill of examining the jugular venous pressure. Data from 70 Internal Medicine (IMR) and 30 General Medical Practice Residents (GMP) were analysed. For both groups, years of post medical graduation and period spent in residency programme were comparable. On methodology of examination of JVP, there was significant inter- and intra group variation. Sixty per cent (60%) of IMR and only 10% of family practice doctors will use the internal jugular vein alone for assessment, whilst a comparable proportion (30% of IMR and 25% of GMP) will use both internal and external jugular veins. Whilst the sternal angle was the choice of reference point in th...
Nigerian Quarterly Journal of Hospital Medicine, 2004
JRTPH, 2007
Between 80-90% of the world's malaria cases occur in sub Sahara Africa and approximately 19-24 mi... more Between 80-90% of the world's malaria cases occur in sub Sahara Africa and approximately 19-24 million pregnant women are at risk for malaria and its adverse consequences. The major impact of Malaria in pregnancy has severe negative effects on maternal health and birth outcomes including maternal anaemia, high incidence of miscarriages and low birth weight. Primigravidae and secundigravidae are most at risk. Due to increased and spreading malaria parasite resistance to first line antimalarials like chloroquine and sulphadoxine-Pyrimethamine in sub-Saharan Africa, the available tools for malaria control in pregnancy are now very limited. One of the most commonly used tool for preventing malaria in pregnancy is insecticide treated bed nets (ITNs), which have been shown to reduce the number of infective mosquito bites by 70-90% in a variety of ecologic settings. In Nigeria, the current use of ITNs among pregnant women and children under 5 years, is just 1%, according to the Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS). This study aimed at examining the effects of the use of ITNs on episodes of uncomplicated malaria, frequencies of malaria parasitaemia and anaemia among two hundred and eight primigravidae. The design was an analytical case control. One hundred and four subjects received ITNs between August 2003 and January 2004 and the other 104 subjects acted as controls. Data were obtained using the new World Health Organization antenatal care classifying form and the basic component checklist, and a structured interviewer-administered, 30-item questionnaire. Laboratory tests were done to obtain data on episodes of malaria, levels of malaria parasitaemia, mean haemoglobin concentration and anaemia. The results in test group showed 28.9% and 20% reduction in episodes of uncomplicated malaria and in frequency of malaria parasitaemia at 38 weeks gestation, respectively. However, there was no difference in mean haemoglobin concentration and in frequency anaemia between the test and control groups. The use of ITNs by primigravidae in this peri-urban settlement in south eastern Nigeria, showed significant reductions in episodes of uncomplicated malaria and malarial parasitaemia.
South African Family Practice, 2007
Introduction Each year in sub-Saharan Africa, where 80 to 90% of the world's malaria cases occur,... more Introduction Each year in sub-Saharan Africa, where 80 to 90% of the world's malaria cases occur, approximately 19 to 24 million women are at risk for malaria and its adverse consequences during pregnancy. The major impact of malaria during pregnancy in these regions is caused by persistent or recurrent, predominantly low-grade, sometimes sub-patent, parasitaemia. In Nigeria, malaria has severe negative effects on maternal health and birth outcomes, resulting in maternal anaemia, a high incidence of miscarriages and low birth weight. Primigravidae and secundigravidae are most at risk. Resistance to first-line antimalarials has increased in sub-Saharan Africa, and the available arsenal of alternative tools for malaria control in pregnancy is very limited. One of the most promising of these tools is insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs), which have been shown to reduce the number of infective mosquito bites by 70 to 90% in a variety of ecologic settings. In Nigeria, the current use of ITNs by the at-risk groups, pregnant women and children under five years, is just 1%, according to the latest report of the Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS). Aim TThis study aimed at examining the effects of the use of ITNs on pregnancy outcomes among 208 primigravidae. Methodology The study design was an analytical case control. One hundred and four subjects, the intervention group, received ITNs between August 2003 and January 2004. The other 104 subjects were the control. Data were obtained using the new World Health Organization antenatal care classifying form and the basic component checklist, and a self-structured, 30-item pretested questionnaire. The Apgar scores of the babies and their birth weights were observed and recorded for both the intervention and the control groups. Results The results showed that 83% of babies of mothers in the intervention group had a good condition at birth, while 87% of babies of mothers in the control group had a good condition at birth (p>0.07; X2=1.69). A small increase in mean birth weight (0.001kg) of the babies of mothers in the intervention group was observed over those of mothers in the control group (p>0.90). This showed that there were no significant beneficial impacts of the use of ITNs on foetal condition at birth, mean birth weight and low birth weight. Conclusion The use of ITNs by primigravidae in Okpoko, a peri-urban slum in southeastern Nigeria, showed no significant impact on pregnancy outcome.
Nigerian quarterly journal of hospital medicine, 2017
Background: Malaria in pregnancy is a major public health problem contributing significantly to h... more Background: Malaria in pregnancy is a major public health problem contributing significantly to high morbidity and mortality. Malaria infection during pregnancy predisposes to adverse pregnancy outcomes which include; miscarriage, premature delivery, small for date babies, maternal anaemia and even intrauterine death. Utilization of current national antimalarial treatment guideline showed low level of use of antimalaria guideline by healthcare providers. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine and compare the knowledge, attitude and practice of healthcare providers about malaria in pregnancy in public and private secondary hospitals in Lagos State. Method: This is a comparative, cross sectional study that assessed the factors influencing health care providers knowledge, attitude and practice in public and private secondary health facilities in Lagos State. Data was collected using a pretested questionnaire administered to 302 healthcare providers selected through multistag...
African Journal of …, 2010
... Correspondence to: Dr Victor Inem, Family Medicine Unit, Institute of Child Health and Primar... more ... Correspondence to: Dr Victor Inem, Family Medicine Unit, Institute of Child Health and Primary Care, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, PMB 12003, SuruLere, Nigeria. Email: inemv@yahoo.com ... Jinadu MK, Owolabi SP, Hossain MZ. ...
West African journal of medicine, 2020
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus can be a major drain on resources due to lifelong treatment a... more BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus can be a major drain on resources due to lifelong treatment and risk of catastrophic expenditure from treatment of complications. The prevalence has been projected to rise to alarming levels in developing countries. This study aimed to assess the levels of, and associations between good glycaemic control among patients with type 2 diabetes and their modes of financing healthcare. METHODS In this hospital based descriptive cross-sectional study, 260 patients being managed for type 2 diabetes at the outpatient clinics of Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos were recruited by systematic random sampling method. All participants received a HBA1C test to assess glycaemic control and a composite interviewer administered questionnaire adapted from the MMAS-8 and diabetes care profile to assess medication adherence, modes of financing and other factors related to disease management. RESULTS Of the 260 study participants, 34.62% (90) had good glycaemic...
Background : Hypertension and its related conditions have been recognized to be on the increase i... more Background : Hypertension and its related conditions have been recognized to be on the increase in developing countries. The roots of essential hypertension may extend back into childhood. Increased blood pressure in childhood correlates with hypertension in adults which emphasizes the need to track blood pressure in children. Genetic influence and familial blood pressure patterns are recognized in adolescents. Objective : The aim of the study was to determine the blood pressure pattern among adolescents whose fathers are hypertensive while comparing the blood pressure of adolescents with normotensive fathers. Methods : The survey employed a descriptive cross-sectional analytical study: The study subjects were adolescent offsprings of hypertensive fathers and controls were adolescents of normotensive (fathers) attending the medical outpatient and family medicine Clinics of Lagos University Teaching Hospital (LUTH), Idi Araba, Lagos. Data was collected using the seventh report of the...
Research Journal of Health Sciences, 2017
Objectives: Malaria in pregnancy is a major public health problems contributing significantly to ... more Objectives: Malaria in pregnancy is a major public health problems contributing significantly to high morbidity and mortality. Intermittent preventive treatment of malaria during pregnancy (IPTp) is a key intervention in the national strategy for malaria control, Sulphadoxine-Pyrimethamine, the current drug of choice, is recommended to be administered in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy during antenatal care (ANC) visits. Aim was therefore, to determine and compare the provision of chemoprevention using intermittent preventive treatment (IPTp) in public and private secondary hospitals in Lagos State. Method: This is a comparative, cross sectional study that assessed the factors influencing health care providers-provision of chemoprohylaxis-in public and private secondary health facilities in Lagos State. Data was collected using a pretested questionnaires administered to 302 healthcare providers selected through multistage sampling. Data generated was analysed with Epi-Info 2012 version. Results: The private providers had a better practice and provision of chemotherapy. Only 69.0% of public providers and 74.8% of private providers prescribed IPT using sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine. The private providers were more aware of the timing (recommended time to give IPTp) of IPTp. Conclusion: Both public and private health care providers have not fully embraced the evidence based World Health Organization recommendation of administration of least two doses of sulphadoxinepyrimethamine for malaria in pregnancy.