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Papers by Rosalia Santoleri

Scientific reports, 2015

Bursting bubbles at the ocean-surface produce airborne salt-water spray-droplets, in turn, formin... more Bursting bubbles at the ocean-surface produce airborne salt-water spray-droplets, in turn, forming climate-cooling marine haze and cloud layers. The reflectance and ultimate cooling effect of these layers is determined by the spray's water-uptake properties that are modified through entrainment of ocean-surface organic matter (OM) into the airborne droplets. We present new results illustrating a clear dependence of OM mass-fraction enrichment in sea spray (OMss) on both phytoplankton-biomass, determined from Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) and Net Primary Productivity (NPP). The correlation coefficient for OMss as a function of Chl-a increased form 0.67 on a daily timescale to 0.85 on a monthly timescale. An even stronger correlation was found as a function of NPP, increasing to 0.93 on a monthly timescale. We suggest the observed dependence is through the demise of the bloom, driven by nanoscale biological processes (such as viral infections), releasing large quantities of transferable O...

The incoming solar radiation is an important term in the air-sea energy fluxes, above all in the ... more The incoming solar radiation is an important term in the air-sea energy fluxes, above all in the Polar regions where the Sun is present only for a restricted period of the year and has a great influence on the surface radiative balance. The Arctic Ocean is in fact the focus-area of ARTIST (Arctic Radiation and Turbulence Interaction Study), a European

... A method that merges MW daily data with diurnal IR observations is proposed. Finally, we use ... more ... A method that merges MW daily data with diurnal IR observations is proposed. Finally, we use optimal interpolation ... field. As such, this error is a function of data availability. For IR sensors, this is highly dependent on cloud cover extent. Thus ...

CNR-ISAC-GOS is responsible for the Mediterranean Sea satellite operational system in the framewo... more CNR-ISAC-GOS is responsible for the Mediterranean Sea satellite operational system in the framework of MOON Patnership. This Observing System acquires satellite data and produces Near Real Time, Delayed Time and Re-analysis of Ocean Colour and Sea Surface Temperature products covering the Mediterranean and the Black Seas and regional basins. In the framework of several projects (MERSEA, PRIMI, Adricosm Star, SeaDataNet, MyOcean, ECOOP), GOS is producing Climatological/Satellite datasets based on optimal interpolation and specific Regional algorithm for chlorophyll, updated in Near Real Time and in Delayed mode. GOS has built • an informatic infrastructure data repository and delivery based on THREDDS technology The datasets are generated in NETCDF format, compliant with both the CF convention and the international satellite-oceanographic specification, as prescribed by GHRSST (for SST). All data produced, are made available to the users through a THREDDS server catalog. • A LAS has been installed in order to exploit the potential of NETCDF data and the OPENDAP URL. It provides flexible access to geo-referenced scientific data • a Grid Environment based on Globus Technologies (GT4) connecting more than one Institute; in particular exploiting CNR and ESA clusters makes possible to reprocess 12 years of Chlorophyll data in less than one month.(estimated processing time on a single core PC: 9months). In the poster we will give an overview of: • the features of the THREDDS catalogs, pointing out the powerful characteristics of this new middleware that has replaced the "old" OPENDAP Server; • the importance of adopting a common format (as NETCDF) for data exchange; • the tools (e.g. LAS) connected with THREDDS and NETCDF format use. • the Grid infrastructure on ISAC We will present also specific basin-scale High Resolution products and Ultra High Resolution regional/coastal products available on these catalogs.

The spatio-temporal evolution of the dispersion of riverine waters in coastal areas on a regional... more The spatio-temporal evolution of the dispersion of riverine waters in coastal areas on a regional scale was numerically simulated using a marine circulation model and a Lagrangian particle dispersion model. The oceanographic model, developed from the Princeton Ocean Model, was nested in the Mediterranean Forecasting System (Oddo et al., 2009) domain in order to have the boundary conditions (temperature, salinity and currents) in almost every part of the Mediterranean Sea. On a regional scale, it was able to simulate the effects due to the presence of a river considering the outflow as a subgrid process behaving like a buoyant jet flow (Oey, 1996). The model was forced at the surface by high resolution winds and by MODIS SST fields. The currents generated by the oceanographic model were passed to a Lagrangian particles model (Garcıa Lafuente et al., 2007), which was used to simulate the dispersion of a mass of particles proportional to the known daily discharge of the river. Episodes...

1] The objective of this work is to gain new insight on the variability and offshore export of tu... more 1] The objective of this work is to gain new insight on the variability and offshore export of turbid coastal waters in the Adriatic Sea, which are optically classified as Case 2 waters. This is done by means of the 1998-2004 SeaWiFS ocean color products (chlorophyll, Case 2 flags and light attenuation coefficient at 490 nm, k 490 ) and NOAA AVHRR sea surface temperature. The role of wind-driven circulation in the redistribution of the above ocean color features is also analyzed both at seasonal and interannual time scales and in the light of particular wind and current situations occurring in 2003, via scatterometer wind data as well as atmospheric and marine circulation medium and high resolution model output. Results indicate that turbid (Case 2) waters are exported offshore at the Po delta and Ancona headland during the colder months, in concomitance of Bora wind events and when the 2003 daily Po river discharge is above about 500 m 3 s À1 and 1000 m 3 s À1 , respectively. Southeasterly Sirocco events do not to originate extensive offshore transport, but only locally modify the shape of the WAC front. Mistral episodes enhance the WAC flow into the Ionian Sea. Finally, estimates of coastal current width and length from Case 2 flag distribution follow the Po discharge pattern, confirming this forcing to be the main responsible for WAC width seasonal modulation. Experimental WAC widths agree reasonably with theoretical analyses, while underestimation of WAC length suggests the necessity to include the other Italian rivers in the freshwater discharge evaluation.

The channel of Sicily represents the only connection between the western and the east- ern Medite... more The channel of Sicily represents the only connection between the western and the east- ern Mediterranean sea. The channel is often described as a three-layer system, where fresher water of Atlantic origin (MAW) is found in the upper layer, Levantine Interme- diate Water (LIW) occupies the lower one, and below the LIW a layer of Transitional Ionian Deep Water (TIDW) is found. In the Ionian sea LIW q-S characteristics are spread over a wide range of values while inside the channel LIW results much more homogenized. It is then a spontaneous question what is the mechanism of mixing at the eastern sill. Possible intermediate and deep waters mixing processes are thus inves- tigated through the analysis of the hydrographic data collected by R/V Urania during four surveys in 1996, 1997, 1998 and 1999 in the framework of SYMPLEX experi- ment. Both classical T-S characteristics and more innovative methodologies (such as Thorpe length determination) are used.

This work represents the remote sensing contribution to LIWEX (Levantine Interme- diate Water Exp... more This work represents the remote sensing contribution to LIWEX (Levantine Interme- diate Water Experiment). Sea surface Temperature (SST) maps, derived from GAC (Global Area Coverage), AVHRR (Advancd Very Hight resolution Radiometer) data in the framework of the Pathfinder Project and sea level anomalies, derived from Topex/Poseidon altimeter, were used to track the evolution, both in terms of dimension and position, of the cyclonic Rhodes Gure and the Ierapetra anticyclon. Air-sea fluxes over the area were estimated using ECMWF analysis and AVHRR data. The analysis was performed from October 1994 to the end of April 1995, i.e. from the precondi- tioning to the spreading phase of the dense water formation period in the Rhodes Gyre area. SST maps, ECMWF-AVHRR derived heat fluxes have been used as forcings for 1-D numerical model to study the time varibility of the mixed layer in the Rodes Gyre area from the preconditioning phase (Autumn) to the spreading phase (Spring). The model was ...

Two Sea Surface Temperature (SST) time series, the Extended Reconstructed SST (ERSST.V3) and Hadl... more Two Sea Surface Temperature (SST) time series, the Extended Reconstructed SST (ERSST.V3) and Hadley Centre Sea Ice and Sea Surface Temperature dataset (HadISST), are used to investigate SST multi-decadal variability in the Mediterranean Sea. The consistency between these two time series and the original International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set (ICOADS 2.5) over the Mediterranean Sea is investigated, evaluating differences from monthly to multi-decadal scales. From annual to longer time scales, the two time series consistently describe the same trends and multidecadal oscillations and agree with Mediterranean ICOADS SSTs. At monthly time scales the two time series are less consistent with each other, due to the evident annual cycle that characterize their difference. The subsequent analysis of the Mediterranean annual SST time series, based on lagged correlation analysis, Multi Taper Method and Singular Spectral Analysis, revealed the presence of a significant oscillation with a period of about 70 years very close to AMO. An extension of the correlation analysis for other world ocean regions confirmed that this multidecadal signal is an unique characteristics of the Mediterranean and North Atlantic Ocean where it reaches its maximum at sub-polar latitudes. North Atlantic indices and Mediterranean SST are significantly correlated and coherent for periods longer than about 40 years. The results of our analysis are reviewed in the light of the mechanism proposed by Dima and Lohmann (2007) including the role of the Mediterranean Outflow Water in modulating the Atlantic THC and the importance of the Gibraltar strait for the Mediterranean Thermohaline circulation.

In this paper we present the analysis of the spatial and temporal distribution of the Phytoplankt... more In this paper we present the analysis of the spatial and temporal distribution of the Phytoplankton Size Classes in the Mediterranean Sea derived from a SeaWiFS satellite dataset produced using a Mediterranean regional algorithms for case 1, case 2 and transition waters. The results show the open Mediterranean water are mainly dominated by picoplankton all around the year with a maximun during summer and minima in autumn and winter in open sea regions not affected by intense spring blooms. Coastal and intense bloom regions, instead, show the dominance of nano and micro plankton.

A series of three cruises were conducted in the western Mediterranean Sea during springs of 2012,... more A series of three cruises were conducted in the western Mediterranean Sea during springs of 2012, 2013, and 2014. Hydrological and bio-optical data were taken with the broad aim of characterizing the basin phytoplankton distribution. The 2013 cruise was mainly coastal, whereas the other two were more oriented towards the open ocean sampling. Standard CTD casts with associated water sampling were performed in correspondence of all radiometric measurements. HPLC-derived chlorophyll and associated pigments were extracted at discrete depths. This is a preliminary analysis of the data collected during these cruises. Despite the limited size of the basin, the three cruises experienced very different bio-optical conditions.

Il rapporto si articola innanzitutto in una ricognizione dei sistemi osservativi marini esistenti... more Il rapporto si articola innanzitutto in una ricognizione dei sistemi osservativi marini esistenti (alcuni dei quali non inclusi in RITMARE) e delle loro componenti. Si analizzano poi in dettaglio gli avanzamenti conseguiti nel corso dei primi 24 mesi nell'ambito del SottoProgetto 5 e le attività di integrazione condotte che hanno permesso l’instaurarsi di collegamenti e collaborazioni con altri Sottoprogetti. Infine si mettono in evidenza i punti di forza e di debolezza del sistema osservativo integrato RITMARE in divenire.

Oligotrophic waters (PRIMI) Bloom in open waters (Norbal 4) Chlorophyll data are acquired in seve... more Oligotrophic waters (PRIMI) Bloom in open waters (Norbal 4) Chlorophyll data are acquired in several marine e c o s y s t e m s , c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y d i f f e r e n t p hy t o p l a n k t o n c o m m u n i t i e s ( i n t e r m s o f taxonomical composition and size structure) in order to asses their influence on bio-optical properties

Scientific reports, 2015

Bursting bubbles at the ocean-surface produce airborne salt-water spray-droplets, in turn, formin... more Bursting bubbles at the ocean-surface produce airborne salt-water spray-droplets, in turn, forming climate-cooling marine haze and cloud layers. The reflectance and ultimate cooling effect of these layers is determined by the spray's water-uptake properties that are modified through entrainment of ocean-surface organic matter (OM) into the airborne droplets. We present new results illustrating a clear dependence of OM mass-fraction enrichment in sea spray (OMss) on both phytoplankton-biomass, determined from Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) and Net Primary Productivity (NPP). The correlation coefficient for OMss as a function of Chl-a increased form 0.67 on a daily timescale to 0.85 on a monthly timescale. An even stronger correlation was found as a function of NPP, increasing to 0.93 on a monthly timescale. We suggest the observed dependence is through the demise of the bloom, driven by nanoscale biological processes (such as viral infections), releasing large quantities of transferable O...

The incoming solar radiation is an important term in the air-sea energy fluxes, above all in the ... more The incoming solar radiation is an important term in the air-sea energy fluxes, above all in the Polar regions where the Sun is present only for a restricted period of the year and has a great influence on the surface radiative balance. The Arctic Ocean is in fact the focus-area of ARTIST (Arctic Radiation and Turbulence Interaction Study), a European

... A method that merges MW daily data with diurnal IR observations is proposed. Finally, we use ... more ... A method that merges MW daily data with diurnal IR observations is proposed. Finally, we use optimal interpolation ... field. As such, this error is a function of data availability. For IR sensors, this is highly dependent on cloud cover extent. Thus ...

CNR-ISAC-GOS is responsible for the Mediterranean Sea satellite operational system in the framewo... more CNR-ISAC-GOS is responsible for the Mediterranean Sea satellite operational system in the framework of MOON Patnership. This Observing System acquires satellite data and produces Near Real Time, Delayed Time and Re-analysis of Ocean Colour and Sea Surface Temperature products covering the Mediterranean and the Black Seas and regional basins. In the framework of several projects (MERSEA, PRIMI, Adricosm Star, SeaDataNet, MyOcean, ECOOP), GOS is producing Climatological/Satellite datasets based on optimal interpolation and specific Regional algorithm for chlorophyll, updated in Near Real Time and in Delayed mode. GOS has built • an informatic infrastructure data repository and delivery based on THREDDS technology The datasets are generated in NETCDF format, compliant with both the CF convention and the international satellite-oceanographic specification, as prescribed by GHRSST (for SST). All data produced, are made available to the users through a THREDDS server catalog. • A LAS has been installed in order to exploit the potential of NETCDF data and the OPENDAP URL. It provides flexible access to geo-referenced scientific data • a Grid Environment based on Globus Technologies (GT4) connecting more than one Institute; in particular exploiting CNR and ESA clusters makes possible to reprocess 12 years of Chlorophyll data in less than one month.(estimated processing time on a single core PC: 9months). In the poster we will give an overview of: • the features of the THREDDS catalogs, pointing out the powerful characteristics of this new middleware that has replaced the "old" OPENDAP Server; • the importance of adopting a common format (as NETCDF) for data exchange; • the tools (e.g. LAS) connected with THREDDS and NETCDF format use. • the Grid infrastructure on ISAC We will present also specific basin-scale High Resolution products and Ultra High Resolution regional/coastal products available on these catalogs.

The spatio-temporal evolution of the dispersion of riverine waters in coastal areas on a regional... more The spatio-temporal evolution of the dispersion of riverine waters in coastal areas on a regional scale was numerically simulated using a marine circulation model and a Lagrangian particle dispersion model. The oceanographic model, developed from the Princeton Ocean Model, was nested in the Mediterranean Forecasting System (Oddo et al., 2009) domain in order to have the boundary conditions (temperature, salinity and currents) in almost every part of the Mediterranean Sea. On a regional scale, it was able to simulate the effects due to the presence of a river considering the outflow as a subgrid process behaving like a buoyant jet flow (Oey, 1996). The model was forced at the surface by high resolution winds and by MODIS SST fields. The currents generated by the oceanographic model were passed to a Lagrangian particles model (Garcıa Lafuente et al., 2007), which was used to simulate the dispersion of a mass of particles proportional to the known daily discharge of the river. Episodes...

1] The objective of this work is to gain new insight on the variability and offshore export of tu... more 1] The objective of this work is to gain new insight on the variability and offshore export of turbid coastal waters in the Adriatic Sea, which are optically classified as Case 2 waters. This is done by means of the 1998-2004 SeaWiFS ocean color products (chlorophyll, Case 2 flags and light attenuation coefficient at 490 nm, k 490 ) and NOAA AVHRR sea surface temperature. The role of wind-driven circulation in the redistribution of the above ocean color features is also analyzed both at seasonal and interannual time scales and in the light of particular wind and current situations occurring in 2003, via scatterometer wind data as well as atmospheric and marine circulation medium and high resolution model output. Results indicate that turbid (Case 2) waters are exported offshore at the Po delta and Ancona headland during the colder months, in concomitance of Bora wind events and when the 2003 daily Po river discharge is above about 500 m 3 s À1 and 1000 m 3 s À1 , respectively. Southeasterly Sirocco events do not to originate extensive offshore transport, but only locally modify the shape of the WAC front. Mistral episodes enhance the WAC flow into the Ionian Sea. Finally, estimates of coastal current width and length from Case 2 flag distribution follow the Po discharge pattern, confirming this forcing to be the main responsible for WAC width seasonal modulation. Experimental WAC widths agree reasonably with theoretical analyses, while underestimation of WAC length suggests the necessity to include the other Italian rivers in the freshwater discharge evaluation.

The channel of Sicily represents the only connection between the western and the east- ern Medite... more The channel of Sicily represents the only connection between the western and the east- ern Mediterranean sea. The channel is often described as a three-layer system, where fresher water of Atlantic origin (MAW) is found in the upper layer, Levantine Interme- diate Water (LIW) occupies the lower one, and below the LIW a layer of Transitional Ionian Deep Water (TIDW) is found. In the Ionian sea LIW q-S characteristics are spread over a wide range of values while inside the channel LIW results much more homogenized. It is then a spontaneous question what is the mechanism of mixing at the eastern sill. Possible intermediate and deep waters mixing processes are thus inves- tigated through the analysis of the hydrographic data collected by R/V Urania during four surveys in 1996, 1997, 1998 and 1999 in the framework of SYMPLEX experi- ment. Both classical T-S characteristics and more innovative methodologies (such as Thorpe length determination) are used.

This work represents the remote sensing contribution to LIWEX (Levantine Interme- diate Water Exp... more This work represents the remote sensing contribution to LIWEX (Levantine Interme- diate Water Experiment). Sea surface Temperature (SST) maps, derived from GAC (Global Area Coverage), AVHRR (Advancd Very Hight resolution Radiometer) data in the framework of the Pathfinder Project and sea level anomalies, derived from Topex/Poseidon altimeter, were used to track the evolution, both in terms of dimension and position, of the cyclonic Rhodes Gure and the Ierapetra anticyclon. Air-sea fluxes over the area were estimated using ECMWF analysis and AVHRR data. The analysis was performed from October 1994 to the end of April 1995, i.e. from the precondi- tioning to the spreading phase of the dense water formation period in the Rhodes Gyre area. SST maps, ECMWF-AVHRR derived heat fluxes have been used as forcings for 1-D numerical model to study the time varibility of the mixed layer in the Rodes Gyre area from the preconditioning phase (Autumn) to the spreading phase (Spring). The model was ...

Two Sea Surface Temperature (SST) time series, the Extended Reconstructed SST (ERSST.V3) and Hadl... more Two Sea Surface Temperature (SST) time series, the Extended Reconstructed SST (ERSST.V3) and Hadley Centre Sea Ice and Sea Surface Temperature dataset (HadISST), are used to investigate SST multi-decadal variability in the Mediterranean Sea. The consistency between these two time series and the original International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set (ICOADS 2.5) over the Mediterranean Sea is investigated, evaluating differences from monthly to multi-decadal scales. From annual to longer time scales, the two time series consistently describe the same trends and multidecadal oscillations and agree with Mediterranean ICOADS SSTs. At monthly time scales the two time series are less consistent with each other, due to the evident annual cycle that characterize their difference. The subsequent analysis of the Mediterranean annual SST time series, based on lagged correlation analysis, Multi Taper Method and Singular Spectral Analysis, revealed the presence of a significant oscillation with a period of about 70 years very close to AMO. An extension of the correlation analysis for other world ocean regions confirmed that this multidecadal signal is an unique characteristics of the Mediterranean and North Atlantic Ocean where it reaches its maximum at sub-polar latitudes. North Atlantic indices and Mediterranean SST are significantly correlated and coherent for periods longer than about 40 years. The results of our analysis are reviewed in the light of the mechanism proposed by Dima and Lohmann (2007) including the role of the Mediterranean Outflow Water in modulating the Atlantic THC and the importance of the Gibraltar strait for the Mediterranean Thermohaline circulation.

In this paper we present the analysis of the spatial and temporal distribution of the Phytoplankt... more In this paper we present the analysis of the spatial and temporal distribution of the Phytoplankton Size Classes in the Mediterranean Sea derived from a SeaWiFS satellite dataset produced using a Mediterranean regional algorithms for case 1, case 2 and transition waters. The results show the open Mediterranean water are mainly dominated by picoplankton all around the year with a maximun during summer and minima in autumn and winter in open sea regions not affected by intense spring blooms. Coastal and intense bloom regions, instead, show the dominance of nano and micro plankton.

A series of three cruises were conducted in the western Mediterranean Sea during springs of 2012,... more A series of three cruises were conducted in the western Mediterranean Sea during springs of 2012, 2013, and 2014. Hydrological and bio-optical data were taken with the broad aim of characterizing the basin phytoplankton distribution. The 2013 cruise was mainly coastal, whereas the other two were more oriented towards the open ocean sampling. Standard CTD casts with associated water sampling were performed in correspondence of all radiometric measurements. HPLC-derived chlorophyll and associated pigments were extracted at discrete depths. This is a preliminary analysis of the data collected during these cruises. Despite the limited size of the basin, the three cruises experienced very different bio-optical conditions.

Il rapporto si articola innanzitutto in una ricognizione dei sistemi osservativi marini esistenti... more Il rapporto si articola innanzitutto in una ricognizione dei sistemi osservativi marini esistenti (alcuni dei quali non inclusi in RITMARE) e delle loro componenti. Si analizzano poi in dettaglio gli avanzamenti conseguiti nel corso dei primi 24 mesi nell'ambito del SottoProgetto 5 e le attività di integrazione condotte che hanno permesso l’instaurarsi di collegamenti e collaborazioni con altri Sottoprogetti. Infine si mettono in evidenza i punti di forza e di debolezza del sistema osservativo integrato RITMARE in divenire.

Oligotrophic waters (PRIMI) Bloom in open waters (Norbal 4) Chlorophyll data are acquired in seve... more Oligotrophic waters (PRIMI) Bloom in open waters (Norbal 4) Chlorophyll data are acquired in several marine e c o s y s t e m s , c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y d i f f e r e n t p hy t o p l a n k t o n c o m m u n i t i e s ( i n t e r m s o f taxonomical composition and size structure) in order to asses their influence on bio-optical properties