Yildiz AUMEERUDDY-THOMAS | Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique / French National Centre for Scientific Research (original) (raw)

Papers by Yildiz AUMEERUDDY-THOMAS

Revue d’ethnoécologie, 2017

Des semis et des clones Domestication de l'amandier (Prunus dulcis) à la frontière entre beldi (i... more Des semis et des clones Domestication de l'amandier (Prunus dulcis) à la frontière entre beldi (ici) et romi (ailleurs), Bni-Boufrah, Rif, Maroc Seedlings and clones: domestication of the almond tree at the frontier between beldi (here), and romi (elsewhere), Bni-Boufrah, Rif, Morocco Malou Delplancke et Yildiz Aumeeruddy-Thomas Des semis et des clones

Routledge eBooks, Apr 1, 2022

N° 7 (2017) / Issue 7 (2017), 2017

De l’abeille solitaire à l’abeille sociale. Inventivité des enfants et apprentissage de l’apicult... more De l’abeille solitaire à l’abeille sociale. Inventivité des enfants et apprentissage de l’apiculture (sud-ouest du Maroc). À partir de plusieurs exemples ethnographiques du sud-ouest marocain, le propos de cet article est de restituer la part de l’enfant dans son apprentissage de l’apiculture, notamment lors de l’étape de l’essaimage et dans la relation aux abeilles solitaires. Ceci permet de mieux comprendre comment la vocation d’apiculteur émerge d’une transmission culturelle qui s’appuie en grande partie sur l’expérience autonome et ingénieuse des enfants avec la biodiversité qui les entoure. Pour suivre le processus de transmission et d’apprentissage des savoirs apicoles, cet article propose d’analyser le contexte culturel de sensibilisation de l’enfant à l’abeille dès le plus jeune âge et d’identifier les lieux de l’apprentissage en fonction des différentes expériences avec l’abeille et des tâches apicoles. Enfin et surtout, nous chercherons à confronter cette sensibilisation p...

Regional Environmental Change, 2017

This paper analyzes sociohistorical and biological factors that shape olive-oleaster agroecosyste... more This paper analyzes sociohistorical and biological factors that shape olive-oleaster agroecosystems (hereafter OOAs), in northern Morocco and their continuing roles in olive domestication, diversification and food security. Forests are cleared and oleasters (wild olive trees) are preserved by farmers for their valuable oil and for use as rootstocks to graft olive. This practice is among those that have shaped olive domestication in the Mediterranean region. It contributes to the creation of forest-based olive agroecosystems and favors olive intraspecific diversity that is highly adapted to heterogeneous mountain environments. Productions contribute to food security, short trade circuits, land tenure and cultural identity. Ethnobiological studies show a continuity of classification, naming and uses between selected oleaster types and olive varieties suggesting an ongoing domestication process. This is supported by genetic analyses which show a higher concentration of genotypes selected from seedlings that propagate through sexual propagation in OOAs as compared to areas where management of oleasters for oil and as rootstocks is absent. Photointerpretation of aerial images corroborated with field-based observations, show the impacts of exogenous projects since the French and Spanish Protectorate periods to contemporary projects of the state policy ''Plan Maroc Vert.'' We discuss the importance of OOAs for the preservation of on-farm genetic resources, food security and as models for future agroecosystems within the context of climate change. Keywords Olea europaea L Á Wild and domesticated olive Á Grafting Á On-farm practices Á Genetic diversity Á Environmental change Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (

Introduction Argan agrosylvopastoral territories in Morocco illustrate the intertwined issues rel... more Introduction Argan agrosylvopastoral territories in Morocco illustrate the intertwined issues related to climate change and food security in southern Mediterranean semi-arid rural areas. The argan tree (Argania spinosa L. Sapotaceae) acts as a shield against desertification and represents the most important southernmost tree formations in Morocco. Its resources have been a pillar of food security in this region at least since medieval times (Ruas et al. 2016). Argan oil is not only a staple f..

The Mediterranean region under climate change

La loi du 1 er juillet 1992 (code de la propriété intellectuelle, première partie) n'autorisant, ... more La loi du 1 er juillet 1992 (code de la propriété intellectuelle, première partie) n'autorisant, aux termes des alinéas 2 et 3 de l'article L. 122-5, d'une part, que les « copies ou reproductions strictement réservées à l'usage du copiste et non destinées à une utilisation collective » et, d'autre part, que les analyses et les courtes citations dans le but d'exemple ou d'illustration, « toute représentation ou reproduction intégrale ou partielle faite sans le consentement de l'auteur ou de ses ayants droit ou ayants cause, est illicite » (alinéa 1 er de l'article L. 122-4). Cette représentation ou reproduction, par quelque procédé que ce soit, constituerait donc une contrefaçon passible des peines prévues au titre III de la loi précitée.

Background Geography and culture Dolpo is a cultural area in Nepal inhabited by the Dolpo•pa 4 (J... more Background Geography and culture Dolpo is a cultural area in Nepal inhabited by the Dolpo•pa 4 (Jest 1975, Snellgrove 1992) in what is today the administrative district of Dolpa, bordering the Tibet Autonomous Region to the north, Mustang District to the east, and Jumla and Mugu Districts to the west. Part of Dolpo has been incorporated into Shey Phoksundo National Park, established in 1984 to conserve a unique trans-Himalayan ecology and biodiversity. The largest national park in Nepal, Shey Phoksundo (SPNP) covers an area of 3,555 sq.km, with a buffer zone covering a further 1,329 sq.km. The park is inhabited by about 3,000 people; some 10,000 people live in the peripheral buffer zone area. Dolpo has a strong Tibetan cultural influence, with most of its inhabitants, especially in the northern part, tracing their lineages to Tibet (Jest 1975, Snellgrove 1992, Lama et al. 2001). Upper Dolpo is culturally Tibetan, with Bonp05 and Buddhist followers. Lower Dolpo, located to the south of Phoksundo Lake, has villages that are culturally Bonpo Tibetan, such as Pungmo and Rigmo, and in the southwest villages that are a mix of Bonpo and Hindu, including Kaigaon, Hurikot, Pahada, and Tripurakot. The Kanjiroba range, which culminates at 6883m, crosses the park transversely above Lake Phoksundo, the second largest and the deepest lake in Nepal, separating the area into southern and northern portions. The southern part, lower Dolpo, is predominantly covered with temperate, sub-alpine, and alpine vegetation and has an annual precipitation of about 1,500 mm. The northern part is in the rain shadow of the Kanjiroba and Dhaulagiri ranges, and thus is a treeless, trans•Himalayan, arid. area with an annual precipitation of less than 500 mm. Changes in Dolpo lifestyle: external factors The political upheaval in the Tibetan Plateau, and the subsequent closure of the Tibetan border in 1959, have had major effects upon the local economy and livelihoods of all the northern border districts of Nepal, including Dolpa, where the Dolpo•pa had traditional rights to graze their cattle on.the Tibetan plateau (Rai and

Revue d'Ethnoécologie, 2017

The preparation of flours and breads from cereals is a key activity in the Mediterranean region, ... more The preparation of flours and breads from cereals is a key activity in the Mediterranean region, the area fo origin of the domestication of wheat, barley, small spelled, rye and oats. Cereals have been used in the form of semolina, pasta, flour, leavened and unleavened breads, since ancient times. Our cross-disciplinary ethnobotanical and linguistic approach focuses on discourses and terms that seek to better understand the uses of different forms of speech and to convey what the social groups under study attribute to prepared foods and to the nature of the plants that make them up. These ethnobotanical and linguistic studies in the Rif open the way to better understanding this knowledge, through the expression of language and the nature of exchanges between communities speaking different dialects. The Rif is an ideal situation for both linguists and ethnobotanists to study exchange situations, language contacts and food techniques, on the borders between Arabic-speaking and Berber-...

Rural forests are forests that are more or less formally appropriated, managed, shaped or rebuilt... more Rural forests are forests that are more or less formally appropriated, managed, shaped or rebuilt by rural communities, who have developed refined local knowledge and practices related to their use and perpetuation. Based on detailed monographs, we compared eleven situations of rural forests both from developing and developed countries, localized within a high diversity of ecological environments (humid tropics, dry forests, temperate forests) as well as regarding socio-economical and public policies characteristics. Data were pooled within a common analysis chart and processed by means of multivariate analyses. Results show that some variables are characteristic of all rural forests, such as multiple-use, tree species diversity, ecosystem stability, or patrimonial functions. Other results point out some specificities of particular rural forests, depending on the main use of single out of several tree species, importance of NTFPs, land ownership and management, and the magnitude of ...

Revue d'ethnoécologie, 2017

In this article, we are centrally interested in the products of the olive tree and oleaster in No... more In this article, we are centrally interested in the products of the olive tree and oleaster in Northern Morocco and in the technical conditions used to obtain table olives and several types of oils, and in what these products represent for the inhabitants. We aim to understand if the Rif offers any peculiarity. We suggest that these techniques, knowledge and expertise on oils have influenced pre-domesticatory and breeding processes in Northern Morocco. We will also discuss the exchanges within the Arabic-speaking groups of the Rif on this subject, and especially between Ain Mediouna who are Jbala Arabic speakers and their neighbors, groups speaking a Bedouin Arabic dialect, the Ḥyayna with whom they exchange regularly. The joint ethnobotanic and linguistic joint approach, through the analysis of certain terms such as məslāl used to describe a type of wild olive oil, zit əl bərri məslāl, shows a binary classification of varieties of oils, which could have led to the selection of varieties of the same name spreading mostly in the North of Morocco. A remarkable diversity of types of oils bear different local names: zīt t-tǝṛyāq, ɛǝlwāna, zīt šāmiyya, zīt d-əl-bərri məslāl, zīt əl-bərri rqīq, zīt d-əl-ma, zīt ɛarūsa, etc. They correspond to extraction processes ranging from the oldest millstones and mills dating from the Neolithic, to the most modern. This diversity suggests that farmers in Northern Morocco have old and significant types of knowledge and know-hows about olive trees and the oleaster, including the mastering of the oleaster grafting techniques. This knowledge, threatened by the industrialization of the oil production in Morocco, are however of heritage value –both culturally and economically- and invaluable for local food security, and the maintenance of the varietal diversification process, a highly topical subject for sustainable development.

Abstract This paper analyzes sociohistorical and biological factors that shape olive–oleaster agr... more Abstract This paper analyzes sociohistorical and biological
factors that shape olive–oleaster agroecosystems
(hereafter OOAs), in northern Morocco and their continuing
roles in olive domestication, diversification and food
security. Forests are cleared and oleasters (wild olive trees)
are preserved by farmers for their valuable oil and for use
as rootstocks to graft olive. This practice is among those
that have shaped olive domestication in the Mediterranean
region. It contributes to the creation of forest-based olive
agroecosystems and favors olive intraspecific diversity that
is highly adapted to heterogeneous mountain environments.
Productions contribute to food security, short trade circuits,
land tenure and cultural identity. Ethnobiological studies
show a continuity of classification, naming and uses
between selected oleaster types and olive varieties suggesting
an ongoing domestication process. This is
supported by genetic analyses which show a higher concentration
of genotypes selected from seedlings that propagate
through sexual propagation in OOAs as compared to
areas where management of oleasters for oil and as rootstocks
is absent. Photointerpretation of aerial images corroborated
with field-based observations, show the impacts
of exogenous projects since the French and Spanish Protectorate
periods to contemporary projects of the state
policy ‘‘Plan Maroc Vert.’’ We discuss the importance of
OOAs for the preservation of on-farm genetic resources,
food security and as models for future agroecosystems
within the context of climate change.

Rural forests are characterized by different levels of formal and nonformal appropriation by rura... more Rural forests are characterized by different levels of formal and nonformal appropriation by rural communities who have generally managed, shaped, or rebuilt these forest formations over many generations with refined local knowledge and practices related to their use and perpetuation. Rural forests are therefore social-ecological systems that contribute to ecosystem and landscapes configuration, definition of rural territories, and sustainability of local livelihoods. Although some studies have attempted to explain their specificities, in specific geographical and social contexts, their characteristics are not well defined as they encompass highly diversified situations. This lack of comprehension of the identity of rural forests is at the heart of the lack of dialogue between forestry policies and rural forest development. Our major aim is to identify universal characteristics of rural forests as well as specificities that can differentiate them. Eleven situations of rural forests were analyzed by means of detailed, harmonized monographs, from developing and developed countries, and localized within contrasting ecological environments (humid tropics, dry forests, temperate forests) and socioeconomic and public policies contexts. Qualitative data were obtained through a common analytical framework and were encoded with an approach based on the collective appreciation of the group of researchers who developed case studies. These were pooled within a common analysis chart and were processed by means of multivariate analyses. Results were further discussed taking into consideration four major characteristics that emerged from this analysis, and which form the identity of rural forests. These are: 1) specific forest structures and levels of integration in agricultural matrices which are linked historically to overall agroecosystem approaches and practices, 2) a multiscale approach to domestication practices from landscape to individual trees inscribed in continuities between " nature " and " culture " , natural processes and human techniques of control and transformation, 3) multiple uses of plant species which vary in relation to the commercial or noncommercial status of their products and a reversible nature of these use patterns accordingly, 4) the imbricate nature of rules of access and control between state and customary levels, and between individual and collective levels, requiring specific formal and informal arrangements. Typologies of rural forests can be drawn along each of these major characteristics and provide a reliable system to analyze and understand the functioning of rural forests. Forestry approaches in rural contexts, hence, need to consider variations along these major lines that form the identity cards of rural forests.

Latitudes 23 » est une collection généraliste, pluridisciplinaire. Elle vise à publier des synthè... more Latitudes 23 » est une collection généraliste, pluridisciplinaire. Elle vise à publier des synthèses thématiques ou géographiques privilégiant les systèmes complexes, croisant différents regards, et à faire le point sur une question à une large échelle de temps et d'espace. Les thématiques privilégiées sont : relations hommes-milieu, gestion des ressources naturelles, environnement-développement. Toutes les disciplines sont concernées, avec une priorité accordée aux approches associant les sciences de la nature et de la société.