Reynaldo Inocian | Cebu Normal University (original) (raw)

Papers by Reynaldo Inocian

Culture & Psycology, 2023

The study unveiled the art and craft of raffia weaving and its economic significance. It seeks to... more The study unveiled the art and craft of raffia weaving and its economic significance. It seeks to answer the following objectives: visualize the production process of buri strips and the tools used; document the steps of raffia weaving; analyze the aesthetics of raffia designs; determine the weavers' status and income; and develop a theory and an instructional model. This qualitative study utilized ethnographic and grounded theory designs. Complete documentation of the intricacies of raffia weaving was conducted. Verbatim accounts from audio-video transcripts were sorted, coded, and analyzed. Reliance on the art and craft of raffia weaving is dependent on the environment's buri resources. Raffia's art and craft of weaving reflect perseverance in times of adversity, adaptation to change, and dedication to one's craft. Through enculturation and government assistance, aspiring weavers improve their craft and get sustainable income. The development of the Quadrant Theory of Cultural Dynamism (QTCD) and the Contextualized Raffia Instructional Model (CRIM) serve as outcomes that may prepare academics to use the dialectical approach to instruction. QTCD is one of the holistic approaches to cultural globalization, asserting to bring out peripheral culture in the mainstream. Using CRIM as an instructional process, teachers and learners engage in 21st-century learning competencies that promote national cultural identity and pride.

Cogent Education, 2023

Identifying gaps and overlaps in the Introduction of Philosophy of the Human Person (IPHP) curric... more Identifying gaps and overlaps in the Introduction of Philosophy of the Human Person (IPHP) curriculum in the Philippines is a great concern that makes it relevant. This ascertains its scopes based on sufficiency in terms of themes, goals, and aims; principles and criteria used for content selection; and proposing a COVID-19 Model for future revision. Using content analysis, it utilized predetermined codes

Cogent Education, 2023

Asia Pacific Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 2016

The study intended to divulge the Señor Santo Niño devotees’ lived experiences in a fluvial parad... more The study intended to divulge the Señor Santo Niño devotees’ lived experiences in a fluvial parade as a component of the celebration of Cebu City’s Sinulog Festival. This utilized a phenomenological studies design of the respondents’ narratives on their lived experiences in the Sinulog Fluvial Parade. A bracketing process was adapted to separate the researcher’s perspective from the respondents’ lived experiences. Fluvial Parade espoused a significant celebration in the lives of the many devotees of Señor Santo Niño. Emotional bliss and peace of mind are evident in their faces as they welcomed Señor Santo Niño in his coming through his short voyage. They come to witness this event as a means of taking part in the celebration, expressing their gratitude to all the blessings, good health and many opportunities they have received, self-commitment and strong devotion to the child Jesus Christ. Fluvial parade showcased the Cebuano faith and tradition i.e. uniquely animistic and ritualist...

Magister Journal of Educational Research, 2022

The Philippines is a high-risk zone for dengue cases in Asia. Responding to this context is the u... more The Philippines is a high-risk zone for dengue cases in Asia. Responding to this context is the use of mosquito repellents produced by insecticide industries. Coiled mosquito repellent called katol has become one of the remedies among Filipinos that has been part of their way of life as a people. An existing gap was found in the cultural aspect of katol. Redefining katol relative to its connection in academia requires analysis of its economic and cultural relevance, identifying usage issues, and designing a culture-based teaching model based on its manufacturing procedures. A grounded theory and Heideggerian interpretive phenomenology designs were employed in the study. Factory visits, observations of the factory demonstration, and interviews with the research participants were conducted. The economic significance of katol in the informal sector is seen among the resilient workers who worked in the factory to earn a living and convenient stores that sold the coiled katol to middle-income Filipinos who wanted to protect their children from mosquito bites because of its affordable price. The use of katol is culturally significant. The belief that Katol provides health protection for the family, the number of years of utilization of this repellent, and its practice of ignition, i.e., safe from fire accidents, prove the cultural significance of katol. These economic and cultural findings in the study of katol outweigh the dispute that it is unsafe for the health conditions of individuals if endemic botanical compounds and solutions are used. With the cultural orientation in the manufacturing process as a reference, a katol culture-based teaching model is designed to remind the next generation of learners regarding its sociocultural orientation.

Magister Journal of Educational Research, 2022

The culture of fishing is one of the many facets that provide sustainable foods on the tableunvei... more The culture of fishing is one of the many facets that provide sustainable foods on the tableunveiling it on the island of Bantayan and describing it in terms of the fishermen's narratives on their beliefs, rituals and practices, challenges, success stories, and fishing experiences. These descriptions serve as the basis for the creation of a culture-based constructivist model of teaching. This study utilized a single-case study design on the fishing culture of the island. Unstructured interview questions were used among the selected key informants. Their verbatim accounts were treated using thematic analysis. The use of modern fishing equipment challenged the traditional fishing beliefs and rituals of the fishermen in Bantayan. Still, the use of bobo traps remained essential in the fishermen's life on the island. Overcoming challenges and the use of interventions were barometers to success in fishing. Fishing does not only benefit the fishermen's daily needs, but it provides a significant benefit to the education of their children. The century's practice of "Bobo" in fishing encapsulates a fertile ground for innovation to create a culture-based constructivist teaching model. This model increases the cultural awareness of educators to use culture as a tool in contextualizing the teaching and learning process. The need for further orientation and study on the efficacy of this model is recommended.

Journal of Research, Policy & Practice of Teachers & Teacher Education, 2022

The study explored the effectiveness of Design Thinking as a virtual method of teaching World His... more The study explored the effectiveness of Design Thinking as a virtual method of teaching World History in developing the 21 st century skills of critical thinking, communication, collaboration, and creativity. The study employed a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest two-group design among 40 students from San Jose National High School, Division of Bohol, which compares the changes that occur within the experimental and control group by measuring the variable at two time periods. The experimental group had undergone the Design Thinking process of empathizing, defining, ideating, prototyping, testing, and implementing; while the control group was taught using Lecture Discussion. Results confirmed that the implementation of Design Thinking in teaching yielded a significant effect to critical thinking, collaboration, communication and creativity among the respondents. Notwithstanding the fact that the experiment affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, the slow internet connection in the municipality, and the absence of a face-to-face interaction, it showed a significant difference in the test scores of the experimental group before and after the intervention was utilized in the 4Cs for the 21st century. A contextualized DT was crafted to serve as a guide to educators as regards to its proper use that fits the actual virtual teaching scenarios of a regular classroom in the Philippines.

Asian Journal of Governance and Education, 2019

This study endeavoured to understand the Cebuano leaders' expression of anger and how it led to c... more This study endeavoured to understand the Cebuano leaders' expression of anger and how it led to collective action. Specifically, this study (1) examined key informants/stories and experiences of anger expression, (2) analyzed their expressed anger within the bounds of their immediate environment; (3) assessed the perceived outcomes of their anger, and (4) investigated the impact of their anger towards collective behavior. This study employed the qualitative approach with nine key informants using cognitive task analysis method. In anger expression; different factors such as professionalism, social media awareness and age gap, the rationale explained the story in more specific detail, a collective reaction and expression of anger, and advantages and disadvantages of anger expressions were dissected and analyzed. The Cebuano leaders' expression of anger to collective action mirrored a context of that expressions of anger brought by different factors resolved conflicts [either individual or group] affected the leaders' precursor towards collective action. As part of human nature, anger affected the social environment. Though, anger brought back the balance by its occurrence, its constructive side achieved its desired ends. However, the destructiveness of anger resulted in various forms of conflicts brought by chaos. It remained a puzzle of a two-sided notion of the "good" and the "bad" reality of anger.

Journal of Research, Policy & Practice of Teachers & Teacher Education , 2021

Recognizing the cultural and economic attributes of puso is an essential part of Cebuano street f... more Recognizing the cultural and economic attributes of puso is an essential part of Cebuano street food culture and industry that serves as the basis for a contextualized framework of puso teaching model. The study used a grounded theory design with interviews among 18 key research participants. The attributes of puso mirror a social identity in Cebu's street food industry and culture. Its orientation as a ritual object has shifted to a pragmatic orientation reflecting Cebu city's fast paced-life. Its new identification creates a changing perspective; its characteristics remain integral to the Cebuano cultural identity; its rapid changes serve as one of the bases for local government units to regulate the industry's management operations; and serve as a framework in the creation and dissemination of a contextualized teaching framework known as the Contextualized PUSO Teaching Model (CPTM). This innovative and culturebased teaching model addresses all teachers in academia to develop a sufficient grounding of cultural orientation and traditions that may warrant best learning opportunities.

Psychology and Education Journal, 2021

The study ascertained the values of saving and spending in the Social Studies K to 12 Curricula a... more The study ascertained the values of saving and spending in the Social Studies K to 12 Curricula across grade levels in the Philippines that will serve as basis for a contextualized COVID-19 Teaching Model. It sought to: (1) evaluate the thematic integration of production, distribution, and consumption in the curriculum guides (CGs); (2) describe the integration of the value of saving and spending in the CGs and how potential it is to promote financial literacy; (3) design an innovative framework that facilitates the efficient integration of financial literacy in a contextualized COVID-19 Teaching Model. The study used a quantitative method using descriptive design. With the use of the K to 12 Curriculum Guide (Grades 1 to 12 Social Studies) from DepEd, documentary content analysis was employed in order to see the ambiguities in the curriculum, especially on the integration of financial literacy as primary lenses in the study. The thematic integration of production, distribution, and consumption in the K to 12 social studies curricula is a part of a seamless design in a spiral progression model. However, its integration is insufficient, making the values of saving and spending remain inadequate. To promote financial literacy among social studies students across the curriculum, the use of the COVID-19 Model of Teaching despite COVID-19 pandemic contextualizes a creative method on this finding. Hence, the Innovative Framework to Promote Financial Literacy (IFPFL), a policy brief, will be adopted during the future revision of the K to 12 curricula with government support to be participated with other curriculum stakeholders.

Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2018

This chapter revisited the writer's personal and profession life experiences with 25 years of his... more This chapter revisited the writer's personal and profession life experiences with 25 years of his teaching career. It utilized auto-ethnography document his personal and professional life experiences and achievements using the self-efficacy framework of Albert Bandura's theory. The results highlight the writer' life epiphanies as basis for survival in the career of teaching. The chapter has practical implication to the life of a teacher to become more resilient in his or her job. This will also serve as a basis for other novice teachers to lean on and learn the intricacies of self-efficacy in the profession.

Journal of Research, Policy & Practice of Teachers & Teacher Education (ISSN 2232-0458/ e-ISSN 2550-1771) , 2020

The study analyzed the effectiveness of Contextualized Differentiated Instruction (CDI) in the te... more The study analyzed the effectiveness of Contextualized Differentiated Instruction (CDI) in the teaching of Contemporary Issues, a Social Studies subject in Grade 10 with these of objectives by: (1) Determining its pre-post-test results; (2) Testing its significant mean difference; (3) Analyzing its learning competencies and identifying appropriate strategies; and (4) Formulating an enhanced CDI Model of Contextualized Teaching and Learning (CTL). A one group quasi-experimental design, using pretest-and-posttest, determined the respondents' performance on Contemporary Issues. A significant difference in the pre-posttest demonstrated an increase of proficiency manifested by an increase in the mean scores and enhanced qualitative equivalents. An above proficiency level revealed in the posttest was attributed by the engagement of the respondents in the learning process using contextual differentiated learning activities. Matching the learning competencies with the three learning domains of Gardner's multiple intelligences resulted in a substantial utilization of the interactive and prospective teaching strategies, except on the analytic teaching strategies that were found inadequate. Hence, the creation of the COVID-19 Model may juxtapose the essence of an enhanced CDI Model of CTL. The findings have social and practical value to support differentiation of instruction in the 21 st century education.

The International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Invention , 2020

The study demystified the places in Cebu named after an endemic flora.To answer the main problem,... more The study demystified the places in Cebu named after an endemic flora.To answer the main problem, the following objectives were raised: (1) determine the clusters of flora used in the naming of places in Cebu, (2) identify the reasons why the barangays, towns, and cities are named after a specific flora; (3) describe the local stories of the communities as regards to the naming of places, (4) ascertain the local government intervention to promote the identity awareness of their places, and (5) design indigenized teaching models for instruction.This qualitative study used a hermeneutics analysis design, which focuses on interpreting the data gathered from the various key informants. The interview guide was used. Responses were transcribed, clustered, and analyzed.Places in Cebu named after endemic flora contained valuable insights regarding time and place in the past; it served an emblem of identity. The abundance of a certain species in the environment, language variation, miscommunication, colonization and the similarity of thecolonizers' place of origin were the factors in the naming of places. Government action and implementation are great advantages in the preservation of place-names. A vibrant way to preserve it in the classroom setting is contextualizing these endemic floras through indigenized NBC teaching models:Narra, Balili, and Cogon created a unique repertoire of teaching and its stories ignited students' interest in learning and nuanced familiarity in the preservation of the community's identity and pride of place.

Journal of Research, Policy & Practice of Teachers & Teacher Education , 2020

This study described the Cebuano cultural identities and prospects in search of a culture-based i... more This study described the Cebuano cultural identities and prospects in search of a culture-based instruction model. This sought to find out the linguistic varieties of the Cebuano speakers; contrast the differences and similarities in the inasal making process; and identify the variations in the celebrations of festivals in Cebu. This study utilized a case study design with 15 research participants from the three selected cluster locations. These Cebuano cultural identities vary according to geographic location and other socio-historical factors. Clipping and borrowing of words and expressions, from adjacent islands and roots of the colonial past, are indicative of these factors of language variations. The practices of inasal making are based on inherited traditions of the place such as variations on the use of logistics and needed ingredients to embellish the entire corpus of a sanitized butchered pig before its roasting. Towns and cities celebrate festivals in thanksgiving of their patron saint-a symbolism of their religious and cultural traditions. These varied cultural orientations support the argument to establish a cultural grounding on instructional initiatives in the Asian context. The findings juxtapose the exploration of Inasal Teaching Model (ITM) as a localized and a contextualized teaching model that serves as a nexus in various phases of instruction, for quality teaching in the field of culture-based education.

Journal of Research, Policy & Practice & Teacher Education, 2019

Exploring the indigenous Cebuano cultural practices contextualizes a culture-based Cooperative Le... more Exploring the indigenous Cebuano cultural practices contextualizes a culture-based Cooperative Learning (CL) strategy. The study explored the socio-cultural background of Cebuano cooperation as reflected in the communal practices of the tagay, alayon, yayong, tambayayong, and unong (TAYTU); the process of localized cooperative learning strategies contextualized in the TAYTU; designing lesson exemplars in the TAYTU way. This qualitative study used a directive content analysis design using relevant research findings and initial codes that serve as bases of future projections, as a form of trend studies in CL strategies. The exploratory design was used to provide visualization of TAYTU exemplars. FGDs were conducted among the 60 research participants: alayon farmers (20), tambayayong fishermen (20) and male-drinkers (20), using enumeration sampling and inclusion criteria to establish the socio-cultural background of the study. The indigenous identities of the Cebuano cultural practices bridge a potential exploration of the localized and contextualized CL strategies in realizing the noble aim of malasakit in the Philippines' AmBisyon Natin 2040. Catharsis in tagay; togetherness and unity of command in alayon; sensibility and sensitivity in yayong; sharing of extreme emotions in tambayayong; and intimacy and solidarity in unong featured a socio-cultural background necessitated in the crafting of the TAYTU Models of CL Teaching exemplars.

Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development, 2019

Purpose-The purpose of this paper is to unveil the intricacies of bakat art of weaving; its origi... more Purpose-The purpose of this paper is to unveil the intricacies of bakat art of weaving; its origin; processes; uses; primary materials and principles used; the profile of the weavers; and its economic significations in the system of production and trade. Design/methodology/approach-The study used a descriptive-qualitative design with 35 key informants using narrative analysis. The unstructured questions listed in the interview guide were used during the interview. Responses were recorded using an audio-video recorder. Coding sheets were used in the actual transcription of data. Findings-The results showed dependency on the bakat art of weaving with the available resources found in the environment. Its economic significations showed a sustainable impact on the weavers' life. The bakat art of weaving represented the values of resiliency to hardships, adaptability to changes, passion to craftsmanship, sense of community and family centeredness. Aspiring craftsmen and artists may enhance continuously their craftsmanship for sustainable development with government support through the creation of the School of Living Traditions. Research limitations/implications-The study was limited to bakat art of weaving based on the responses of the key informants that were subjected to a point of saturation without sacrificing robustness, brevity, credibility and dependability. Practical implications-Though the economic side of bakat art of weaving is sustainable within the village, it can create a powerful branding for cultural recognition that would transform the town of Barili into a creative weaving hub in Cebu. This creates the balance of the historical significance of bakat art of weaving and the tourism sector in promoting sustainable development. Social implications-Bakat art rekindled the spirit of consciousness among the majority of the Cebuano public for preservation and promotion. Originality/value-The study is original because this has not been published.

International Journal of Education and Practice, 2019

The current study identified the problems met by such teachers who teach across their specializat... more The current study identified the problems met by such teachers who teach across their specialization in the teaching of social studies. These Out-of-field social studies teachers encounter several issues in the preparation and administration of their lessons. This study first identified this specialization-workload mismatch and investigated what coping mechanisms can be introduced for the survival of these teachers in and out-of-field-teaching environment. The study employed a qualitative phenomenological research methodology and conducted an in-depth interview using open-ended questions, in order to generate the eidetic insights of the issues. Ethical considerations were administered to protect the confidentiality of the research participants. The data collected were translated and analyzed, resulting in the unveiling of themes and concepts from the narratives of the research participants. In the light of these findings, a Heideggerian interpretive analysis catapulted the creation of a Culture-based BAYLE Teaching Model (BTM) for that could be a solution to the out-of-field teaching individuals. The study recommends the introduction of BTM in all schools facing out-of-field issues. Contribution/Originality: This study contributes a pioneering mechanism in responding to the problem of out-of-field social studies teaching in the workplace using Heidggerian interpretivism. This study recommends crafting of a culture-based model of innovative instructional delivery known as the Bayle Teaching Model-a legacy of the Philippines to cultural global education.

APJMR, 2019

Abstract – Cemeteries are built to serve as the homes for the dead. In the Philippines, these cem... more Abstract – Cemeteries are built to serve as the homes for the dead. In the Philippines, these cemeteries are also home to the living. This research aspires to explore the social well-being of the families residing in the cemeteries as it aims to spread the awareness of the status of these families to the government and to the entire citizen in the country while it expands the knowledge related to this topic for future research. This study utilized a qualitative research design where researchers interviewed six residents from three public cemeteries. The responses were transcribed and analyzed through coding and thematic analysis. The series of questions were derived from the themes of the theory used for this study’s framework. As a result of completing the procedure, the researchers learned that the prevailing reasons of their domicile are due to livelihood plausibility, geographical and generational displacement. The lives of the respondents in the cemetery can be described as those faced with challenges. These include sustaining livelihood, ensuring security and safety and building socio-political significance. This research implies that the families are socially well according to Keyes’ social well-being theory in general as they were able to function and contribute in the society. This study increases understanding of an unconventional lifestyle in the cemeteries and could be a basis for future research similar to this topic.
Keywords – Filipino families, Keyes’ Social Well-being Theory, living in cemeteries, well-being

International Journal of Advanced Research, 2019

This study described the images and shadows of patriarchy through the voices of women, how they w... more This study described the images and shadows of patriarchy through the voices of women, how they were portrayed, and treated in the patriarchal society. A qualitative descriptive design was used. Interviews were conducted to generate data. These data were analyzed using descriptive thematic analysis. The key informants to this study were married women with children living in one family. These women dutifully did their responsibilities as wives and mothers, depicting the typical Cebuano household. Under the patriarchal society, their voices are limited: managing the family is their strength; emotional attachment to the family is their weakness; expanding their social reproductive roles is their opportunities; and domestic–related issues such as infirmed and/or loss of family members and child expectancy pressure plus the eventual child–rearing are their threats. The Cebuano women in the rural areas are dominantly traditional since they still ascribe to motherhood as part of their gender identity. Their images and shadows are reflections of a systemic culture of partriarchy.

International Journal of Advanced Research, 2019

This study unveiled the images and worldviews of the Sugbuanon countrywomen and their expectation... more This study unveiled the images and worldviews of the Sugbuanon countrywomen and their expectations for a gender sensitive society by describing their images; their global perspectives; their expectations for a gender sensitive society; their success stories; and developing a gender sensitized teaching model that can be used in the instructional process. A descriptive qualitative method was used with Focus Group Discussions (FGD’s). The data were recorded and transcribed, and were analyzed using narrative and thematic analyses. Bracketing was used to separate personal biases on key informants’ narratives. Ethics protocol was observed to protect the confidentiality and anonymity of the key informants. The countrywomen’s images, worldviews, expectations and success stories confirmed the convention of the society’s social approval and norms. Twelve themes from key informants’ narratives hinged Sandra Bem’s Gender-typing Theory. The LABADA teaching model was crafted as a reminder of the cultural role of women in the society. Women in the 21st century started to transcend to a more gender sensitized society, with respect to the equality of rights and equitability of resources.

Culture & Psycology, 2023

Cogent Education, 2023

Asia Pacific Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 2016

Magister Journal of Educational Research, 2022

Journal of Research, Policy & Practice of Teachers & Teacher Education, 2022

Asian Journal of Governance and Education, 2019

Journal of Research, Policy & Practice of Teachers & Teacher Education , 2021

Psychology and Education Journal, 2021

Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2018

Journal of Research, Policy & Practice of Teachers & Teacher Education (ISSN 2232-0458/ e-ISSN 2550-1771) , 2020

The International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Invention , 2020

Journal of Research, Policy & Practice of Teachers & Teacher Education , 2020

Journal of Research, Policy & Practice & Teacher Education, 2019

Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development, 2019

International Journal of Education and Practice, 2019

APJMR, 2019

International Journal of Advanced Research, 2019

This study painted a leadership portrait of a Dominant Eagle's life and how she climbed up her ac... more This study painted a leadership portrait of a Dominant Eagle's life and how she climbed up her academic ladder of success as an exemplary public servant, as a Public Schools District Supervisor, in one of the districts in Cebu. This study aimed to: establish a portrait of her leadership aspects on how she climbed up the academic ladder; describe her routine in managing the public schools of Municipality X, deduce her qualities in dealing with challenges in the supervision of her subordinates, and feature her pleasant vision for educational leadership. Through a biographical research design, the Dominant Eagle was chosen for this study because she was a recipient of an award for Outstanding Public School District Supervisor for School Year 2016-2017 for the first time in the Department of Education for Cebu province, District C, and her tenure in Educational Leadership. Interview guides were utilized in gathering her biographic information about her leadership. Her educational laurels and triumph destined her to have a successful academic career in enhancing passion to serve the public and love of God. With the help of TRIPOD (Transparency, Recognition, Integrity, Problem Solving, Organization, and Delegation), she was able to execute her different roles effectively and efficiently. She abided the rules and regulations in accordance with the Teachers' Code of Ethics and the observance of the standards for the Code of Conduct for Government Officials in enhancing the morale of her people. Her pleasant vision for the different schools of her town is to make school administrators champion in executing quality education, in the light of harmonious relationship with others.

Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2018

This chapter analyzed the framework of the Understanding by Design (UbD) in the assessment of lea... more This chapter analyzed the framework of the Understanding by Design (UbD) in the assessment of learning outcomes. Through the use of an exploratory design of research, sample test items from different levels of cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains of learning are exemplified in both traditional and alternative forms of assessment. The use of psychological theories serve as bases in the creation of assessment tools in the intended learning outcomes. This chapter is useful for novice teachers and practitioners in crafting better assessment tools for effective learning.

Cambridge Scholar's Publishing, 2018

Sustainable Organizations - Models, Applications, and New Perspectives, 2020

This paper explores a culturally-responsive model and theory for sustainable development in educa... more This paper explores a culturally-responsive model and theory for sustainable development in education that intertwines a seamless juxtaposition of cultural knowledge, mastery, reflections and understanding, and innovations in the Cebuano context. A multiple case analysis of selected quintains of Cebuano culture in literature reviews, and past travel observations and experiences were used as the methodology of the study. Results revealed that studies on cultural knowledge reflected a Cebuano identity of indigenous worldviews and reverence to nature. Cultural knowledge served as a basis for cultural mastery in the formulation and implementation of government policies as exemplified in the Bayanihan to Heal Act, the creation of the Inter-Agency Task Force, and other decisions of government and non-government agencies to protect people's welfare. Cultural reflections ignited how people responded to these policies, with contrasting views and ambivalence. To prevent the furtherance of these views that would heighten possible conflict and violence, cultural innovations through a KRSP Model offers vibrant opportunities to promote and realize ESD Goal No. 4 by 2030.