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Papers by Jeffrey E Young
Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 1992
THEORY Overview In treating patients with personality disorders, many cognitive therapists have e... more THEORY Overview In treating patients with personality disorders, many cognitive therapists have encountered difficulties that necessitate modification of the short-term cognitive techniques outlined by Beck and his associates in treating depression (Beck et al., 1979). This paper presents a schema model for conceptualizing and treating cases in which characterological issues violate the assumptions of short-term cognitive therapy. In this approach, the important innovations and advantages pioneered by Beck are augmented with affective and interpersonal strategies. Two important characteristics of patients with personality disorders differentiate them from those with only Axis I disorders. The first is the presence of enduring, inflexible traits in personality disorders (DSM-III-R, p. 335). Millon (1981) emphasizes this point by specifying adaptive inflexibility and vicious circles as two major criteria for personality pathology: ". . . the alternative strategies the individual employs for relating to others, for achieving goals, and for coping with stress are not only few in number but appear to be practiced rigidly" (p. 9). He elaborates as follows on the process by which such patients perpetuate their self-defeating thoughts and behaviors: Maneuvers such as protective constriction, cognitive distortion, and behavior generalization are processes by which individuals restrict their opportunities for new learning, misconstrue essentially benign events, and provoke reactions from others that reactivate earlier problems (p. 9). Millon contrasts personality disorders with "symptom disorders" (Axis I disorders) such as depression. The latter "possess well-delineated clinical features that are less difficult to modify than the ingrained personal traits from which they arise" (p. 10). In addition, these traits often "feel right" (ego syntonic) to the individual who possesses them. Avoidance is a second important distinguishing feature of personality disorders. Whereas short-term cognitive therapy assumes that patients have relatively free access to their thoughts and feelings, patients with personality disorders usually avoid painful memories, associations, and feelings. This chronic avoidance may lead to a therapeutic impasse unless additional techniques are applied. Schema Model The schema model proposed here includes the following four constructs as an expansion of Beck's (1979) short-term cognitive approach: 1. Early maladaptive schemas. 2. Schema maintenance. 3. Schema avoidance. 4. Schema compensation. Our model is intended not as a comprehensive theory of personality or psychopathology, but rather as a "convenient clinical heuristic" (Segal, 1988). Early maladaptive schemas. Beck (1967) emphasized the importance of schemas in depression, defining a schema as "a [cognitive] structure for screening, coding, and evaluating the stimuli that impinge on the organism" (p. 283). Segal, drawing from a consensus of many researchers, provides the following definition of schemas: "organized elements of past reactions and experience that form a relatively cohesive and persistent body of knowledge capable of guiding subsequent perception and appraisals" (1988, p. 147). We define Early Maladaptive Schemas (EMSs) as extremely broad and pervasive themes regarding oneself and one's relationships with others, developed during childhood and elaborated throughout one's life. These schemas serve as templates for the processing of later experience. They are characterized by all of the following and are: 1. Early in origin and continuing throughout life, unless treated. EMSs appear to be the cumulative result of dysfunctional early experiences with parents, siblings, and peers, rather than of isolated traumatic events. 2. Capable of generating high levels of disruptive affect, extremely selfdefeating consequences, and/or significant harm to others. …
Cognitive behaviour therapy, Jan 19, 2017
This study reexamined the organization of Young's 18 early maladaptive schemas and their hypo... more This study reexamined the organization of Young's 18 early maladaptive schemas and their hypothesized associations with experiences of need-thwarting parental experiences in childhood and the "vulnerable child" mode of emotional distress in adulthood. A large Danish sample (N = 1054) of 658 clinical- and 391 nonclinical adults completed measures of early maladaptive schemas, parenting styles, and the vulnerable child mode. We identified four higher-order schema domains as most appropriate in terms of interpretability and empirical indices ("Disconnection & Rejection", "Impaired Autonomy & Performance", "Excessive Responsibility & Standards", and "Impaired Limits"). All four schema domains were differentially associated with conceptually relevant need-thwarting parental experiences. Apart from "Impaired Limits", the schema domains meaningfully accounted for the association between need-thwarting parental experiences in c...
Friendship and Social Interaction, 1986
In this chapter I outline a cognitive-behavioral framework for understanding disorders of friends... more In this chapter I outline a cognitive-behavioral framework for understanding disorders of friendship. I explain how specific patterns of thinking and behavior create barriers to friendship satisfaction. I also offer a developmental perspective, detailing the progression of cognitive organization that influences later friendship patterns. Finally, I describe interventions targeted at cognitive and behavioral blocks to friendship. The emphasis in the chapter is on understanding long-term, chronic difficulties with friendship.
Santé mentale au Québec, 1997
RÉSUMÉ Le défi de traiter les troubles de la personnalité a exigé des modifications à rapproche c... more RÉSUMÉ Le défi de traiter les troubles de la personnalité a exigé des modifications à rapproche cognitive de base. L'approche centrée sur les schémas de Young propose pour le trouble de personnalité limite un modèle d'intervention qui repose sur les concepts de schémas et de modes. Selon ce modèle, la personnalité limite présente quatre modes de fonctionnement inadaptés : l'enfant abandonné, le protecteur détaché, le parent punitif et l'enfant en colère. Le thérapeute doit identifier la présence de ces modes et utiliser des stratégies thérapeutiques spécifiques à chacun d'eux. Les stratégies thérapeutiques sont de quatre niveaux différents : le relationnel, l'expérienciel, le cognitif et le comportemental.
This case study systematically addresses the components and sequence of a Schema-Focused cognitiv... more This case study systematically addresses the components and sequence of a Schema-Focused cognitive therapy approach to the assessment, formulation, and treatment of Silvia's anxious and depressive symptoms and enduring life problems. Following a description of the major tools and procedures involved in collecting the evidence that is required to generate a Schema-Focused case conceptualization, a comprehensive formulation of this case is presented as a guide for treatment intervention. A Schema-Focused Therapy approach is then applied to this case, highlighting the four essential strategies-cognitive, experiential, behavioral, and the therapy relationship-used to change Silvia's maladaptive schemas. Adjunctive interventions and potential problems with this therapy approach are also proposed for consideration.
Verhaltenstherapiemanual, 2011
HARRY is a 45-year old middle -level manager. He has been married for 16 years, but his marriage ... more HARRY is a 45-year old middle -level manager. He has been married for 16 years, but his marriage has been very troubled. He and his wife are often resentful of each other, they rarely communicate on an intimate level, and they have few moments of real pleasure. Other aspects of Harry's life have been equally unsatisfying. He doesn't enjoy his work, primarily because he doesn't get along with his co-workers. He is often intimidated by his boss and other people at the office. He has a few friends outside of work, but none that he considers close. During the past year Harry's mood became increasingly negative. He was getting more irritable, he had trouble sleeping and he began to have difficulty concentrating at work. As he became more and more depressed, he began to eat more and gained 15 pounds. When he found himself thinking about taking his own life, he decided it was time to get help. He consulted a psychologist who practices cognitive therapy. As a result of s...
The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 1979
Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 1992
THEORY Overview In treating patients with personality disorders, many cognitive therapists have e... more THEORY Overview In treating patients with personality disorders, many cognitive therapists have encountered difficulties that necessitate modification of the short-term cognitive techniques outlined by Beck and his associates in treating depression (Beck et al., 1979). This paper presents a schema model for conceptualizing and treating cases in which characterological issues violate the assumptions of short-term cognitive therapy. In this approach, the important innovations and advantages pioneered by Beck are augmented with affective and interpersonal strategies. Two important characteristics of patients with personality disorders differentiate them from those with only Axis I disorders. The first is the presence of enduring, inflexible traits in personality disorders (DSM-III-R, p. 335). Millon (1981) emphasizes this point by specifying adaptive inflexibility and vicious circles as two major criteria for personality pathology: ". . . the alternative strategies the individual employs for relating to others, for achieving goals, and for coping with stress are not only few in number but appear to be practiced rigidly" (p. 9). He elaborates as follows on the process by which such patients perpetuate their self-defeating thoughts and behaviors: Maneuvers such as protective constriction, cognitive distortion, and behavior generalization are processes by which individuals restrict their opportunities for new learning, misconstrue essentially benign events, and provoke reactions from others that reactivate earlier problems (p. 9). Millon contrasts personality disorders with "symptom disorders" (Axis I disorders) such as depression. The latter "possess well-delineated clinical features that are less difficult to modify than the ingrained personal traits from which they arise" (p. 10). In addition, these traits often "feel right" (ego syntonic) to the individual who possesses them. Avoidance is a second important distinguishing feature of personality disorders. Whereas short-term cognitive therapy assumes that patients have relatively free access to their thoughts and feelings, patients with personality disorders usually avoid painful memories, associations, and feelings. This chronic avoidance may lead to a therapeutic impasse unless additional techniques are applied. Schema Model The schema model proposed here includes the following four constructs as an expansion of Beck's (1979) short-term cognitive approach: 1. Early maladaptive schemas. 2. Schema maintenance. 3. Schema avoidance. 4. Schema compensation. Our model is intended not as a comprehensive theory of personality or psychopathology, but rather as a "convenient clinical heuristic" (Segal, 1988). Early maladaptive schemas. Beck (1967) emphasized the importance of schemas in depression, defining a schema as "a [cognitive] structure for screening, coding, and evaluating the stimuli that impinge on the organism" (p. 283). Segal, drawing from a consensus of many researchers, provides the following definition of schemas: "organized elements of past reactions and experience that form a relatively cohesive and persistent body of knowledge capable of guiding subsequent perception and appraisals" (1988, p. 147). We define Early Maladaptive Schemas (EMSs) as extremely broad and pervasive themes regarding oneself and one's relationships with others, developed during childhood and elaborated throughout one's life. These schemas serve as templates for the processing of later experience. They are characterized by all of the following and are: 1. Early in origin and continuing throughout life, unless treated. EMSs appear to be the cumulative result of dysfunctional early experiences with parents, siblings, and peers, rather than of isolated traumatic events. 2. Capable of generating high levels of disruptive affect, extremely selfdefeating consequences, and/or significant harm to others. …
Cognitive behaviour therapy, Jan 19, 2017
This study reexamined the organization of Young's 18 early maladaptive schemas and their hypo... more This study reexamined the organization of Young's 18 early maladaptive schemas and their hypothesized associations with experiences of need-thwarting parental experiences in childhood and the "vulnerable child" mode of emotional distress in adulthood. A large Danish sample (N = 1054) of 658 clinical- and 391 nonclinical adults completed measures of early maladaptive schemas, parenting styles, and the vulnerable child mode. We identified four higher-order schema domains as most appropriate in terms of interpretability and empirical indices ("Disconnection & Rejection", "Impaired Autonomy & Performance", "Excessive Responsibility & Standards", and "Impaired Limits"). All four schema domains were differentially associated with conceptually relevant need-thwarting parental experiences. Apart from "Impaired Limits", the schema domains meaningfully accounted for the association between need-thwarting parental experiences in c...
Friendship and Social Interaction, 1986
In this chapter I outline a cognitive-behavioral framework for understanding disorders of friends... more In this chapter I outline a cognitive-behavioral framework for understanding disorders of friendship. I explain how specific patterns of thinking and behavior create barriers to friendship satisfaction. I also offer a developmental perspective, detailing the progression of cognitive organization that influences later friendship patterns. Finally, I describe interventions targeted at cognitive and behavioral blocks to friendship. The emphasis in the chapter is on understanding long-term, chronic difficulties with friendship.
Santé mentale au Québec, 1997
RÉSUMÉ Le défi de traiter les troubles de la personnalité a exigé des modifications à rapproche c... more RÉSUMÉ Le défi de traiter les troubles de la personnalité a exigé des modifications à rapproche cognitive de base. L'approche centrée sur les schémas de Young propose pour le trouble de personnalité limite un modèle d'intervention qui repose sur les concepts de schémas et de modes. Selon ce modèle, la personnalité limite présente quatre modes de fonctionnement inadaptés : l'enfant abandonné, le protecteur détaché, le parent punitif et l'enfant en colère. Le thérapeute doit identifier la présence de ces modes et utiliser des stratégies thérapeutiques spécifiques à chacun d'eux. Les stratégies thérapeutiques sont de quatre niveaux différents : le relationnel, l'expérienciel, le cognitif et le comportemental.
This case study systematically addresses the components and sequence of a Schema-Focused cognitiv... more This case study systematically addresses the components and sequence of a Schema-Focused cognitive therapy approach to the assessment, formulation, and treatment of Silvia's anxious and depressive symptoms and enduring life problems. Following a description of the major tools and procedures involved in collecting the evidence that is required to generate a Schema-Focused case conceptualization, a comprehensive formulation of this case is presented as a guide for treatment intervention. A Schema-Focused Therapy approach is then applied to this case, highlighting the four essential strategies-cognitive, experiential, behavioral, and the therapy relationship-used to change Silvia's maladaptive schemas. Adjunctive interventions and potential problems with this therapy approach are also proposed for consideration.
Verhaltenstherapiemanual, 2011
HARRY is a 45-year old middle -level manager. He has been married for 16 years, but his marriage ... more HARRY is a 45-year old middle -level manager. He has been married for 16 years, but his marriage has been very troubled. He and his wife are often resentful of each other, they rarely communicate on an intimate level, and they have few moments of real pleasure. Other aspects of Harry's life have been equally unsatisfying. He doesn't enjoy his work, primarily because he doesn't get along with his co-workers. He is often intimidated by his boss and other people at the office. He has a few friends outside of work, but none that he considers close. During the past year Harry's mood became increasingly negative. He was getting more irritable, he had trouble sleeping and he began to have difficulty concentrating at work. As he became more and more depressed, he began to eat more and gained 15 pounds. When he found himself thinking about taking his own life, he decided it was time to get help. He consulted a psychologist who practices cognitive therapy. As a result of s...
The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 1979