Mauricio Torres - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Mauricio Torres

Advances in Polymer Technology, 2017

Composite Structures, 2015

Abstract In this paper, the Multi-Instrumented Technological Evaluator (MITE) is presented as an ... more Abstract In this paper, the Multi-Instrumented Technological Evaluator (MITE) is presented as an alternative approach to study the mechanical performance of composite structures with singularity details. The goal is to have an enrichment of the calculation/test correlation by means of the interaction of four complementary aspects: the composite structure, the multi-axial testing machine, the numerical models and the multi-sensor instrumentation. As a first plan, the MITE suggests the testing of a carbon–epoxy composite plate with two drop-offs under combined loads. By means of Finite Element models (FE-models), the kinematics of the testing machine is applied to the composite plate to have a first numerical approach of its behaviour. Then, the experimental campaign is accomplished with multi-instrumentation devices and techniques such as strain gauges and Digital Image Correlation (DIC). The strain values calculated by FE-model and the experimental strain data acquired by gauges and DIC are confronted in order to understand the main fracture mechanisms acting on the drop-off zones, to determine the accuracy of the measurements techniques and to assure that a correct calculation/test correlation is achieved.

Handbook of Epoxy/Fiber Composites

Chemistry

This work reports the in situ instrumentation from manufacturing to loading of a henequen fiber w... more This work reports the in situ instrumentation from manufacturing to loading of a henequen fiber woven-bioepoxy composite. Continuous monitoring was performed by means of fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) with the aim of tracking the curing behavior of the biolaminate by vacuum-assisted resin infusion (VARI). The instrumented composite was later tested mechanically under bending. Among the results obtained, micro-deformations were detected as a consequence of curing residual stresses, and when tested, the FBG data had similarity with the strain calculated according to the ASTM D7264/D7264M standard.

Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, 2015

Abstract In this work, tunnelling junction sensors (TJS) are proposed for monitoring the curing o... more Abstract In this work, tunnelling junction sensors (TJS) are proposed for monitoring the curing of Carbon Fibre Reinforced Plastic (CFRP). Tunnelling junction sensors are very sensitive to temperature changes; therefore they are suitable for this application. TJS are manufactured by Low-Pressure Chemical Vapour Deposition (LPCVD) and electronically characterized to obtain their V ( I ) diagram. One sensor is embedded on a carbon–epoxy plate for measuring temperature evolution during composite’s autoclave cycle. By means of a temperature–voltage–time curve, the evolution of sensor’s signal related to temperature changes can be tracked. The main goals are to verify the viability to apply this technology to composite’s curing process and to provide a first approach of the initial state of the composite plate by verifying the temperatures at each curing stage. Both purposes were achieved and help to better understand the composite polymerization process, which has a strong influence on the composite’s mechanical performance.

In this work, a methodology to detect tool wear states during a milling operation through sound c... more In this work, a methodology to detect tool wear states during a milling operation through sound classification is presented. The sound was recorded during milling operations for endmills with different wear states (brand new, wear out and chipped); the wear states were determined by measuring their mass before each cutting operation. After machining, a transfer learning task was implemented for custom classification of the sound. The above, by using the VGG16 deep neural network architecture. The sound data, was represented as spectrogram images for the classification model training. Four different metrics, were used to measure the model performance, showing 97.5\% in the worst result. In addition, the results showed that sound data have enough information to train classification models for cutting tools wearing. Finally, the method presented in this work can be used for the development of monitoring tools for the support of machining workshops; thus increase the efficiency of their...

arXiv: Materials Science, 2018

A theoretical-experimental methodology for failure analysis of the c-Al0.66Ti0.33N / Interface / ... more A theoretical-experimental methodology for failure analysis of the c-Al0.66Ti0.33N / Interface / M2 steel coating system is proposed here. This c-Al0.66Ti0.33N coating was deposited by the arc-PVD technique. For coating modeling the traction-separation law and the extended finite element method-XFEM were applied, the cohesive zones model was used for interface modeling and the Ramberg-Osgood law for substrate modeling. Experimental values using the instrumented nanoindentation technique, the scratch test and tensile stress test were obtained and introduced into the model. By means of nanoindentation the elastic modulus of coating, the fracture energy release rate and the nano-hardness. Normal and shear stress values of the interface were obtained with the scratch test, at the adhesive and cohesive critical loads. Vickers indentation was used to generate cracking patterns in the c-Al0.66Ti0.33N / Interface / M2 steel coating system. Radial and lateral cracks were generated and analyz...

Aerospace, 2021

This research aimed to determine riveted carbon/epoxy composites’ mechanical performance when fab... more This research aimed to determine riveted carbon/epoxy composites’ mechanical performance when fabricated by resin transfer molding (RTM). As this manufacturing process is gaining importance in the aeronautics and automotive industries, assembly methods and their reliability must be studied in terms of their airworthiness and transportation implementation. The study case resumes the determination of the bearing strength of RTM-woven carbon composites for different rivet joint diameters (1/8, 5/32 and 3/16 in). The joint shear strength was obtained following the ASTM D5961 instructions, and post-failure analysis was carried out by a computerized tomography scan. A residual strength curve is provided with the results to infer the bearing strength for the riveted composites as a function of the rivet width-to-diameter ratio. A discussion of the fracture mechanism and tensile strength is carried out to assess the understanding of the riveted woven composites.

Nano Hybrids and Composites, 2019

The present work lies in the framework of designing polymeric fibre reinforced materials to be us... more The present work lies in the framework of designing polymeric fibre reinforced materials to be used in nanosatellite structures (CubeSat). In the design of any structural system for a space mission the balance between mass, stiffness and strength must be taken into account, also the used materials have to be appropriated for the space environmental conditions. The CubeSat are exposed to high radiation levels (because of the sun irradiance), and so, the accurate determination of the thermal and radiation properties are a key issue for the materials design used in such applications. This work reports the thermal and radiation performance of a biphasic epoxy resin system incorporating two types of ceramic nanoparticles: zinc oxide and graphene, chosen as potential fillers to improve the thermal properties of the epoxy system. Materials are exposed to Gamma and UV radiation at rates of 1 kGy and 10 kGy and characterized after exposure. Different characterization techniques (Thermogravim...

Aerospace, 2019

A thermal computational analysis for the composite structure of a CubeSat is presented. The main ... more A thermal computational analysis for the composite structure of a CubeSat is presented. The main purpose of this investigation is to study the thermal performance of carbon fibre/epoxy resin composite materials with Zinc Oxide nanoparticles in order to be used in the panels of the primary structure of a CubeSat. The radiative heat fluxes over each composite panel are computed according to the orbit trajectory and they are utilized as boundary conditions for the analysis. The direct solar, albedo and Earth infrared radiation fluxes are considered in this study. The model implementation, including the computation of the orthotropic thermal conductivity of the composite material is presented. The thermal simulations were performed for three different orbit inclination angles: the selected mission ( β = 57 ∘ ), the worst hot ( β = 90 ∘ ) and the worst cold ( β = 0 ∘ ). The temperature ranges in the electronic boards are analyzed in order to show that are into the operating limits of eac...

Aerospace, 2019

This work describes the technological and scientific efforts on designing, manufacturing and test... more This work describes the technological and scientific efforts on designing, manufacturing and testing validation for high performance-low cost composite structures for Light Sport Aircrafts (LSA). A Mexican initiative to conceive, manufacture and assembly a Light Sport Aircraft has been developed by using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), Finite Element Analysis (FEA) and Liquid Composite Manufacturing (LCM). These consolidated techniques are used to characterize novel approaches to manufacturing and assembly carbon-fiber based structural components. As large structures are manufactured via Vacuum Assisted Resin Infusion (VARI), impregnation strategies are studied to minimize inner flaws and also to improve the manufacturing time and surface quality of each component. The first case of study, to validate this methodology, involves non-structural components such as the cowling. Control surfaces (ailerons, rudder, elevator and flaps) have been manufactured, each of them having common...

Journal of Aeronautics & Aerospace Engineering, 2018

The study of sensor – structure duality is one of the main facts to analyze in composites incore ... more The study of sensor – structure duality is one of the main facts to analyze in composites incore instrumentation. In this work, the concept of “monitoring patch” is proposed in order to reduce the variability effects produced by placing the sensor alone. The monitoring patch will be developed in order to facilitate the instrumentation process and to adapt the sensors according to the structure heterogeneity. First, a parametric study is carried out with the aim to identify the geometric and material needs for patch’s manufacturing. Then, an initial patch’s configuration is manufactured with CTMI pre-impregnate epoxy-glass woven, hosting different kind of silica sensors. The patch is placed in the thickness midplane of epoxy-carbon M21 T700GC quasi-isotropic plate. Specimens are tested in tensile condition, in order to measure their mechanical strength and to analyze crack initiation, fracture paths and delamination. At the same time, a FEM model is developed to compare with the expe...

In this work, a multi-instrumentation setup is conceived in order to have a better understanding ... more In this work, a multi-instrumentation setup is conceived in order to have a better understanding of composites curing by using different devices: tunnelling junction sensor (TJS), flexible ultrasonic transducers (FUT) and thermocouples. The sensors are simultaneously embedded or placed on the surface of a thick carbon-epoxy plate for monitoring its autoclave cycle. By means of their signals, the evolution of temperature related with the polymerization state is described. A qualitative statement is provided to have a first approach of the initial state of the composite plate in order to improve its mechanical properties.

ABSTRACT This paper introduces part of the results of the project called “Instrumentation with Mu... more ABSTRACT This paper introduces part of the results of the project called “Instrumentation with Multi-sensor for Composite Materials and structures (I2MC)” supported by RTRA STAE foundation. The main goal of the paper is to show the complementarities of different monitoring devices such as flexible ultrasonic transducers (FUT), micro-structured (MOF), and DTG® optical fibers, in order to infer the initial state of the composite structure by determining the residual strains. The complementarities between FUT and optical fiber sensing are defined as follows. The FUT measurements cannot estimate the strain however can determine the time when the transfer between the composite material and the optical fiber is effective. The onset of the gelation and the corresponding transverse residual strains can be quantified by the MOF FBG. Combined with the measurements of DTGs® embedded in capillaries, to avoid the influence on the measurement of transverse residual strains, a complete overview of the induced residual strains can be obtained.

Micro-structured and Specialty Optical Fibres II, 2013

ABSTRACT The design flexibility of photonic crystal optical fibres (PCFs) offers new possibility ... more ABSTRACT The design flexibility of photonic crystal optical fibres (PCFs) offers new possibility in the field of optical fibre sensing. One of those is the possibility to integrate fibre Bragg grating fabricated in PCFs into composite material without disturbing the structural integrity. FBG-based sensors have already proven their ability to measure strain and temperature within composite materials and therefore offer potential to monitor a composite’s manufacturing cycle. The cure cycle of a composite part is a crucial step since it determines the quality of the fabricated piece. Excessive residual strain built up during this phase will compromise the mechanical reliability. Therefore, there is a growing need in developing sensor which can monitor the creation of those residual strains during the composite’s manufacturing cycle. In this work, we will use a photonic crystal fibre designed in such a way that its phase modal birefringence is insensitive to temperature changes whilst its sensitivity to transversal effects is enhanced in comparison to conventional highly birefringent fibres. In the first part of this study, we demonstrate the possibility to integrate this particular PCF inside a cross-ply composite laminate and monitor its wavelength response for different loading conditions. In the second part of this study, we will demonstrate on the use of such PCF to obtain insight on the composite cure cycle that would be difficult to detect with any other sensor technology.

Advanced Materials Research, 2009

Aircraft composite structures are mostly joined by mechanical fasteners like bolts, pins or screw... more Aircraft composite structures are mostly joined by mechanical fasteners like bolts, pins or screws. However, the effect of the presence of holes in the remaining strength of the composite structures is still being studied extensively. In this work, epoxy/glass laminates with drilled holes of different sizes were tensile tested and from these results, the residual strength was plotted. Strength vs. hole’s diameter at different fiber orientation was obtained. The fracture path and failure mechanism were identified by fractographic examination. The Point Stress Criterion (PSC) was used, in order to establish the stress intensification due to the presence of a drilled hole. A numerical model by Finite Element Method was carried out to verify the experimental results and the analytic failure predictions. A reduction of 50% in laminate strength was observed when diameter-width ratio was 0.12. The principal fracture mechanism observed in composite laminates was interface breakup. FEM resul...

Les structures composites présentent l'intérêt d'être instrumentée à coeur. On peut dén... more Les structures composites présentent l'intérêt d'être instrumentée à coeur. On peut dénombrer différentes techniques de capteurs candidates comme les capteurs de silicium (Sich), piézoélectriques (PZT) et mécano-électriques (MEMS). On envisage l' ...

Advances in Polymer Technology, 2017

Composite Structures, 2015

Abstract In this paper, the Multi-Instrumented Technological Evaluator (MITE) is presented as an ... more Abstract In this paper, the Multi-Instrumented Technological Evaluator (MITE) is presented as an alternative approach to study the mechanical performance of composite structures with singularity details. The goal is to have an enrichment of the calculation/test correlation by means of the interaction of four complementary aspects: the composite structure, the multi-axial testing machine, the numerical models and the multi-sensor instrumentation. As a first plan, the MITE suggests the testing of a carbon–epoxy composite plate with two drop-offs under combined loads. By means of Finite Element models (FE-models), the kinematics of the testing machine is applied to the composite plate to have a first numerical approach of its behaviour. Then, the experimental campaign is accomplished with multi-instrumentation devices and techniques such as strain gauges and Digital Image Correlation (DIC). The strain values calculated by FE-model and the experimental strain data acquired by gauges and DIC are confronted in order to understand the main fracture mechanisms acting on the drop-off zones, to determine the accuracy of the measurements techniques and to assure that a correct calculation/test correlation is achieved.

Handbook of Epoxy/Fiber Composites

Chemistry

This work reports the in situ instrumentation from manufacturing to loading of a henequen fiber w... more This work reports the in situ instrumentation from manufacturing to loading of a henequen fiber woven-bioepoxy composite. Continuous monitoring was performed by means of fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) with the aim of tracking the curing behavior of the biolaminate by vacuum-assisted resin infusion (VARI). The instrumented composite was later tested mechanically under bending. Among the results obtained, micro-deformations were detected as a consequence of curing residual stresses, and when tested, the FBG data had similarity with the strain calculated according to the ASTM D7264/D7264M standard.

Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, 2015

Abstract In this work, tunnelling junction sensors (TJS) are proposed for monitoring the curing o... more Abstract In this work, tunnelling junction sensors (TJS) are proposed for monitoring the curing of Carbon Fibre Reinforced Plastic (CFRP). Tunnelling junction sensors are very sensitive to temperature changes; therefore they are suitable for this application. TJS are manufactured by Low-Pressure Chemical Vapour Deposition (LPCVD) and electronically characterized to obtain their V ( I ) diagram. One sensor is embedded on a carbon–epoxy plate for measuring temperature evolution during composite’s autoclave cycle. By means of a temperature–voltage–time curve, the evolution of sensor’s signal related to temperature changes can be tracked. The main goals are to verify the viability to apply this technology to composite’s curing process and to provide a first approach of the initial state of the composite plate by verifying the temperatures at each curing stage. Both purposes were achieved and help to better understand the composite polymerization process, which has a strong influence on the composite’s mechanical performance.

In this work, a methodology to detect tool wear states during a milling operation through sound c... more In this work, a methodology to detect tool wear states during a milling operation through sound classification is presented. The sound was recorded during milling operations for endmills with different wear states (brand new, wear out and chipped); the wear states were determined by measuring their mass before each cutting operation. After machining, a transfer learning task was implemented for custom classification of the sound. The above, by using the VGG16 deep neural network architecture. The sound data, was represented as spectrogram images for the classification model training. Four different metrics, were used to measure the model performance, showing 97.5\% in the worst result. In addition, the results showed that sound data have enough information to train classification models for cutting tools wearing. Finally, the method presented in this work can be used for the development of monitoring tools for the support of machining workshops; thus increase the efficiency of their...

arXiv: Materials Science, 2018

A theoretical-experimental methodology for failure analysis of the c-Al0.66Ti0.33N / Interface / ... more A theoretical-experimental methodology for failure analysis of the c-Al0.66Ti0.33N / Interface / M2 steel coating system is proposed here. This c-Al0.66Ti0.33N coating was deposited by the arc-PVD technique. For coating modeling the traction-separation law and the extended finite element method-XFEM were applied, the cohesive zones model was used for interface modeling and the Ramberg-Osgood law for substrate modeling. Experimental values using the instrumented nanoindentation technique, the scratch test and tensile stress test were obtained and introduced into the model. By means of nanoindentation the elastic modulus of coating, the fracture energy release rate and the nano-hardness. Normal and shear stress values of the interface were obtained with the scratch test, at the adhesive and cohesive critical loads. Vickers indentation was used to generate cracking patterns in the c-Al0.66Ti0.33N / Interface / M2 steel coating system. Radial and lateral cracks were generated and analyz...

Aerospace, 2021

This research aimed to determine riveted carbon/epoxy composites’ mechanical performance when fab... more This research aimed to determine riveted carbon/epoxy composites’ mechanical performance when fabricated by resin transfer molding (RTM). As this manufacturing process is gaining importance in the aeronautics and automotive industries, assembly methods and their reliability must be studied in terms of their airworthiness and transportation implementation. The study case resumes the determination of the bearing strength of RTM-woven carbon composites for different rivet joint diameters (1/8, 5/32 and 3/16 in). The joint shear strength was obtained following the ASTM D5961 instructions, and post-failure analysis was carried out by a computerized tomography scan. A residual strength curve is provided with the results to infer the bearing strength for the riveted composites as a function of the rivet width-to-diameter ratio. A discussion of the fracture mechanism and tensile strength is carried out to assess the understanding of the riveted woven composites.

Nano Hybrids and Composites, 2019

The present work lies in the framework of designing polymeric fibre reinforced materials to be us... more The present work lies in the framework of designing polymeric fibre reinforced materials to be used in nanosatellite structures (CubeSat). In the design of any structural system for a space mission the balance between mass, stiffness and strength must be taken into account, also the used materials have to be appropriated for the space environmental conditions. The CubeSat are exposed to high radiation levels (because of the sun irradiance), and so, the accurate determination of the thermal and radiation properties are a key issue for the materials design used in such applications. This work reports the thermal and radiation performance of a biphasic epoxy resin system incorporating two types of ceramic nanoparticles: zinc oxide and graphene, chosen as potential fillers to improve the thermal properties of the epoxy system. Materials are exposed to Gamma and UV radiation at rates of 1 kGy and 10 kGy and characterized after exposure. Different characterization techniques (Thermogravim...

Aerospace, 2019

A thermal computational analysis for the composite structure of a CubeSat is presented. The main ... more A thermal computational analysis for the composite structure of a CubeSat is presented. The main purpose of this investigation is to study the thermal performance of carbon fibre/epoxy resin composite materials with Zinc Oxide nanoparticles in order to be used in the panels of the primary structure of a CubeSat. The radiative heat fluxes over each composite panel are computed according to the orbit trajectory and they are utilized as boundary conditions for the analysis. The direct solar, albedo and Earth infrared radiation fluxes are considered in this study. The model implementation, including the computation of the orthotropic thermal conductivity of the composite material is presented. The thermal simulations were performed for three different orbit inclination angles: the selected mission ( β = 57 ∘ ), the worst hot ( β = 90 ∘ ) and the worst cold ( β = 0 ∘ ). The temperature ranges in the electronic boards are analyzed in order to show that are into the operating limits of eac...

Aerospace, 2019

This work describes the technological and scientific efforts on designing, manufacturing and test... more This work describes the technological and scientific efforts on designing, manufacturing and testing validation for high performance-low cost composite structures for Light Sport Aircrafts (LSA). A Mexican initiative to conceive, manufacture and assembly a Light Sport Aircraft has been developed by using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), Finite Element Analysis (FEA) and Liquid Composite Manufacturing (LCM). These consolidated techniques are used to characterize novel approaches to manufacturing and assembly carbon-fiber based structural components. As large structures are manufactured via Vacuum Assisted Resin Infusion (VARI), impregnation strategies are studied to minimize inner flaws and also to improve the manufacturing time and surface quality of each component. The first case of study, to validate this methodology, involves non-structural components such as the cowling. Control surfaces (ailerons, rudder, elevator and flaps) have been manufactured, each of them having common...

Journal of Aeronautics & Aerospace Engineering, 2018

The study of sensor – structure duality is one of the main facts to analyze in composites incore ... more The study of sensor – structure duality is one of the main facts to analyze in composites incore instrumentation. In this work, the concept of “monitoring patch” is proposed in order to reduce the variability effects produced by placing the sensor alone. The monitoring patch will be developed in order to facilitate the instrumentation process and to adapt the sensors according to the structure heterogeneity. First, a parametric study is carried out with the aim to identify the geometric and material needs for patch’s manufacturing. Then, an initial patch’s configuration is manufactured with CTMI pre-impregnate epoxy-glass woven, hosting different kind of silica sensors. The patch is placed in the thickness midplane of epoxy-carbon M21 T700GC quasi-isotropic plate. Specimens are tested in tensile condition, in order to measure their mechanical strength and to analyze crack initiation, fracture paths and delamination. At the same time, a FEM model is developed to compare with the expe...

In this work, a multi-instrumentation setup is conceived in order to have a better understanding ... more In this work, a multi-instrumentation setup is conceived in order to have a better understanding of composites curing by using different devices: tunnelling junction sensor (TJS), flexible ultrasonic transducers (FUT) and thermocouples. The sensors are simultaneously embedded or placed on the surface of a thick carbon-epoxy plate for monitoring its autoclave cycle. By means of their signals, the evolution of temperature related with the polymerization state is described. A qualitative statement is provided to have a first approach of the initial state of the composite plate in order to improve its mechanical properties.

ABSTRACT This paper introduces part of the results of the project called “Instrumentation with Mu... more ABSTRACT This paper introduces part of the results of the project called “Instrumentation with Multi-sensor for Composite Materials and structures (I2MC)” supported by RTRA STAE foundation. The main goal of the paper is to show the complementarities of different monitoring devices such as flexible ultrasonic transducers (FUT), micro-structured (MOF), and DTG® optical fibers, in order to infer the initial state of the composite structure by determining the residual strains. The complementarities between FUT and optical fiber sensing are defined as follows. The FUT measurements cannot estimate the strain however can determine the time when the transfer between the composite material and the optical fiber is effective. The onset of the gelation and the corresponding transverse residual strains can be quantified by the MOF FBG. Combined with the measurements of DTGs® embedded in capillaries, to avoid the influence on the measurement of transverse residual strains, a complete overview of the induced residual strains can be obtained.

Micro-structured and Specialty Optical Fibres II, 2013

ABSTRACT The design flexibility of photonic crystal optical fibres (PCFs) offers new possibility ... more ABSTRACT The design flexibility of photonic crystal optical fibres (PCFs) offers new possibility in the field of optical fibre sensing. One of those is the possibility to integrate fibre Bragg grating fabricated in PCFs into composite material without disturbing the structural integrity. FBG-based sensors have already proven their ability to measure strain and temperature within composite materials and therefore offer potential to monitor a composite’s manufacturing cycle. The cure cycle of a composite part is a crucial step since it determines the quality of the fabricated piece. Excessive residual strain built up during this phase will compromise the mechanical reliability. Therefore, there is a growing need in developing sensor which can monitor the creation of those residual strains during the composite’s manufacturing cycle. In this work, we will use a photonic crystal fibre designed in such a way that its phase modal birefringence is insensitive to temperature changes whilst its sensitivity to transversal effects is enhanced in comparison to conventional highly birefringent fibres. In the first part of this study, we demonstrate the possibility to integrate this particular PCF inside a cross-ply composite laminate and monitor its wavelength response for different loading conditions. In the second part of this study, we will demonstrate on the use of such PCF to obtain insight on the composite cure cycle that would be difficult to detect with any other sensor technology.

Advanced Materials Research, 2009

Aircraft composite structures are mostly joined by mechanical fasteners like bolts, pins or screw... more Aircraft composite structures are mostly joined by mechanical fasteners like bolts, pins or screws. However, the effect of the presence of holes in the remaining strength of the composite structures is still being studied extensively. In this work, epoxy/glass laminates with drilled holes of different sizes were tensile tested and from these results, the residual strength was plotted. Strength vs. hole’s diameter at different fiber orientation was obtained. The fracture path and failure mechanism were identified by fractographic examination. The Point Stress Criterion (PSC) was used, in order to establish the stress intensification due to the presence of a drilled hole. A numerical model by Finite Element Method was carried out to verify the experimental results and the analytic failure predictions. A reduction of 50% in laminate strength was observed when diameter-width ratio was 0.12. The principal fracture mechanism observed in composite laminates was interface breakup. FEM resul...

Les structures composites présentent l'intérêt d'être instrumentée à coeur. On peut dén... more Les structures composites présentent l'intérêt d'être instrumentée à coeur. On peut dénombrer différentes techniques de capteurs candidates comme les capteurs de silicium (Sich), piézoélectriques (PZT) et mécano-électriques (MEMS). On envisage l' ...