Rashedul Hasan | Coventry University (original) (raw)
Papers by Rashedul Hasan
International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change, 2019
Tax fraud is considered a global phenomenon affecting both developed and developing countries. It... more Tax fraud is considered a global phenomenon affecting both developed and developing countries. It impacts all sectors of a state and can take various forms and methods, which are either illegal or immoral. Statistics show that tax evasion and fraud in developed countries range from 5% to 25%, while in developing countries it ranges from 30% to 40%. In Malaysia, taxpayers have abused the Inland Revenue Board Malaysia (IRBM) and fraudulently obtained about RM 47 billion in the last two years alone; the government also lost about RM 1.4 billion after the failure of 20 companies to pay their taxes (Sabin, 2015). There are several methods and tools to detect and limit tax evasion activities, such as statistical models, logistic regression, and neural networks. Recent research on fraud detection has been much more varied in the methods studied, such as the detection of fraud using analytical techniques or data mining methods, with a particular focus on computer intelligence-based techniques. Another means of detecting tax evasion is cross-checking official sales and purchase accounts. The purpose of this study is to develop a tax fraud detection index as a mechanism to assist tax auditors in detecting fraudulent corporate reporting and preventing tax evasion. This study focuses on integrating the development of an index with the online tax reporting system to develop a convenient system for both taxpayers and tax auditors. Using semi-structured interviews with IRBM, external auditors, and academic experts, as well as opinions from taxpayers, we aim to discover potential information for disclosure. Content analysis of transparency in tax reporting using the Tax Fraud Detection Index (TFDi) has been adopted after gaining access to sample tax fraud case files.
International Journal of Islamic Economics and Finance, 2020
Fintech revolution started with the introduction of credit cards in 1960 and have been revolution... more Fintech revolution started with the introduction of credit cards in 1960 and have been revolutionized with blockchain technologies. Integration of Fintech based solution with Islamic finance has gained interest among academics. However, the lack of literature evidence on this issue has motivated us to conduct a systematic literature review on Islamic Fintech. We have identified fourteen documents relevant to the context of the study and conducted the content and thematic analysis. An extensive review of past literature allows us to identify Shari'ah compliance as one of the major challenges for the growth of Islamic fintech. In addition, we conclude that Islamic fintech might pose challenges for Islamic Financial Institutions (IFIs) in terms of operational efficiency, customer retention, transparency and accountability. We contribute by providing insights on the challenges faced by the Islamic finance industry toward integrating Fintech based solutions with reference to past studies and indicate areas for future studies that could reduce the gaps in Islamic Fintech literature.
International Tourism and Hospitality Journal, 2019
This study aims to elucidate the relationship between dividend policy and share price volatility ... more This study aims to elucidate the relationship between dividend policy and share price volatility for companies listed on Bursa Malaysia. Several control variables, namely firm size, debt level, earnings volatility, and asset growth, are incorporated in this study in addition to the basic measures of dividend yield and dividend payout. The study is based on five journals selected from Google Scholar and Emerald Insight over a period of five years (2012-2016). The empirical results indicate that the share prices of Malaysian firms have experienced higher volatility than those of Nigerian and Pakistani firms due to differences in economic conditions and business environments in which the stock markets are located over different periods. This study reveals that dividend yield, dividend payout, and firm size are significantly inversely related to share price volatility. Earnings volatility and debt level have a significant positive association with price volatility. There is no significant correlation between asset growth and price volatility in the Malaysian market. Based on this study, the results suggest the effects of duration, rate of return, pricing arbitrage, and information. This study also proposes that dividend yield and firm size have a greater impact on Malaysian share price volatility. Overall, this study concludes that dividend policy affects share price movement and aligns with Dividend Relevance Theory.
Recent investigations of the financial management practices of mosques in Indonesia have influenc... more Recent investigations of the financial management practices of mosques in Indonesia have influenced this study, which investigates the ability of mosques in Malaysia to invest cash waqf for development activities. The impact of cash waqf investment is further extended to study the importance of such cash waqf donations toward poverty alleviation. 100 mosques in Melaka and Terengganu are selected for the purpose of conducting a survey using a self-developed questionnaire. Data collected from the survey are tested for their validity and reliability before conducting Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) analysis using Smart PLS 3.0. This study finds that cash waqf donation plays a positive role in increasing the ability of the selected states to alleviate poverty. The negative relationship between cash waqf investment and donation raises the need for a rigorous analysis. A conceptual model integrating cash waqf investment, donation, and poverty alleviation is provided in this study, which is the first of its kind. The results provided by the study will allow regulators and mosque fund managers to understand the significance of cash waqf donations and the importance of effective cash waqf management. Efficient investment of cash waqf can ensure sustainable and perpetual income that will allow a mosque to play a vital role in improving the living standards of the Muslim Ummah. The findings of the study cannot be generalized for all states in Malaysia due to the limitation of purposive sampling. ABSTRACT 1
Thunderbird International Business Review, 2018
This study aims to compare environmental motives and performance of conventional and Islamic bank... more This study aims to compare environmental motives and performance of conventional and Islamic banks in Bangladesh. Green compliance index was developed based on the Bangladesh Bank (the central bank of Bangladesh) guidelines whereas information regarding governance variables is collected from the annual reports of 9 Islamic and 31 conventional banks. Results show Islamic banks are more environmentally friendly compared to their conventional counterparts.
Board size is negatively related to green compliance whereas board independence and auditor's type do not have any significant influence on green compliance for both clusters of banks. Compliance with green banking policies enhances the reputation for Islamic banks and accountability and profitability for conventional banks. Results of this study provide useful information for regulatory authorities to formulate policies that are conducive to enhance bank's environmental
performance.
International Finance Review
Sukuk restructuring primarily aims at offering a debtor more latitude, in form and time, to settl... more Sukuk restructuring primarily aims at offering a debtor more latitude, in form and time, to settle his obligations. To meet Shari’ah requirements of transferring assets to Sukuk holders in asset-based Sukuk, the originator usually transfers the beneficial ownership to the issuer special purpose vehicles (SPV). However, in asset-backed Sukuk, the originator sells the underlying asset to an SPV and Sukuk holders do not have recourse to the originator in the event of defaults. Among some key unresolved Shari’ah issues in this regard is whether a change of contract necessitates entering a new contract. Other related issues that conflict with the tenets of Shari’ah are: (1) Sukuk structuring on tangible assets and debts; (2) receiving the full title by the Sukuk holders to the underlying assets in the event of default in case of securities that are publicized as asset backed; (3) Sukuk’s similarity with interest bearing conventional bonds: (a) capital guarantee by the originator or third party, (b) the originators’ promise to repurchase Sukuk at face value upon their redemption, and (c) providing internal and external credit enhancement. The Shari’ah-compliance of the above-mentioned clauses and structures of Sukuk remain debated among the Shari’ah scholars. Based on some specific cases, this study examines the Shari’ah viewpoint on sukuk restructuring and potential solutions to these unresolved Shari’ah issues in light of the past and recent declaration of some Sukuk defaults as non-Shari’ah complaints. Undoubtedly, resolution of these and other unresolved issues pertaining to Sukuk defaults can help strengthen
the confidence of investors in Islamic capital market structures.
Journal of Human Development and Communication, 2017
Waqf is a charitable vehicle in Islam with the ability to contribute toward deep socioeconomic de... more Waqf is a charitable vehicle in Islam with the ability to contribute toward deep socioeconomic development. This paper focuses on the ability of a Public Trust Foundation toward collective development through a fund disbursement system similar to Waqf. The study utilises secondary data gathered through document analysis to portray various contributions made by LAKIM in educational development and challenges faced by the institutions along the way. Efficiency and Agency theory are used as a basis to explain the performance of LAKIM in managing Waqf fund and develop a conceptual framework for collective development. This study addressed several legal, administrative, accounting and management issues that are affecting Waqf's ability toward contributing toward educational development in Malaysia. Differences between western institutions and LAKIM are drawn with clear examples, and evidence of efficient performance in managing Waqf fund are highlighted through the study. Primary data through survey and interviews could not be provided due to the conceptual nature of the paper. Issues addressed by the paper will allow stakeholders to understand the true potential of Waqf in making sustainable development by contributing to the educational sector. Studies on Waqf in Malaysia have previously focused on the State Islamic Religious Councils (SIRCs) while this study is the first to introduce LAKIM, a private Trust that contributes toward educational and social development.
The paper aims at investigating the effect of intellectual capital (IC) on the performance of fin... more The paper aims at investigating the effect of intellectual capital (IC) on the performance of financial institutions in Bangladesh. Quantitative data are collected from 49 financial institutions listed in the Dhaka Stock Exchange (DSE) for the year ending 2012 and 2013. IC is measured using Value Added Intellectual Coefficient (VAIC) developed by Pulic (1998). The impact of both the current and past years VAIC on firm performance is measured, along with the effects of its three components human capital efficiency (HCE), capital employed efficiency (CEE), and structural capital efficiency (SCE). The stepwise regression results indicate a positive and significant relationship between current year VAIC and two measures of firm performance (ROA, ROE) while past years VAIC is found insignificant for all three measures of firm performance. HCE for the current year is found to be the most significant contributor toward firm performance among all the three components of VAIC, having a substantial positive relationship with all three measures of firm performance. SCE of the current year significantly affects ROA and ROE whereas CEE is found to be significant only for ROA. While measuring past years effect on performance, only HCE has been found to have a negative influence on current years revenue growth (RG).
This study is undertaken to determine the ability of Waqf institutions toward. The stakeholder tr... more This study is undertaken to determine the ability of Waqf institutions toward. The stakeholder trust model for Waqf institution proposed by Hasan & Siraj (2017) was empirically tested with a sample of fifty-four Waqifs of public Waqf institution in Bangladesh. Results from Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) using Smart PLS 3.0 provided statistical validity of the model. Among the three components of board attributes, only board integrity has a statistically non-significant impact on affects trust, communication and accountability are found to have a positive association commitment. The established model does not consider social, economic and psychological dimensions toward public Waqf institutions. Results provided by the study will allow policy makers to focus on key issues that facilitate in developing trust and commitment between Waqif and Waqf institution. This study is the first to empirically test the commitment-trust theory in the context of Waqf operating in a SouthEast Asian country using Structural Equation Modelling technique.
In today's corporate world, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is becoming a significant field... more In today's corporate world, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is becoming a significant field of study for all businesses as its notion has increased attention of both academics and practitioners. Secondary sources of data are utilized using document analysis method to understand the relationship between Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and corporate reputation (CR). Five papers are selected from Science Direct which covers the time frame of 2012 until 2017. Evidence indicates that there is a positive, direct and significant relationship between CSR and CR. This paper contributes to the understanding of interrelations between CSR and CR. Practitioners can use the result of this study as a foothold to strengthen the integration of CSR and take advantage of synergies between CSR and CR. The value of paper resides in making this rather under-researched literature on the relationship between CSR and CR be more accessible for both scholars and practitioners.
This study focuses on developing a conceptual framework for examining determinants that influence... more This study focuses on developing a conceptual framework for examining determinants that influence intellectual capital reporting and relies on a critical review of the literature. Indexed journals are reviewed, and evidence is drawn to develop a model examining possible determinants of intellectual capital reporting. Data for the study was gathered from the annual reports of 40 banks listed on the Dhaka Stock Exchange. Findings of the paper established a corporate reputation as a significant positive determinant of IC disclosure. Regulators will be benefited from the model as it can provide guidance in implementing uniform guidelines for IC disclosure. The conceptual framework developed in the paper is first of its kind and thus contributes to the body of IC literature.
The balanced scorecard (BSC), first created by Kaplan and Norton in 1992, has been developed over... more The balanced scorecard (BSC), first created by Kaplan and Norton in 1992, has been developed over the last 20 years, gaining attention all over the world. The purpose of this paper is to review the balanced scorecard (BSC) in regaining the practice relevance in different industries. This paper primarily focuses on the theoretical dissertation. It is almost entirely literature-based. Selection and discussion of theoretical material and descriptive material, in context, and detailed comparison of case studies regarding their applicability is used in this paper. Besides, the comparative content analysis of the Balanced Scorecards of different organisations in 4 industries is discussed. Four organisations from different industries have been brought into comparison regarding the results of implementing BSC as performance measures. The findings prove that BSC practicability in different industries is favourable. It provides a systemic view of the strategy to most of the organisations. It is planned that this simple comparison between the results of implementing BSC concept will prove useful to today's business performances. This paper provides a basis for the substantial further work on the development of the general framework of the Balanced Scorecard in the modern world. The framework presented in this paper can be used as the basis for the development of a general framework of the Balanced Scorecard of different industries in the modern business world. This paper is the first to provide a taxonomy for the different versions of the BSC, through a process of identifying and analysing the practicability of BSC in different industries. This allows a more nuanced analysis of the BSC as a tool for managing performance and its development in the different levels of the management system in different industries.
Tax compliance behavior has been researched at different times in various parts of the world usin... more Tax compliance behavior has been researched at different times in various parts of the world using various theories. This research has focused on the psychological aspects of tax compliance behavior by applying the theory of planned behavior (TPB) proposed by Ajzen. 300 taxpayers were studied using a questionnaire based on Likert scale, and the results were analyzed using structural equation modelling. Results found from SEM approach indicate that subjective norm has a significant influence on tax compliance behavior while intention mediates it and moderated by religion. Attitude and perceived behavioral control were found to have a significant influence on intention. Individual taxpayers are selected from the capital, and thus findings derived from the sample might not be generalizable for all individual taxpayers in Bangladesh. The results of this study might provide some insight to the tax non-compliance problem in Bangladesh and help authorities to design strategies to motivate taxpayers to comply with existing fiscal policies. Tax compliance issues have been explored from various perspectives in Bangladesh. Lack of significant influence on subjective norm toward taxpayer intention indicates that social and peer is yet to make a substantial contribution to improving tax compliance. This study has introduced structural equation modelling technique to explore the moderating influence of religion on individual taxpayers in the context of Bangladesh.
Sustainability of Waqf institutions for poverty alleviation depends directly or indirectly on the... more Sustainability of Waqf institutions for poverty alleviation depends directly or indirectly on the donations received from the donors and the awareness of the society. This conceptual paper is an attempt to construct a model of stakeholder trust that could provide valuable insight on the issues that should be focused by the regulators, the mutawallis and the waqifs for ensuring a sustainability of waqf Institutions. The Modified Key Mediating Variable (MKMV) Model proposed in the paper includes a total number of eight variables. Commitment-trust theory is combined with Islamic Accountability and Stewardship theory toward shaping three conceptual models of trust into a much-needed unified model for exploring trust in the context of waqf institutions. Stakeholder trust is positioned as a mediator between independent (board benevolence, board ability, board integrity, board opportunism, communication and accountability) and the dependent variable (stakeholder commitment). Empirical results to support the model could not be provided due to the conceptual nature of the paper. The model can provide direction for reform towards sustainability of waqf institutions. The model is general enough that it can also be used for other conventional and non-profit religious organisations. JEL Classification: L31, H83 KAUJIE Classification: E22, E23
Intellectual capital has been found to have a significant association with profitability in the f... more Intellectual capital has been found to have a significant association with profitability in the financial sector of various parts of the world. As a result, this study aims to empirically investigate the relationship between intellectual capital and financial performance of twenty-seven private commercial banks for the year 2013 in Bangladesh. Annual reports for the relevant year of the selected banks have been used to gather secondary information for the empirical models based on Pulic's VAIC model. Stepwise regression was performed for the full sample, conventional and Islamic banks separately. The analysis indicates that both VIAC and its components have a significant association with profitability. Results for conventional and Islamic banks established different components of VIAC as a significant predictor of bank's profitability. A future study including all financial institutions could provide a better estimate of the impact of intellectual capital on profitability for the finance sector.
Bangladesh is coping with the problem of poverty since its independence. Recent success stories o... more Bangladesh is coping with the problem of poverty since its independence. Recent success stories of the country in alleviating poverty have been the outcome of the efforts of several public and private initiatives. As a Muslim-majority country, Bangladesh is yet to incorporate Islamic vehicles of poverty reduction in the national development strategies. Waqf has been sidelined as a mere charity even though it has historical success in producing continuous income and thus reducing poverty levels in the Muslim countries. This paper is divided into three sections. In the first part, it provides a historical overview of Waqf in Bangladesh followed by a brief description of Waqf institutions that are responsible for managing Waqf in Bangladesh. The final section discusses contemporary issues that are affecting the efficient management of Waqf funds towards making its mark in alleviating poverty from Bangladesh. In describing various problems, issues concerning governance and information disclosure were addressed that provide significant insight for different stakeholders. Information gathered through systematic literature review process indicated that Waqf institutions in Bangladesh are lacking appropriate governance mechanisms that are resulting in information asymmetry. Future research on the governance mechanisms applied by Waqf institutions and their impact on the extent and quality of information disclosure will provide further insight for the need of reform in this voluntary sector to ensure their sustainable future and contribution towards economic development in Bangladesh.
Tax evasion has always been practiced among tax payers in Bangladesh. But the actual reason for t... more Tax evasion has always been practiced among tax payers in Bangladesh. But the actual reason for this practice has always remained a mystery. This research has taken the initiative to find a possible reason for such behavior
among current tax payers in the country. A structured questionnaire was used among 300 tax payers to collect primary information which was later broken down through the usage of SPSS to reach at a justified end. Few hypotheses were generated and tested using the primary data and in most cases the null hypothesis were accepted. A model was developed, including a dependent variable and eleven independent variables (categorized as demographic and intellectual). The model was found significant for this
research by conducting a regression analysis. Finally a correlation analysis was done between dependent and selected independent variables to generate a statistical conclusion of this paper. The core aim of this inquiry
was to share some insight about the tax evasion tendency in Bangladesh and to motivate interested partied in taking appropriate action.
Bangladesh is country with limited natural resources. So our government doesn't have the luxury t... more Bangladesh is country with limited natural resources. So our government doesn't have the luxury to ignore impact to tax revenue in the economy. For a long period of time, tax revenue has proved to be the primary source of revenue for the Government and anything the government is not getting because of the non compliance behavior is affecting the development process of the country deeply. In this research, I've tried to look at the compliance behavior of undergraduate student of AIUB. A total of 239 students were interviewed on the basis of a likert scale and the independent variables were divided into two distinctive categories, both positive and negative. Cronbach's alpha test, factor analysis and regression analysis were conducted to make the conclusion of this research statistically reliable. The model was found significant and two independent variables were indentified which had major influence in the compliance behavior of prospective tax payers in Bangladesh.
International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change, 2019
Tax fraud is considered a global phenomenon affecting both developed and developing countries. It... more Tax fraud is considered a global phenomenon affecting both developed and developing countries. It impacts all sectors of a state and can take various forms and methods, which are either illegal or immoral. Statistics show that tax evasion and fraud in developed countries range from 5% to 25%, while in developing countries it ranges from 30% to 40%. In Malaysia, taxpayers have abused the Inland Revenue Board Malaysia (IRBM) and fraudulently obtained about RM 47 billion in the last two years alone; the government also lost about RM 1.4 billion after the failure of 20 companies to pay their taxes (Sabin, 2015). There are several methods and tools to detect and limit tax evasion activities, such as statistical models, logistic regression, and neural networks. Recent research on fraud detection has been much more varied in the methods studied, such as the detection of fraud using analytical techniques or data mining methods, with a particular focus on computer intelligence-based techniques. Another means of detecting tax evasion is cross-checking official sales and purchase accounts. The purpose of this study is to develop a tax fraud detection index as a mechanism to assist tax auditors in detecting fraudulent corporate reporting and preventing tax evasion. This study focuses on integrating the development of an index with the online tax reporting system to develop a convenient system for both taxpayers and tax auditors. Using semi-structured interviews with IRBM, external auditors, and academic experts, as well as opinions from taxpayers, we aim to discover potential information for disclosure. Content analysis of transparency in tax reporting using the Tax Fraud Detection Index (TFDi) has been adopted after gaining access to sample tax fraud case files.
International Journal of Islamic Economics and Finance, 2020
Fintech revolution started with the introduction of credit cards in 1960 and have been revolution... more Fintech revolution started with the introduction of credit cards in 1960 and have been revolutionized with blockchain technologies. Integration of Fintech based solution with Islamic finance has gained interest among academics. However, the lack of literature evidence on this issue has motivated us to conduct a systematic literature review on Islamic Fintech. We have identified fourteen documents relevant to the context of the study and conducted the content and thematic analysis. An extensive review of past literature allows us to identify Shari'ah compliance as one of the major challenges for the growth of Islamic fintech. In addition, we conclude that Islamic fintech might pose challenges for Islamic Financial Institutions (IFIs) in terms of operational efficiency, customer retention, transparency and accountability. We contribute by providing insights on the challenges faced by the Islamic finance industry toward integrating Fintech based solutions with reference to past studies and indicate areas for future studies that could reduce the gaps in Islamic Fintech literature.
International Tourism and Hospitality Journal, 2019
This study aims to elucidate the relationship between dividend policy and share price volatility ... more This study aims to elucidate the relationship between dividend policy and share price volatility for companies listed on Bursa Malaysia. Several control variables, namely firm size, debt level, earnings volatility, and asset growth, are incorporated in this study in addition to the basic measures of dividend yield and dividend payout. The study is based on five journals selected from Google Scholar and Emerald Insight over a period of five years (2012-2016). The empirical results indicate that the share prices of Malaysian firms have experienced higher volatility than those of Nigerian and Pakistani firms due to differences in economic conditions and business environments in which the stock markets are located over different periods. This study reveals that dividend yield, dividend payout, and firm size are significantly inversely related to share price volatility. Earnings volatility and debt level have a significant positive association with price volatility. There is no significant correlation between asset growth and price volatility in the Malaysian market. Based on this study, the results suggest the effects of duration, rate of return, pricing arbitrage, and information. This study also proposes that dividend yield and firm size have a greater impact on Malaysian share price volatility. Overall, this study concludes that dividend policy affects share price movement and aligns with Dividend Relevance Theory.
Recent investigations of the financial management practices of mosques in Indonesia have influenc... more Recent investigations of the financial management practices of mosques in Indonesia have influenced this study, which investigates the ability of mosques in Malaysia to invest cash waqf for development activities. The impact of cash waqf investment is further extended to study the importance of such cash waqf donations toward poverty alleviation. 100 mosques in Melaka and Terengganu are selected for the purpose of conducting a survey using a self-developed questionnaire. Data collected from the survey are tested for their validity and reliability before conducting Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) analysis using Smart PLS 3.0. This study finds that cash waqf donation plays a positive role in increasing the ability of the selected states to alleviate poverty. The negative relationship between cash waqf investment and donation raises the need for a rigorous analysis. A conceptual model integrating cash waqf investment, donation, and poverty alleviation is provided in this study, which is the first of its kind. The results provided by the study will allow regulators and mosque fund managers to understand the significance of cash waqf donations and the importance of effective cash waqf management. Efficient investment of cash waqf can ensure sustainable and perpetual income that will allow a mosque to play a vital role in improving the living standards of the Muslim Ummah. The findings of the study cannot be generalized for all states in Malaysia due to the limitation of purposive sampling. ABSTRACT 1
Thunderbird International Business Review, 2018
This study aims to compare environmental motives and performance of conventional and Islamic bank... more This study aims to compare environmental motives and performance of conventional and Islamic banks in Bangladesh. Green compliance index was developed based on the Bangladesh Bank (the central bank of Bangladesh) guidelines whereas information regarding governance variables is collected from the annual reports of 9 Islamic and 31 conventional banks. Results show Islamic banks are more environmentally friendly compared to their conventional counterparts.
Board size is negatively related to green compliance whereas board independence and auditor's type do not have any significant influence on green compliance for both clusters of banks. Compliance with green banking policies enhances the reputation for Islamic banks and accountability and profitability for conventional banks. Results of this study provide useful information for regulatory authorities to formulate policies that are conducive to enhance bank's environmental
performance.
International Finance Review
Sukuk restructuring primarily aims at offering a debtor more latitude, in form and time, to settl... more Sukuk restructuring primarily aims at offering a debtor more latitude, in form and time, to settle his obligations. To meet Shari’ah requirements of transferring assets to Sukuk holders in asset-based Sukuk, the originator usually transfers the beneficial ownership to the issuer special purpose vehicles (SPV). However, in asset-backed Sukuk, the originator sells the underlying asset to an SPV and Sukuk holders do not have recourse to the originator in the event of defaults. Among some key unresolved Shari’ah issues in this regard is whether a change of contract necessitates entering a new contract. Other related issues that conflict with the tenets of Shari’ah are: (1) Sukuk structuring on tangible assets and debts; (2) receiving the full title by the Sukuk holders to the underlying assets in the event of default in case of securities that are publicized as asset backed; (3) Sukuk’s similarity with interest bearing conventional bonds: (a) capital guarantee by the originator or third party, (b) the originators’ promise to repurchase Sukuk at face value upon their redemption, and (c) providing internal and external credit enhancement. The Shari’ah-compliance of the above-mentioned clauses and structures of Sukuk remain debated among the Shari’ah scholars. Based on some specific cases, this study examines the Shari’ah viewpoint on sukuk restructuring and potential solutions to these unresolved Shari’ah issues in light of the past and recent declaration of some Sukuk defaults as non-Shari’ah complaints. Undoubtedly, resolution of these and other unresolved issues pertaining to Sukuk defaults can help strengthen
the confidence of investors in Islamic capital market structures.
Journal of Human Development and Communication, 2017
Waqf is a charitable vehicle in Islam with the ability to contribute toward deep socioeconomic de... more Waqf is a charitable vehicle in Islam with the ability to contribute toward deep socioeconomic development. This paper focuses on the ability of a Public Trust Foundation toward collective development through a fund disbursement system similar to Waqf. The study utilises secondary data gathered through document analysis to portray various contributions made by LAKIM in educational development and challenges faced by the institutions along the way. Efficiency and Agency theory are used as a basis to explain the performance of LAKIM in managing Waqf fund and develop a conceptual framework for collective development. This study addressed several legal, administrative, accounting and management issues that are affecting Waqf's ability toward contributing toward educational development in Malaysia. Differences between western institutions and LAKIM are drawn with clear examples, and evidence of efficient performance in managing Waqf fund are highlighted through the study. Primary data through survey and interviews could not be provided due to the conceptual nature of the paper. Issues addressed by the paper will allow stakeholders to understand the true potential of Waqf in making sustainable development by contributing to the educational sector. Studies on Waqf in Malaysia have previously focused on the State Islamic Religious Councils (SIRCs) while this study is the first to introduce LAKIM, a private Trust that contributes toward educational and social development.
The paper aims at investigating the effect of intellectual capital (IC) on the performance of fin... more The paper aims at investigating the effect of intellectual capital (IC) on the performance of financial institutions in Bangladesh. Quantitative data are collected from 49 financial institutions listed in the Dhaka Stock Exchange (DSE) for the year ending 2012 and 2013. IC is measured using Value Added Intellectual Coefficient (VAIC) developed by Pulic (1998). The impact of both the current and past years VAIC on firm performance is measured, along with the effects of its three components human capital efficiency (HCE), capital employed efficiency (CEE), and structural capital efficiency (SCE). The stepwise regression results indicate a positive and significant relationship between current year VAIC and two measures of firm performance (ROA, ROE) while past years VAIC is found insignificant for all three measures of firm performance. HCE for the current year is found to be the most significant contributor toward firm performance among all the three components of VAIC, having a substantial positive relationship with all three measures of firm performance. SCE of the current year significantly affects ROA and ROE whereas CEE is found to be significant only for ROA. While measuring past years effect on performance, only HCE has been found to have a negative influence on current years revenue growth (RG).
This study is undertaken to determine the ability of Waqf institutions toward. The stakeholder tr... more This study is undertaken to determine the ability of Waqf institutions toward. The stakeholder trust model for Waqf institution proposed by Hasan & Siraj (2017) was empirically tested with a sample of fifty-four Waqifs of public Waqf institution in Bangladesh. Results from Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) using Smart PLS 3.0 provided statistical validity of the model. Among the three components of board attributes, only board integrity has a statistically non-significant impact on affects trust, communication and accountability are found to have a positive association commitment. The established model does not consider social, economic and psychological dimensions toward public Waqf institutions. Results provided by the study will allow policy makers to focus on key issues that facilitate in developing trust and commitment between Waqif and Waqf institution. This study is the first to empirically test the commitment-trust theory in the context of Waqf operating in a SouthEast Asian country using Structural Equation Modelling technique.
In today's corporate world, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is becoming a significant field... more In today's corporate world, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is becoming a significant field of study for all businesses as its notion has increased attention of both academics and practitioners. Secondary sources of data are utilized using document analysis method to understand the relationship between Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and corporate reputation (CR). Five papers are selected from Science Direct which covers the time frame of 2012 until 2017. Evidence indicates that there is a positive, direct and significant relationship between CSR and CR. This paper contributes to the understanding of interrelations between CSR and CR. Practitioners can use the result of this study as a foothold to strengthen the integration of CSR and take advantage of synergies between CSR and CR. The value of paper resides in making this rather under-researched literature on the relationship between CSR and CR be more accessible for both scholars and practitioners.
This study focuses on developing a conceptual framework for examining determinants that influence... more This study focuses on developing a conceptual framework for examining determinants that influence intellectual capital reporting and relies on a critical review of the literature. Indexed journals are reviewed, and evidence is drawn to develop a model examining possible determinants of intellectual capital reporting. Data for the study was gathered from the annual reports of 40 banks listed on the Dhaka Stock Exchange. Findings of the paper established a corporate reputation as a significant positive determinant of IC disclosure. Regulators will be benefited from the model as it can provide guidance in implementing uniform guidelines for IC disclosure. The conceptual framework developed in the paper is first of its kind and thus contributes to the body of IC literature.
The balanced scorecard (BSC), first created by Kaplan and Norton in 1992, has been developed over... more The balanced scorecard (BSC), first created by Kaplan and Norton in 1992, has been developed over the last 20 years, gaining attention all over the world. The purpose of this paper is to review the balanced scorecard (BSC) in regaining the practice relevance in different industries. This paper primarily focuses on the theoretical dissertation. It is almost entirely literature-based. Selection and discussion of theoretical material and descriptive material, in context, and detailed comparison of case studies regarding their applicability is used in this paper. Besides, the comparative content analysis of the Balanced Scorecards of different organisations in 4 industries is discussed. Four organisations from different industries have been brought into comparison regarding the results of implementing BSC as performance measures. The findings prove that BSC practicability in different industries is favourable. It provides a systemic view of the strategy to most of the organisations. It is planned that this simple comparison between the results of implementing BSC concept will prove useful to today's business performances. This paper provides a basis for the substantial further work on the development of the general framework of the Balanced Scorecard in the modern world. The framework presented in this paper can be used as the basis for the development of a general framework of the Balanced Scorecard of different industries in the modern business world. This paper is the first to provide a taxonomy for the different versions of the BSC, through a process of identifying and analysing the practicability of BSC in different industries. This allows a more nuanced analysis of the BSC as a tool for managing performance and its development in the different levels of the management system in different industries.
Tax compliance behavior has been researched at different times in various parts of the world usin... more Tax compliance behavior has been researched at different times in various parts of the world using various theories. This research has focused on the psychological aspects of tax compliance behavior by applying the theory of planned behavior (TPB) proposed by Ajzen. 300 taxpayers were studied using a questionnaire based on Likert scale, and the results were analyzed using structural equation modelling. Results found from SEM approach indicate that subjective norm has a significant influence on tax compliance behavior while intention mediates it and moderated by religion. Attitude and perceived behavioral control were found to have a significant influence on intention. Individual taxpayers are selected from the capital, and thus findings derived from the sample might not be generalizable for all individual taxpayers in Bangladesh. The results of this study might provide some insight to the tax non-compliance problem in Bangladesh and help authorities to design strategies to motivate taxpayers to comply with existing fiscal policies. Tax compliance issues have been explored from various perspectives in Bangladesh. Lack of significant influence on subjective norm toward taxpayer intention indicates that social and peer is yet to make a substantial contribution to improving tax compliance. This study has introduced structural equation modelling technique to explore the moderating influence of religion on individual taxpayers in the context of Bangladesh.
Sustainability of Waqf institutions for poverty alleviation depends directly or indirectly on the... more Sustainability of Waqf institutions for poverty alleviation depends directly or indirectly on the donations received from the donors and the awareness of the society. This conceptual paper is an attempt to construct a model of stakeholder trust that could provide valuable insight on the issues that should be focused by the regulators, the mutawallis and the waqifs for ensuring a sustainability of waqf Institutions. The Modified Key Mediating Variable (MKMV) Model proposed in the paper includes a total number of eight variables. Commitment-trust theory is combined with Islamic Accountability and Stewardship theory toward shaping three conceptual models of trust into a much-needed unified model for exploring trust in the context of waqf institutions. Stakeholder trust is positioned as a mediator between independent (board benevolence, board ability, board integrity, board opportunism, communication and accountability) and the dependent variable (stakeholder commitment). Empirical results to support the model could not be provided due to the conceptual nature of the paper. The model can provide direction for reform towards sustainability of waqf institutions. The model is general enough that it can also be used for other conventional and non-profit religious organisations. JEL Classification: L31, H83 KAUJIE Classification: E22, E23
Intellectual capital has been found to have a significant association with profitability in the f... more Intellectual capital has been found to have a significant association with profitability in the financial sector of various parts of the world. As a result, this study aims to empirically investigate the relationship between intellectual capital and financial performance of twenty-seven private commercial banks for the year 2013 in Bangladesh. Annual reports for the relevant year of the selected banks have been used to gather secondary information for the empirical models based on Pulic's VAIC model. Stepwise regression was performed for the full sample, conventional and Islamic banks separately. The analysis indicates that both VIAC and its components have a significant association with profitability. Results for conventional and Islamic banks established different components of VIAC as a significant predictor of bank's profitability. A future study including all financial institutions could provide a better estimate of the impact of intellectual capital on profitability for the finance sector.
Bangladesh is coping with the problem of poverty since its independence. Recent success stories o... more Bangladesh is coping with the problem of poverty since its independence. Recent success stories of the country in alleviating poverty have been the outcome of the efforts of several public and private initiatives. As a Muslim-majority country, Bangladesh is yet to incorporate Islamic vehicles of poverty reduction in the national development strategies. Waqf has been sidelined as a mere charity even though it has historical success in producing continuous income and thus reducing poverty levels in the Muslim countries. This paper is divided into three sections. In the first part, it provides a historical overview of Waqf in Bangladesh followed by a brief description of Waqf institutions that are responsible for managing Waqf in Bangladesh. The final section discusses contemporary issues that are affecting the efficient management of Waqf funds towards making its mark in alleviating poverty from Bangladesh. In describing various problems, issues concerning governance and information disclosure were addressed that provide significant insight for different stakeholders. Information gathered through systematic literature review process indicated that Waqf institutions in Bangladesh are lacking appropriate governance mechanisms that are resulting in information asymmetry. Future research on the governance mechanisms applied by Waqf institutions and their impact on the extent and quality of information disclosure will provide further insight for the need of reform in this voluntary sector to ensure their sustainable future and contribution towards economic development in Bangladesh.
Tax evasion has always been practiced among tax payers in Bangladesh. But the actual reason for t... more Tax evasion has always been practiced among tax payers in Bangladesh. But the actual reason for this practice has always remained a mystery. This research has taken the initiative to find a possible reason for such behavior
among current tax payers in the country. A structured questionnaire was used among 300 tax payers to collect primary information which was later broken down through the usage of SPSS to reach at a justified end. Few hypotheses were generated and tested using the primary data and in most cases the null hypothesis were accepted. A model was developed, including a dependent variable and eleven independent variables (categorized as demographic and intellectual). The model was found significant for this
research by conducting a regression analysis. Finally a correlation analysis was done between dependent and selected independent variables to generate a statistical conclusion of this paper. The core aim of this inquiry
was to share some insight about the tax evasion tendency in Bangladesh and to motivate interested partied in taking appropriate action.
Bangladesh is country with limited natural resources. So our government doesn't have the luxury t... more Bangladesh is country with limited natural resources. So our government doesn't have the luxury to ignore impact to tax revenue in the economy. For a long period of time, tax revenue has proved to be the primary source of revenue for the Government and anything the government is not getting because of the non compliance behavior is affecting the development process of the country deeply. In this research, I've tried to look at the compliance behavior of undergraduate student of AIUB. A total of 239 students were interviewed on the basis of a likert scale and the independent variables were divided into two distinctive categories, both positive and negative. Cronbach's alpha test, factor analysis and regression analysis were conducted to make the conclusion of this research statistically reliable. The model was found significant and two independent variables were indentified which had major influence in the compliance behavior of prospective tax payers in Bangladesh.