George Stuart | CQ University Australia (original) (raw)
Papers by George Stuart
Journal of Gambling Studies, 2019
Three experiments were conducted using a repetition priming paradigm: Auditory word or environmen... more Three experiments were conducted using a repetition priming paradigm: Auditory word or
environmental sound stimuli were identified by subjects in a pre-test phase, which was
followed by a perceptual identification task using either sounds or words in the test phase.
Identification of an environmental sound was facilitated by prior presentation of the same
sound, but not by prior presentation of a spoken label (Experiments 1 and 2). Similarly,
spoken word identification was facilitated by previous presentation of the same word, but not
when the word had been used to label an environmental sound (Experiment 1). A degree of
abstraction was demonstrated in Experiment 3, which revealed a facilitation effect between
similar sounds produced by the same type of source. These results are discussed in terms of
the Transfer Appropriate Processing, activation, and systems approaches.
Whereas age effects commonly occur in tests of explicit memory, tests of implicit memory often sh... more Whereas age effects commonly occur in tests of explicit memory, tests of implicit memory often show age invariance. In two experiments, the traditional confound between test type (implicit vs explicit) and retrieval process (conceptually driven vs perceptually driven) was removed by using conceptually driven and perceptually driven tests of both implicit and explicit memory. Experiment 1 revealed a significant age effect for conceptually driven retrieval and no age effect for perceptually driven retrieval, regardless of the type of memory being measured. Experiment 2 highlighted a difference between the two age groups in their ability to utilise semantic encoding in a nominally perceptually driven explicit memory test. The paper concludes that although perceptually driven processing is stable over age, particular care must be taken to minimise contamination from conceptually driven retrieval processes in such investigations.
The authors report 2 experiments that compare the recall of long and short words in pure and mixe... more The authors report 2 experiments that compare the recall of long and short words in pure and mixed lists.
In pure lists, long words were much more poorly remembered than short words. In mixed lists, this
word-length effect was abolished and both the long and short words were recalled as well as short words
in pure lists. These findings contradict current models that seek to explain the word-length effect in terms
of item-based effects such as difficulty in assembling items, or in terms of list-based accounts of rehearsal
speed. An alternative explanation, drawing on ideas of item complexity and item distinctiveness, is
proposed.
In immediate serial recall tasks, high-frequency words are recalled better than low-frequency wor... more In immediate serial recall tasks, high-frequency words are recalled better than low-frequency words. This has been attributed to high-frequency words being better represented and providing more effective support to a redintegration process at retrieval (C. Hulme et al., 1997). In studies of free recall, there is evidence that frequency of word co-occurrence, rather than word frequency per se, may explain the recall advantage enjoyed by high-frequency words (J. Deese, 1960). The authors present evidence that pre-exposing pairs of low-frequency words, so as to create associative links between them, has substantial beneficial effects on
immediate serial recall performance. These benefits, which are not attributable to simple familiarization with the words per se, do not occur for high-frequency words. These findings indicate that associative links between items in long-term memory have important effects on short-term memory performance and suggest that the effects of word frequency in short-term memory tasks are related to differences in inter-item associations in long-term memory.
Two experiments explored implicit memory for auditory stimuli as measured by a test of perceptual... more Two experiments explored implicit memory for auditory stimuli as measured by a test of perceptual identification. The facilitative effect of perceived auditory primes was contrasted with that of imaged auditory primes. In Experiment 1, there was a significant priming effect from imaged spoken-word primes that did not differ significantly from the level of priming due to perceived spoken-word primes, measured by a test of auditory perceptual identification. There was no facilitation of spoken-word identification following creation of an image of a word’s referent sound. In Experiment 2, identification of an environmental sound was facilitated by prior processing of an imaged sound from the same category, though there was significantly more transfer following processing of the actual sound.
Inflammatory bowel diseases, 2009
Many chronic illnesses are accompanied by impaired cognitive functioning. In people with Inflamma... more Many chronic illnesses are accompanied by impaired cognitive functioning. In people with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), there is some research to suggest a decrement in verbal IQ (VIQ), when compared to people with Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) and healthy controls. Although this is an important finding, it is necessary to ensure that such deficits are not due to methodological problems such as the failure to take into account pre-morbid functioning.
Journal of Experimental Psychology-learning Memory and Cognition, 1997
Four experiments investigated the mechanisms responsible for the advantage enjoyed by high-freque... more Four experiments investigated the mechanisms responsible for the advantage enjoyed by high-frequency words in short-term memory tasks. Experiment 1 demonstrated effects of word frequency on memory span that were independent of differences in speech rate. Experiments 2 and 3 showed that word frequency has an increasing effect on serial recall across serial positions, but Experiment 4 showed that this effect was abolished for backward recall. A model that includes a redintegration process that operates to "clean up" decayed short-term memory traces is proposed, and the multinomial processing tree model described by R. Schweickert (1993) is used to provide a quantitative fit to data from Experiments 2, 3, and 4.
Journal of Experimental Psychology-learning Memory and Cognition, 1999
Journal of Experimental Psychology-learning Memory and Cognition, 1995
Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 2002
Journal of Experimental Psychology-learning Memory and Cognition, 1997
Journal of Gambling Studies, 2019
Three experiments were conducted using a repetition priming paradigm: Auditory word or environmen... more Three experiments were conducted using a repetition priming paradigm: Auditory word or
environmental sound stimuli were identified by subjects in a pre-test phase, which was
followed by a perceptual identification task using either sounds or words in the test phase.
Identification of an environmental sound was facilitated by prior presentation of the same
sound, but not by prior presentation of a spoken label (Experiments 1 and 2). Similarly,
spoken word identification was facilitated by previous presentation of the same word, but not
when the word had been used to label an environmental sound (Experiment 1). A degree of
abstraction was demonstrated in Experiment 3, which revealed a facilitation effect between
similar sounds produced by the same type of source. These results are discussed in terms of
the Transfer Appropriate Processing, activation, and systems approaches.
Whereas age effects commonly occur in tests of explicit memory, tests of implicit memory often sh... more Whereas age effects commonly occur in tests of explicit memory, tests of implicit memory often show age invariance. In two experiments, the traditional confound between test type (implicit vs explicit) and retrieval process (conceptually driven vs perceptually driven) was removed by using conceptually driven and perceptually driven tests of both implicit and explicit memory. Experiment 1 revealed a significant age effect for conceptually driven retrieval and no age effect for perceptually driven retrieval, regardless of the type of memory being measured. Experiment 2 highlighted a difference between the two age groups in their ability to utilise semantic encoding in a nominally perceptually driven explicit memory test. The paper concludes that although perceptually driven processing is stable over age, particular care must be taken to minimise contamination from conceptually driven retrieval processes in such investigations.
The authors report 2 experiments that compare the recall of long and short words in pure and mixe... more The authors report 2 experiments that compare the recall of long and short words in pure and mixed lists.
In pure lists, long words were much more poorly remembered than short words. In mixed lists, this
word-length effect was abolished and both the long and short words were recalled as well as short words
in pure lists. These findings contradict current models that seek to explain the word-length effect in terms
of item-based effects such as difficulty in assembling items, or in terms of list-based accounts of rehearsal
speed. An alternative explanation, drawing on ideas of item complexity and item distinctiveness, is
proposed.
In immediate serial recall tasks, high-frequency words are recalled better than low-frequency wor... more In immediate serial recall tasks, high-frequency words are recalled better than low-frequency words. This has been attributed to high-frequency words being better represented and providing more effective support to a redintegration process at retrieval (C. Hulme et al., 1997). In studies of free recall, there is evidence that frequency of word co-occurrence, rather than word frequency per se, may explain the recall advantage enjoyed by high-frequency words (J. Deese, 1960). The authors present evidence that pre-exposing pairs of low-frequency words, so as to create associative links between them, has substantial beneficial effects on
immediate serial recall performance. These benefits, which are not attributable to simple familiarization with the words per se, do not occur for high-frequency words. These findings indicate that associative links between items in long-term memory have important effects on short-term memory performance and suggest that the effects of word frequency in short-term memory tasks are related to differences in inter-item associations in long-term memory.
Two experiments explored implicit memory for auditory stimuli as measured by a test of perceptual... more Two experiments explored implicit memory for auditory stimuli as measured by a test of perceptual identification. The facilitative effect of perceived auditory primes was contrasted with that of imaged auditory primes. In Experiment 1, there was a significant priming effect from imaged spoken-word primes that did not differ significantly from the level of priming due to perceived spoken-word primes, measured by a test of auditory perceptual identification. There was no facilitation of spoken-word identification following creation of an image of a word’s referent sound. In Experiment 2, identification of an environmental sound was facilitated by prior processing of an imaged sound from the same category, though there was significantly more transfer following processing of the actual sound.
Inflammatory bowel diseases, 2009
Many chronic illnesses are accompanied by impaired cognitive functioning. In people with Inflamma... more Many chronic illnesses are accompanied by impaired cognitive functioning. In people with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), there is some research to suggest a decrement in verbal IQ (VIQ), when compared to people with Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) and healthy controls. Although this is an important finding, it is necessary to ensure that such deficits are not due to methodological problems such as the failure to take into account pre-morbid functioning.
Journal of Experimental Psychology-learning Memory and Cognition, 1997
Four experiments investigated the mechanisms responsible for the advantage enjoyed by high-freque... more Four experiments investigated the mechanisms responsible for the advantage enjoyed by high-frequency words in short-term memory tasks. Experiment 1 demonstrated effects of word frequency on memory span that were independent of differences in speech rate. Experiments 2 and 3 showed that word frequency has an increasing effect on serial recall across serial positions, but Experiment 4 showed that this effect was abolished for backward recall. A model that includes a redintegration process that operates to "clean up" decayed short-term memory traces is proposed, and the multinomial processing tree model described by R. Schweickert (1993) is used to provide a quantitative fit to data from Experiments 2, 3, and 4.
Journal of Experimental Psychology-learning Memory and Cognition, 1999
Journal of Experimental Psychology-learning Memory and Cognition, 1995
Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 2002
Journal of Experimental Psychology-learning Memory and Cognition, 1997