Dr Abhijeet Ghadge | Cranfield University (original) (raw)

Papers by Dr Abhijeet Ghadge

International Journal of Production research , 2024

The food supply chain (FSC) constantly needs to address persistent challenges such as information... more The food supply chain (FSC) constantly needs to address persistent challenges such as information asymmetry, low transparency, food quality and authenticity, and unnecessary waste. Blockchain is perceived as a promising solution to overcome these FSC challenges. Existing literature captures a conceptual understanding of various aspects of Blockchain for FSC, such as how the technology can enhance transparency, efficiency, and food authenticity. However, a quantitative assessment of the overall impact of Blockchain adoption on the FSC operational performance is still missing. This study combines empirical and analytical approaches to investigate the evident research gap. Under the lens of systems thinking and System Dynamics (SD) modelling perspective, the study collected questionnaire and interview data to develop different FSC models for evaluating the impact of Blockchain on key operational performance metrics. The findings indicated that Blockchain positively affects inventory level and lead time in the immediate term, and cost in the long term. The results also warn that forgoing inventory buffers can come with the cost-of-service level. This study provides quantitative evidence of the positive influence of Blockchain on the FSC. This research contributes by extending the understanding of Blockchain's implications on broader supply chain performance from a systems perspective.

International Journal of Production Research, 2024

Digital Twins (DTs) hold significant promise in addressing the challenges faced by food supply ch... more Digital Twins (DTs) hold significant promise in addressing the challenges faced by food supply chains (FSCs). This paper aims to provide critical insights into the potential for Digital Twins to meet the key challenges of the FSC and establish a comprehensive conceptual framework for their implementation. Following a systematic literature review (SLR), the study identified 81 peer-reviewed, high-quality papers published over the last decade (2012-2023). The typology-driven thematic analysis emphasises the emergent nature of DTs within FSCs, highlighting their key characteristics including monitoring, real-time simulation, and scenario analysis. The identified characteristics, applications, implementation drivers and barriers of Digital Twin form the basis for a novel conceptual framework for implementing DTs in FSCs. Leveraging insights from Innovation Adoption Theory and the Technology-Organization-Environment (TOE) framework, the study outlines a structured five step implementation process divided into three stages. Notably, technology assessment and performance evaluation emerge as two innovative steps necessary for the successful implementation of DTs specifically, not previously considered by the theory. The study identifies promising avenues for future research, including the need for investigations into technology integration, development of DT performance evaluation metrics, and exploration of inter-level supply chain applications. These findings provide invaluable guidance to researchers and practitioners seeking to embrace the potential of Digital Twin within the food industry.

Keywords: Digital Twin; Food Supply Chains; Innovation Adoption Theory; Technology-Organization-Environment (TOE); Industry 4.0; Implementation framework

Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 2024

Purpose: Digital transformation utilising Industry 4.0 technologies can address various challenge... more Purpose: Digital transformation utilising Industry 4.0 technologies can address various challenges in food supply chains (FSCs). However, the integration of emerging technologies to achieve digital transformation in FSCs is unclear. This study aims to establish how the digital transformation of FSCs can be achieved by adopting key technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), cloud computing (CC), and Big Data Analytics (BDA).

Design/methodology/approach: A systematic literature review (SLR) resulted in 57 articles from 2008 to 2022. Following descriptive and thematic analysis, a conceptual framework based on the Diffusion of Innovation (DOI) theory and the Context-Intervention-Mechanism-Outcome (CIMO) logic is established, along with avenues for future research.

Findings: The combination of DOI theory and CIMO logic provides the theoretical foundation for linking the general innovation process to the digital transformation process. A novel conceptual framework for achieving digital transformation in FSCs is developed from the initiation to implementation phases. Objectives and principles for digitally transforming food supply chains are identified for the initiation phase. A four-layer technology implementation architecture is developed for the implementation phase, facilitating multiple applications for FSC digital transformation.

Originality/value: The study contributes to the development of theory on digital transformation in FSCs and offers managerial guidelines for accelerating the growth of the food industry using key Industry 4.0 emerging technologies. The proposed framework brings clarity into the 'neglected' intermediate stage of data management between data collection and analysis. The study highlights the need for a balanced integration of IoT, CC, and BDA as key Industry 4.0 technologies to achieve digital transformation successfully.

Computers and Industrial Engineering

A ride-sharing platform with a price-setting power mechanism exists in practice. However, it is u... more A ride-sharing platform with a price-setting power mechanism exists in practice. However, it is unclear how supply chain transactions (ride price) and yields are affected due to a commission fee on ride-sharing platforms. To better understand, this study explores the impact of the service provider's price-setting (Model S) and service enabler's price-setting (Model E) power mechanism on supply chain profit under the influence of price competition in a sharing economy. We consider duopoly supply chains, wherein in one supply chain, a service provider delivers service through a service enabler, and in another, service providers offer direct customer service. Mathematical models are developed to analyze the difference in price-setting power mechanism effect, considering marketing efforts under different competitive scenarios. Results show that the supply chain profit is highest when the service provider sets the transaction price in Model S. Furthermore, when the commission fee exceeds a certain threshold (0.5), the total profit in Model E increases, but in Model S it decreases. In ride-sharing platforms, the service provider loses with a rise in commission fees, while the service enabler profits from it. The study contributes to the growing interest in the intricacies of sharing economy businesses.

International Journal of Logistics Management, 2023

Purpose-Each stage in disaster management faces different challenges concerning information gathe... more Purpose-Each stage in disaster management faces different challenges concerning information gathering, sharing, interpretation and dissemination. However, a comprehensive understanding of different Information and Communication Technology (ICT) systems utilised for humanitarian disaster management is limited. Therefore, the paper follows a systems thinking approach to examine ten major man-made and/or natural disasters to comprehend the influence of ICT systems on humanitarian relief operations.

Design/methodology/approach-A longitudinal, multi-case study captures the use of ICT tools, stakeholders involvement, disaster stages and zones of operations for relief operations over the past two decades. A systems thinking approach is utilised to draw several inferences and develop frameworks.

Findings-Multiple ICT tools such as geographic information systems, online webpages/search engines, social media, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles/robots, and artificial intelligence are used for rapid disaster response and mitigation. Speed and coordination of relief operations have significantly increased in recent years due to the increased use of ICT systems.

Research limitations-Secondary data on the past ten disasters is utilised to draw inferences. The developed ICT-driven model must be validated during upcoming humanitarian relief operations.

Practical implications-A holistic understanding of a complex interrelationship between influential variables (stakeholders, disaster stages, zones of operation, ICT systems) is beneficial for effectively managing humanitarian disasters.

Originality/value-Broadly classifying the ICT systems into surveillance, decision support and broadcasting systems, a novel ICT-enabled model for humanitarian relief operations is developed.

International Journal of Production research, 2023

Research on Blockchain implementation in the Pharmaceutical Supply Chains (PSC) is lacking despit... more Research on Blockchain implementation in the Pharmaceutical Supply Chains (PSC) is lacking despite its strong potential to overcome conventional supply chain challenges. Thus, this study aims to provide critical insight into the nexus between Blockchain and PSC and further build a conceptual framework for implementation within the pharmaceutical industry. Following a systematic literature review and text mining approach, 65 interdisciplinary articles published between 2010 and 2021 were studied to capture the decade long developments. Descriptive and thematic analysis showcases nascent developments of Blockchain in PSC. The drivers and barriers to adoption, implementation stages, and applications identified through the thematic analysis guide in setting the agenda for future research, primarily focussing on the use of Blockchain for drug counterfeiting, recall issues, along with other sector-specific challenges such as patient privacy, regulations and clinical trials. Research on Blockchain for PSC has been slow compared to other sectors but has accelerated since the Covid-19 pandemic. Identified influential factors, implementation process and apparent applications are expected to influence researchers and practitioners in developing a roadmap for adopting Blockchain in the pharmaceutical industry. The proposed conceptual framework is novel and provides valuable directions to producers, regulators and governments to implement Blockchain in the pharmaceutical industry.

International Journal of Logistics Research and Applications, 2022

Blockchain technology has been identified as a possible solution to address critical challenges f... more Blockchain technology has been identified as a possible solution to address critical challenges faced by the food sector. Building on the potential of Blockchain within Food Supply Chains (FSC), this study aims to develop an evidence-based implementation model for Blockchain in the food industry. Innovation Adoption and other prominent theories are integrated to first develop a conceptual framework, which is later validated following an analysis of the qualitative data. Fifteen semistructured expert interviews are used to develop an evidence-driven, applied model for implementing Blockchain; providing detailed insights into typical stages, associated activities, and contextual determinants needed for successful integration. An empirically validated implementation model advances the extant academic literature and further provides a detailed roadmap for food practitioners, while initiating Blockchain projects with their firms and/or supply chains.

Computers and Industrial Engineering, 2022

Closed-loop supply chains (CLSCs) are essential for maximising the value creation over the entire... more Closed-loop supply chains (CLSCs) are essential for maximising the value creation over the entire life cycle of a product. The design of these networks is increasing due to growing online businesses and rising sustainability awareness. This study develops a multi-objective optimisation model for sustainable CLSC network problem considering supply chain's inherent complexity (multi-echelon, multi-product, multi-mode and multi-period nature) along with price-sensitive demand, consumer's incentives and different quality levels of product. The proposed model seeks to optimise total cost and carbon emissions generated by production, distribution, transportation, and disposal activities. A two-stage algorithm, through the integration of the Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA-II) and Co-Kriging approach is utilised to determine the trade-off between costs and carbon emissions in the CLSC network. Data collected from a leading European household appliance company was used to analyse and interpret the developed model. The results show that the proposed two-stage approach provides robust outcomes and is computationally less expensive than the epsilon constraint approach. The study evidences the positive effects of incentive pricing on returned goods in the reverse logistics network and provides multiple trade-off solutions for supply chain managers to make informed decisions.

Computers and Industrial Engineering, 2022

The paper evidence the link between two paradigms-Industry 4.0 and Green Supply Chain Management ... more The paper evidence the link between two paradigms-Industry 4.0 and Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM) following an empirical study conducted in the automotive industry. 243 responses from the automotive supply chain professionals from Europe (including the UK) are used to test the developed hypotheses. An integrated, two-stage approach combining interpretive structural modelling and structural equation modelling develops a multi-level hierarchical structure for establishing the link between Industry 4.0 technologies, Green Supply Chain (GSC) practices and GSC performance. The study evidenced an indirect effect of Industry 4.0 technologies through GSC practices on GSC performance; and this link is found to be stronger than the direct effect of Industry 4.0 and GSC practices in the automotive supply chains. Future supply chains should focus on driving and linking technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) and Blockchain for effective implementation of GSC practices. GSC practices, mainly reverse logistics and green purchasing, are highly influenced by disruptive technologies and are critical for leading improvement in GSC performance. Identifying and linking key Industry 4.0 technologies with GSC practices will benefit organizations in making evidence-informed decisions for improved sustainability performance.

International Journal of Production Research, 2021

Supply chains (SCs) are exposed to multiple risks and vulnerable to disruption propagation (i.e.,... more Supply chains (SCs) are exposed to multiple risks and vulnerable to disruption propagation (i.e., the ripple effect). Despite established literature, quantitative analysis of the ripple effect in SCs considering simultaneous, long-term disruptions (i.e., induced by the COVID-19 pandemic) remains limited. This study defines, applies and demonstrates the capability of system dynamics modelling to recognise and visualise the ripple effect subject to supply, demand, and logistics disruptions as well as a combined, simultaneous disruption of supply, demand and logistics. Simulation results for these four risk scenarios indicate that disruption propagation and its impacts vary based on risk type, combination of risks and the impacting node. The bi-directional, increasing effect is significant for disruptions of longer duration. Retailers and manufacturers are most fragile to multiple disruptions due to broader risk exposure points. In generalised terms, systems theory-based study provides insights into the complex behaviour of simultaneous risks and associated disruptions occurring at a node and across the SC. The outcomes derived can help practitioners visualise and recognise the dynamic nature of the ripple effect cascading across the SC network. In addition, some novel insights on the systemic nature and delayed impact of disruption propagations are uncovered and discussed.

Annals of Operations Research, 2021

The study investigates the relationship between the information and communication-enabled supply ... more The study investigates the relationship between the information and communication-enabled supply chain integration (SCI) and sustainable supply chain performance (SSCP). Moreover, to the best of our knowledge, there is no empirical evidence on the impact of blockchain technologies (BT) on the SSCP. Therefore, the primary aim of this study is to assess the relationship between BT and SSCP. More specifically, the study was conducted to examine the direct influence of BT on SCI and SSCP and the interactive effect of BT and SCI on SSCP. Based on the dynamic capability theoretical lens, the present study conceptualizes the use of BT as a specific IT resource to collaborate and reconfigure the ties with the upstream and downstream supply chain members to achieve SSCP. The results of the study support the hypothesis stating that BT positively influences the SSCP. The results recognize the role of SCI as a significant mediating variable between the BT and SSCP. The result indicates the strong influence of SCI with full mediation effect on the relationship between the BT and SSCP.

Production Planning & Control, 2021

Blockchain technology has received significant attention from the food industry; however, due to ... more Blockchain technology has received significant attention from the food industry; however, due to the scarcity of successful Blockchain projects and sector-specific studies, a step-by-step approach for implementing Blockchain in food supply chains (FSCs) is still missing. A systematic literature review of 69 high-quality, peer-reviewed articles is utilized to capture Blockchain adoption drivers and barriers, applications, and implementation stages within FSCs. Current Blockchain issues such as scalability, regulations, privacy, and incentivization are identified as future research opportunities. Following innovation adoption theory, a three-stage conceptual framework for Blockchain implementation in FSCs is developed. The proposed framework is novel and is expected to benefit food chain managers in establishing the suitability of Blockchain for their organization and/or wider supply network. Identified influential factors, case examples, and implementation stages are expected to guide practitioners in developing a roadmap for adopting Blockchain in the food industry.

International Journal of Logistics Management, 2021

Purpose: Human resource management is struggling to cope with the increasingly volatile demand fo... more Purpose: Human resource management is struggling to cope with the increasingly volatile demand for skilled resources in the logistics and supply chain sector. Thus, this study discovers the possible integration of human resource management (HRM) and supply chain management (SCM) practices for improved supply chain performance. The purpose of the study is to explore the effect of intra HRM-SCM and joint HRM-SCM decisions on the performance of the supply chain. Design/methodology/approach: An intra HRM-SCM and joint HRM-SCM management model is developed following an empirical study. Survey data collected from 109 supply chain managers from Indian logistics firms are used to test the developed hypotheses. Structural equation modelling is used to analyse and validate the model. Findings: The results suggest that supply chain performance is significantly influenced by joint HRM-SCM, compared to intra HRM-SCM practices, especially under volatile demand environments. Training and development, recruitment and selection, and performance management affect joint HRM-SCM significantly compared to the other three factors identified. Moreover, HRM and SCM show strong correlation and mutual support in identifying and fulfilling the demand of the logistics and supply chain sector. Practical implications: With a growing trend towards globalization and digitalization, a joint HRM-SCM model will help businesses make robust and informed decisions for improved supply chain performance. Originality/value: An empirical relationship between joint HRM-SCM, intra HRM-SCM, supply chain inhibitors, and supply chain performance is established in this study. Although some part of this relationship may already exist, the study provides robust evidence to support this complex, collaborative relationship.

Supply Chain Forum: An International Journal, 2021

The study investigates deceptive counterfeits in global supply chains. It explores perceived sour... more The study investigates deceptive counterfeits in global supply chains. It explores perceived sources of counterfeits, their impact and identifies risk mitigation strategies in Business-to-Business procurement. An online survey is used to collect data from 140 procurement professionals targeted at a national purchasing body and affiliated UK purchasing groups. The study findings show that counterfeit breaches are increasing, especially in low-cost spare parts, sourced from tier-two suppliers based in developing countries. Counterfeits lead to high costs SCs in delays, lost sales, product recalls and even legal action. Network transparency, cost of quality and pre-supply evaluation approaches and supplier relationship management are the most effective mitigation strategies to overcome deceptive counterfeits. The study contributes to supply chain academics and practitioners' growing research interest in counterfeit risk.

Annals of Operations Research, 2020

The paper studies product bundling in a duopoly supply chain network under the influence of diffe... more The paper studies product bundling in a duopoly supply chain network under the influence of different power-balance structures, bundling decisions and advertising efforts on total supply chain profit. Mathematical models comprising two manufacturers and a single retailer are developed to capture the impact of bundling policy and advertisement strategy under three power-balance structures, namely Manufacturer Stackelberg, Retailer Stackelberg and Vertical Nash. Following game theory models and numerical examples, the study found that the total profit of the supply chain is undifferentiated under the manufacturer Stackelberg and Vertical Nash case in the manufacturer bundling and retailer bundling strategies. However, total supply chain profit under manufacturer bundling strongly dominates under retailer bundling in Retailer Stackelberg and Vertical Nash, and remains valid under multiple settings of market size, price elasticity and advertising elasticity. It is also found that manufacturer bundling is significantly affected by advertising effort compared to retailer bundling. The study contributes to the literature interfacing supply chain and marketing by studying bundling policy and advertising strategy simultaneously for homogenous products, under various power-balance structures and price competition.

International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management, 2020

Purpose-An uncertain product demand in online retailing leads to loss of opportunity cost and cus... more Purpose-An uncertain product demand in online retailing leads to loss of opportunity cost and customer dissatisfaction due to instances of product unavailability. On the other hand, when e-retailers store excessive inventory of durable goods to fulfil uncertain demand, it results in significant inventory holding and obsolescence cost. In view of such overstocking/understocking situations, this study attempts to mitigate online demand risk by exploring novel e-retailing approaches considering the trade-offs between opportunity cost/customer dissatisfaction and inventory holding/obsolescence cost.
Design/methodology/approach-Four e-retailing approaches are introduced to mitigate uncertain demand and minimize the economic losses to e-retailer. Using three months purchased history data of online consumers for durable goods, four proposed approaches are tested by developing product attribute-based algorithm to calculate the economic loss to the e-retailer.
Findings-Mixed e-retailing method of selling unavailable products from collaborative e-retail partner and alternative product's suggestion from own e-retailing method is found to be best for mitigating uncertain demand as well as limiting customer dissatisfaction. Research limitations/implications-A limited numbers of risk factor have been considered in this study. In the future, others risk factors like fraudulent order of high demand products, long delivery time window risk, damage and return risk of popular products can be incorporated and handled to reduce the economic loss.
Practical implications-The analysis can minimize the economic losses to a e-retailer and also can maximize the profit of collaborative e-retailing partner.
Originality/value-The study proposes a retailer to retailer collaboration approach without sharing the forecasted products' demand information.

International Journal of Production Research, 2020

This study aims to analyse the manufacturer-supplier relational perspective under the influence o... more This study aims to analyse the manufacturer-supplier relational perspective under the influence of exogenous financial risk. Following corporate finance theory, a multi-objective decision model for supplier selection and order allocation is developed to maximise the total profit of the manufacturer and minimise the implicit equity stake and financial risks faced by the supplier. A two-echelon supply chain is explored under the influence of foreign exchange risk, default risk, market risk and price fluctuation risk, and solved using an NSGA-III algorithm. Three case scenarios are analysed to explore the impact of a set of financial risks on the manufacturer-supplier relationship and the behaviour of suppliers concerning risk profile, both in the short-and long-term horizon. The study provides insights into the influence of financial risks on the manufacturer-supplier relationship and will be valuable for dealing with scenarios in uncertain economic environments. The research is likely to be of benefit beyond supply chain managers, like investors and financial risk managers in making informed decisions. The need for focus on systemic risk in supply chains is evident from the study.

Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 2020

The availability of bioethanol, a promising renewable alternative to fossil fuels depends on the ... more The availability of bioethanol, a promising renewable alternative to fossil fuels depends on the supply of biomass produced from agricultural resources. The study attempts a system dynamics modelling approach to explore the implications of greenhouse gas concentration trajectories associated with climate change on bioethanol supply chains. Eight different climate change scenarios are simulated spanning over a 40-year horizon to predict biomass yield and bioethanol availability, by considering first generation (corn) and second generation (switchgrass) ethanol feedstocks. The developed model is used to assess the extent of potential disruptions resulting from global warming. Cascading effect of climate change risk is evident through decreased yield and production, and increased shortages at end customer in the bioethanol supply network. The results indicate that, if climate change risk is not adequately mitigated and current used source of ethanol (corn) continues to be leveraged, the bioethanol availability may decrease by one-fourth by the year 2060. The comparative study encourages exploring the increased use of switchgrass as a sustainable feedstock for renewable energy. Developed insights support identifying effective climate change mitigation policies and sustainable investment decisions for the reduction in carbon emissions.

Keywords:Bioethanol; Climate change; Renewable energy; Supply chain risk; System dynamics

International Journal of Production Research, 2020

Climate change is among the top global risks due to its growing adverse impact on businesses. How... more Climate change is among the top global risks due to its growing adverse impact on businesses. However, few empirical studies address this imminent risk from a supply chain perspective. Due to a lack of established approaches for capturing complex interaction between climate change risk and supply chain performance, a three-phase mixed methodology approach was attempted. A cognitive map first captured the interrelationships based on a mental model established by a group of experts. Later, a survey gathered from industry practitioners assessing causal relationships identified key climate change factors and most influenced supply chain performance dimensions. Finally, a system dynamics model supported by multiple case scenarios assessed the implications of climate change on supply chain performance. The results indicated a significant reduction in the availability of natural resources/raw material and capacity, leading to increase in stock-outs, inventory costs and bottlenecks disrupting procurement, manufacturing and logistics functions. Supply chain performance captured through efficiency and effectiveness shows a negative trend with increasing climate change consequences. The systems approach followed in this paper contributes by providing a quantitative model for assessing the impact of climate change risk on supply chain performance.

International journal of Production Economics, 2020

The smart manufacturing systems (SMS) offer several advantages compared to the traditional manufa... more The smart manufacturing systems (SMS) offer several advantages compared to the traditional manufacturing systems and are increasingly being adopted by manufacturing organizations as a strategy to improve their performance. Developing an SMS is expensive and complicated, integrating together various technologies such as automation, data exchanges, cyber-physical systems (CPS), artificial intelligence, internet of things (IoT), and semi-autonomous industrial systems. The Small, Medium and Micro Enterprises (SMMEs) have limited resources and therefore, would like to see the benefits from investments before allowing adopting SMS. This study uses a combination of exploratory and empirical research design to identify and validate the performance measures relevant to the evaluation of SMS investments in auto-component manufacturing SMMEs based in India. The study found that an Industry 4.0 enabled SMS offer more competitive benefits compared to a traditional manufacturing system. The planned investments in SMS can be evaluated on ten performance dimensions namely, cost, quality, flexibility, time, integration, optimized productivity, real-time diagnosis & prognosis, computing, social and ecological sustainability. Proposed novel Smart Manufacturing Performance Measurement System (SMPMS) framework is expected to guide the practitioners in SMMEs to evaluate their SMS investments.

International Journal of Production research , 2024

The food supply chain (FSC) constantly needs to address persistent challenges such as information... more The food supply chain (FSC) constantly needs to address persistent challenges such as information asymmetry, low transparency, food quality and authenticity, and unnecessary waste. Blockchain is perceived as a promising solution to overcome these FSC challenges. Existing literature captures a conceptual understanding of various aspects of Blockchain for FSC, such as how the technology can enhance transparency, efficiency, and food authenticity. However, a quantitative assessment of the overall impact of Blockchain adoption on the FSC operational performance is still missing. This study combines empirical and analytical approaches to investigate the evident research gap. Under the lens of systems thinking and System Dynamics (SD) modelling perspective, the study collected questionnaire and interview data to develop different FSC models for evaluating the impact of Blockchain on key operational performance metrics. The findings indicated that Blockchain positively affects inventory level and lead time in the immediate term, and cost in the long term. The results also warn that forgoing inventory buffers can come with the cost-of-service level. This study provides quantitative evidence of the positive influence of Blockchain on the FSC. This research contributes by extending the understanding of Blockchain's implications on broader supply chain performance from a systems perspective.

International Journal of Production Research, 2024

Digital Twins (DTs) hold significant promise in addressing the challenges faced by food supply ch... more Digital Twins (DTs) hold significant promise in addressing the challenges faced by food supply chains (FSCs). This paper aims to provide critical insights into the potential for Digital Twins to meet the key challenges of the FSC and establish a comprehensive conceptual framework for their implementation. Following a systematic literature review (SLR), the study identified 81 peer-reviewed, high-quality papers published over the last decade (2012-2023). The typology-driven thematic analysis emphasises the emergent nature of DTs within FSCs, highlighting their key characteristics including monitoring, real-time simulation, and scenario analysis. The identified characteristics, applications, implementation drivers and barriers of Digital Twin form the basis for a novel conceptual framework for implementing DTs in FSCs. Leveraging insights from Innovation Adoption Theory and the Technology-Organization-Environment (TOE) framework, the study outlines a structured five step implementation process divided into three stages. Notably, technology assessment and performance evaluation emerge as two innovative steps necessary for the successful implementation of DTs specifically, not previously considered by the theory. The study identifies promising avenues for future research, including the need for investigations into technology integration, development of DT performance evaluation metrics, and exploration of inter-level supply chain applications. These findings provide invaluable guidance to researchers and practitioners seeking to embrace the potential of Digital Twin within the food industry.

Keywords: Digital Twin; Food Supply Chains; Innovation Adoption Theory; Technology-Organization-Environment (TOE); Industry 4.0; Implementation framework

Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 2024

Purpose: Digital transformation utilising Industry 4.0 technologies can address various challenge... more Purpose: Digital transformation utilising Industry 4.0 technologies can address various challenges in food supply chains (FSCs). However, the integration of emerging technologies to achieve digital transformation in FSCs is unclear. This study aims to establish how the digital transformation of FSCs can be achieved by adopting key technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), cloud computing (CC), and Big Data Analytics (BDA).

Design/methodology/approach: A systematic literature review (SLR) resulted in 57 articles from 2008 to 2022. Following descriptive and thematic analysis, a conceptual framework based on the Diffusion of Innovation (DOI) theory and the Context-Intervention-Mechanism-Outcome (CIMO) logic is established, along with avenues for future research.

Findings: The combination of DOI theory and CIMO logic provides the theoretical foundation for linking the general innovation process to the digital transformation process. A novel conceptual framework for achieving digital transformation in FSCs is developed from the initiation to implementation phases. Objectives and principles for digitally transforming food supply chains are identified for the initiation phase. A four-layer technology implementation architecture is developed for the implementation phase, facilitating multiple applications for FSC digital transformation.

Originality/value: The study contributes to the development of theory on digital transformation in FSCs and offers managerial guidelines for accelerating the growth of the food industry using key Industry 4.0 emerging technologies. The proposed framework brings clarity into the 'neglected' intermediate stage of data management between data collection and analysis. The study highlights the need for a balanced integration of IoT, CC, and BDA as key Industry 4.0 technologies to achieve digital transformation successfully.

Computers and Industrial Engineering

A ride-sharing platform with a price-setting power mechanism exists in practice. However, it is u... more A ride-sharing platform with a price-setting power mechanism exists in practice. However, it is unclear how supply chain transactions (ride price) and yields are affected due to a commission fee on ride-sharing platforms. To better understand, this study explores the impact of the service provider's price-setting (Model S) and service enabler's price-setting (Model E) power mechanism on supply chain profit under the influence of price competition in a sharing economy. We consider duopoly supply chains, wherein in one supply chain, a service provider delivers service through a service enabler, and in another, service providers offer direct customer service. Mathematical models are developed to analyze the difference in price-setting power mechanism effect, considering marketing efforts under different competitive scenarios. Results show that the supply chain profit is highest when the service provider sets the transaction price in Model S. Furthermore, when the commission fee exceeds a certain threshold (0.5), the total profit in Model E increases, but in Model S it decreases. In ride-sharing platforms, the service provider loses with a rise in commission fees, while the service enabler profits from it. The study contributes to the growing interest in the intricacies of sharing economy businesses.

International Journal of Logistics Management, 2023

Purpose-Each stage in disaster management faces different challenges concerning information gathe... more Purpose-Each stage in disaster management faces different challenges concerning information gathering, sharing, interpretation and dissemination. However, a comprehensive understanding of different Information and Communication Technology (ICT) systems utilised for humanitarian disaster management is limited. Therefore, the paper follows a systems thinking approach to examine ten major man-made and/or natural disasters to comprehend the influence of ICT systems on humanitarian relief operations.

Design/methodology/approach-A longitudinal, multi-case study captures the use of ICT tools, stakeholders involvement, disaster stages and zones of operations for relief operations over the past two decades. A systems thinking approach is utilised to draw several inferences and develop frameworks.

Findings-Multiple ICT tools such as geographic information systems, online webpages/search engines, social media, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles/robots, and artificial intelligence are used for rapid disaster response and mitigation. Speed and coordination of relief operations have significantly increased in recent years due to the increased use of ICT systems.

Research limitations-Secondary data on the past ten disasters is utilised to draw inferences. The developed ICT-driven model must be validated during upcoming humanitarian relief operations.

Practical implications-A holistic understanding of a complex interrelationship between influential variables (stakeholders, disaster stages, zones of operation, ICT systems) is beneficial for effectively managing humanitarian disasters.

Originality/value-Broadly classifying the ICT systems into surveillance, decision support and broadcasting systems, a novel ICT-enabled model for humanitarian relief operations is developed.

International Journal of Production research, 2023

Research on Blockchain implementation in the Pharmaceutical Supply Chains (PSC) is lacking despit... more Research on Blockchain implementation in the Pharmaceutical Supply Chains (PSC) is lacking despite its strong potential to overcome conventional supply chain challenges. Thus, this study aims to provide critical insight into the nexus between Blockchain and PSC and further build a conceptual framework for implementation within the pharmaceutical industry. Following a systematic literature review and text mining approach, 65 interdisciplinary articles published between 2010 and 2021 were studied to capture the decade long developments. Descriptive and thematic analysis showcases nascent developments of Blockchain in PSC. The drivers and barriers to adoption, implementation stages, and applications identified through the thematic analysis guide in setting the agenda for future research, primarily focussing on the use of Blockchain for drug counterfeiting, recall issues, along with other sector-specific challenges such as patient privacy, regulations and clinical trials. Research on Blockchain for PSC has been slow compared to other sectors but has accelerated since the Covid-19 pandemic. Identified influential factors, implementation process and apparent applications are expected to influence researchers and practitioners in developing a roadmap for adopting Blockchain in the pharmaceutical industry. The proposed conceptual framework is novel and provides valuable directions to producers, regulators and governments to implement Blockchain in the pharmaceutical industry.

International Journal of Logistics Research and Applications, 2022

Blockchain technology has been identified as a possible solution to address critical challenges f... more Blockchain technology has been identified as a possible solution to address critical challenges faced by the food sector. Building on the potential of Blockchain within Food Supply Chains (FSC), this study aims to develop an evidence-based implementation model for Blockchain in the food industry. Innovation Adoption and other prominent theories are integrated to first develop a conceptual framework, which is later validated following an analysis of the qualitative data. Fifteen semistructured expert interviews are used to develop an evidence-driven, applied model for implementing Blockchain; providing detailed insights into typical stages, associated activities, and contextual determinants needed for successful integration. An empirically validated implementation model advances the extant academic literature and further provides a detailed roadmap for food practitioners, while initiating Blockchain projects with their firms and/or supply chains.

Computers and Industrial Engineering, 2022

Closed-loop supply chains (CLSCs) are essential for maximising the value creation over the entire... more Closed-loop supply chains (CLSCs) are essential for maximising the value creation over the entire life cycle of a product. The design of these networks is increasing due to growing online businesses and rising sustainability awareness. This study develops a multi-objective optimisation model for sustainable CLSC network problem considering supply chain's inherent complexity (multi-echelon, multi-product, multi-mode and multi-period nature) along with price-sensitive demand, consumer's incentives and different quality levels of product. The proposed model seeks to optimise total cost and carbon emissions generated by production, distribution, transportation, and disposal activities. A two-stage algorithm, through the integration of the Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA-II) and Co-Kriging approach is utilised to determine the trade-off between costs and carbon emissions in the CLSC network. Data collected from a leading European household appliance company was used to analyse and interpret the developed model. The results show that the proposed two-stage approach provides robust outcomes and is computationally less expensive than the epsilon constraint approach. The study evidences the positive effects of incentive pricing on returned goods in the reverse logistics network and provides multiple trade-off solutions for supply chain managers to make informed decisions.

Computers and Industrial Engineering, 2022

The paper evidence the link between two paradigms-Industry 4.0 and Green Supply Chain Management ... more The paper evidence the link between two paradigms-Industry 4.0 and Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM) following an empirical study conducted in the automotive industry. 243 responses from the automotive supply chain professionals from Europe (including the UK) are used to test the developed hypotheses. An integrated, two-stage approach combining interpretive structural modelling and structural equation modelling develops a multi-level hierarchical structure for establishing the link between Industry 4.0 technologies, Green Supply Chain (GSC) practices and GSC performance. The study evidenced an indirect effect of Industry 4.0 technologies through GSC practices on GSC performance; and this link is found to be stronger than the direct effect of Industry 4.0 and GSC practices in the automotive supply chains. Future supply chains should focus on driving and linking technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) and Blockchain for effective implementation of GSC practices. GSC practices, mainly reverse logistics and green purchasing, are highly influenced by disruptive technologies and are critical for leading improvement in GSC performance. Identifying and linking key Industry 4.0 technologies with GSC practices will benefit organizations in making evidence-informed decisions for improved sustainability performance.

International Journal of Production Research, 2021

Supply chains (SCs) are exposed to multiple risks and vulnerable to disruption propagation (i.e.,... more Supply chains (SCs) are exposed to multiple risks and vulnerable to disruption propagation (i.e., the ripple effect). Despite established literature, quantitative analysis of the ripple effect in SCs considering simultaneous, long-term disruptions (i.e., induced by the COVID-19 pandemic) remains limited. This study defines, applies and demonstrates the capability of system dynamics modelling to recognise and visualise the ripple effect subject to supply, demand, and logistics disruptions as well as a combined, simultaneous disruption of supply, demand and logistics. Simulation results for these four risk scenarios indicate that disruption propagation and its impacts vary based on risk type, combination of risks and the impacting node. The bi-directional, increasing effect is significant for disruptions of longer duration. Retailers and manufacturers are most fragile to multiple disruptions due to broader risk exposure points. In generalised terms, systems theory-based study provides insights into the complex behaviour of simultaneous risks and associated disruptions occurring at a node and across the SC. The outcomes derived can help practitioners visualise and recognise the dynamic nature of the ripple effect cascading across the SC network. In addition, some novel insights on the systemic nature and delayed impact of disruption propagations are uncovered and discussed.

Annals of Operations Research, 2021

The study investigates the relationship between the information and communication-enabled supply ... more The study investigates the relationship between the information and communication-enabled supply chain integration (SCI) and sustainable supply chain performance (SSCP). Moreover, to the best of our knowledge, there is no empirical evidence on the impact of blockchain technologies (BT) on the SSCP. Therefore, the primary aim of this study is to assess the relationship between BT and SSCP. More specifically, the study was conducted to examine the direct influence of BT on SCI and SSCP and the interactive effect of BT and SCI on SSCP. Based on the dynamic capability theoretical lens, the present study conceptualizes the use of BT as a specific IT resource to collaborate and reconfigure the ties with the upstream and downstream supply chain members to achieve SSCP. The results of the study support the hypothesis stating that BT positively influences the SSCP. The results recognize the role of SCI as a significant mediating variable between the BT and SSCP. The result indicates the strong influence of SCI with full mediation effect on the relationship between the BT and SSCP.

Production Planning & Control, 2021

Blockchain technology has received significant attention from the food industry; however, due to ... more Blockchain technology has received significant attention from the food industry; however, due to the scarcity of successful Blockchain projects and sector-specific studies, a step-by-step approach for implementing Blockchain in food supply chains (FSCs) is still missing. A systematic literature review of 69 high-quality, peer-reviewed articles is utilized to capture Blockchain adoption drivers and barriers, applications, and implementation stages within FSCs. Current Blockchain issues such as scalability, regulations, privacy, and incentivization are identified as future research opportunities. Following innovation adoption theory, a three-stage conceptual framework for Blockchain implementation in FSCs is developed. The proposed framework is novel and is expected to benefit food chain managers in establishing the suitability of Blockchain for their organization and/or wider supply network. Identified influential factors, case examples, and implementation stages are expected to guide practitioners in developing a roadmap for adopting Blockchain in the food industry.

International Journal of Logistics Management, 2021

Purpose: Human resource management is struggling to cope with the increasingly volatile demand fo... more Purpose: Human resource management is struggling to cope with the increasingly volatile demand for skilled resources in the logistics and supply chain sector. Thus, this study discovers the possible integration of human resource management (HRM) and supply chain management (SCM) practices for improved supply chain performance. The purpose of the study is to explore the effect of intra HRM-SCM and joint HRM-SCM decisions on the performance of the supply chain. Design/methodology/approach: An intra HRM-SCM and joint HRM-SCM management model is developed following an empirical study. Survey data collected from 109 supply chain managers from Indian logistics firms are used to test the developed hypotheses. Structural equation modelling is used to analyse and validate the model. Findings: The results suggest that supply chain performance is significantly influenced by joint HRM-SCM, compared to intra HRM-SCM practices, especially under volatile demand environments. Training and development, recruitment and selection, and performance management affect joint HRM-SCM significantly compared to the other three factors identified. Moreover, HRM and SCM show strong correlation and mutual support in identifying and fulfilling the demand of the logistics and supply chain sector. Practical implications: With a growing trend towards globalization and digitalization, a joint HRM-SCM model will help businesses make robust and informed decisions for improved supply chain performance. Originality/value: An empirical relationship between joint HRM-SCM, intra HRM-SCM, supply chain inhibitors, and supply chain performance is established in this study. Although some part of this relationship may already exist, the study provides robust evidence to support this complex, collaborative relationship.

Supply Chain Forum: An International Journal, 2021

The study investigates deceptive counterfeits in global supply chains. It explores perceived sour... more The study investigates deceptive counterfeits in global supply chains. It explores perceived sources of counterfeits, their impact and identifies risk mitigation strategies in Business-to-Business procurement. An online survey is used to collect data from 140 procurement professionals targeted at a national purchasing body and affiliated UK purchasing groups. The study findings show that counterfeit breaches are increasing, especially in low-cost spare parts, sourced from tier-two suppliers based in developing countries. Counterfeits lead to high costs SCs in delays, lost sales, product recalls and even legal action. Network transparency, cost of quality and pre-supply evaluation approaches and supplier relationship management are the most effective mitigation strategies to overcome deceptive counterfeits. The study contributes to supply chain academics and practitioners' growing research interest in counterfeit risk.

Annals of Operations Research, 2020

The paper studies product bundling in a duopoly supply chain network under the influence of diffe... more The paper studies product bundling in a duopoly supply chain network under the influence of different power-balance structures, bundling decisions and advertising efforts on total supply chain profit. Mathematical models comprising two manufacturers and a single retailer are developed to capture the impact of bundling policy and advertisement strategy under three power-balance structures, namely Manufacturer Stackelberg, Retailer Stackelberg and Vertical Nash. Following game theory models and numerical examples, the study found that the total profit of the supply chain is undifferentiated under the manufacturer Stackelberg and Vertical Nash case in the manufacturer bundling and retailer bundling strategies. However, total supply chain profit under manufacturer bundling strongly dominates under retailer bundling in Retailer Stackelberg and Vertical Nash, and remains valid under multiple settings of market size, price elasticity and advertising elasticity. It is also found that manufacturer bundling is significantly affected by advertising effort compared to retailer bundling. The study contributes to the literature interfacing supply chain and marketing by studying bundling policy and advertising strategy simultaneously for homogenous products, under various power-balance structures and price competition.

International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management, 2020

Purpose-An uncertain product demand in online retailing leads to loss of opportunity cost and cus... more Purpose-An uncertain product demand in online retailing leads to loss of opportunity cost and customer dissatisfaction due to instances of product unavailability. On the other hand, when e-retailers store excessive inventory of durable goods to fulfil uncertain demand, it results in significant inventory holding and obsolescence cost. In view of such overstocking/understocking situations, this study attempts to mitigate online demand risk by exploring novel e-retailing approaches considering the trade-offs between opportunity cost/customer dissatisfaction and inventory holding/obsolescence cost.
Design/methodology/approach-Four e-retailing approaches are introduced to mitigate uncertain demand and minimize the economic losses to e-retailer. Using three months purchased history data of online consumers for durable goods, four proposed approaches are tested by developing product attribute-based algorithm to calculate the economic loss to the e-retailer.
Findings-Mixed e-retailing method of selling unavailable products from collaborative e-retail partner and alternative product's suggestion from own e-retailing method is found to be best for mitigating uncertain demand as well as limiting customer dissatisfaction. Research limitations/implications-A limited numbers of risk factor have been considered in this study. In the future, others risk factors like fraudulent order of high demand products, long delivery time window risk, damage and return risk of popular products can be incorporated and handled to reduce the economic loss.
Practical implications-The analysis can minimize the economic losses to a e-retailer and also can maximize the profit of collaborative e-retailing partner.
Originality/value-The study proposes a retailer to retailer collaboration approach without sharing the forecasted products' demand information.

International Journal of Production Research, 2020

This study aims to analyse the manufacturer-supplier relational perspective under the influence o... more This study aims to analyse the manufacturer-supplier relational perspective under the influence of exogenous financial risk. Following corporate finance theory, a multi-objective decision model for supplier selection and order allocation is developed to maximise the total profit of the manufacturer and minimise the implicit equity stake and financial risks faced by the supplier. A two-echelon supply chain is explored under the influence of foreign exchange risk, default risk, market risk and price fluctuation risk, and solved using an NSGA-III algorithm. Three case scenarios are analysed to explore the impact of a set of financial risks on the manufacturer-supplier relationship and the behaviour of suppliers concerning risk profile, both in the short-and long-term horizon. The study provides insights into the influence of financial risks on the manufacturer-supplier relationship and will be valuable for dealing with scenarios in uncertain economic environments. The research is likely to be of benefit beyond supply chain managers, like investors and financial risk managers in making informed decisions. The need for focus on systemic risk in supply chains is evident from the study.

Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 2020

The availability of bioethanol, a promising renewable alternative to fossil fuels depends on the ... more The availability of bioethanol, a promising renewable alternative to fossil fuels depends on the supply of biomass produced from agricultural resources. The study attempts a system dynamics modelling approach to explore the implications of greenhouse gas concentration trajectories associated with climate change on bioethanol supply chains. Eight different climate change scenarios are simulated spanning over a 40-year horizon to predict biomass yield and bioethanol availability, by considering first generation (corn) and second generation (switchgrass) ethanol feedstocks. The developed model is used to assess the extent of potential disruptions resulting from global warming. Cascading effect of climate change risk is evident through decreased yield and production, and increased shortages at end customer in the bioethanol supply network. The results indicate that, if climate change risk is not adequately mitigated and current used source of ethanol (corn) continues to be leveraged, the bioethanol availability may decrease by one-fourth by the year 2060. The comparative study encourages exploring the increased use of switchgrass as a sustainable feedstock for renewable energy. Developed insights support identifying effective climate change mitigation policies and sustainable investment decisions for the reduction in carbon emissions.

Keywords:Bioethanol; Climate change; Renewable energy; Supply chain risk; System dynamics

International Journal of Production Research, 2020

Climate change is among the top global risks due to its growing adverse impact on businesses. How... more Climate change is among the top global risks due to its growing adverse impact on businesses. However, few empirical studies address this imminent risk from a supply chain perspective. Due to a lack of established approaches for capturing complex interaction between climate change risk and supply chain performance, a three-phase mixed methodology approach was attempted. A cognitive map first captured the interrelationships based on a mental model established by a group of experts. Later, a survey gathered from industry practitioners assessing causal relationships identified key climate change factors and most influenced supply chain performance dimensions. Finally, a system dynamics model supported by multiple case scenarios assessed the implications of climate change on supply chain performance. The results indicated a significant reduction in the availability of natural resources/raw material and capacity, leading to increase in stock-outs, inventory costs and bottlenecks disrupting procurement, manufacturing and logistics functions. Supply chain performance captured through efficiency and effectiveness shows a negative trend with increasing climate change consequences. The systems approach followed in this paper contributes by providing a quantitative model for assessing the impact of climate change risk on supply chain performance.

International journal of Production Economics, 2020

The smart manufacturing systems (SMS) offer several advantages compared to the traditional manufa... more The smart manufacturing systems (SMS) offer several advantages compared to the traditional manufacturing systems and are increasingly being adopted by manufacturing organizations as a strategy to improve their performance. Developing an SMS is expensive and complicated, integrating together various technologies such as automation, data exchanges, cyber-physical systems (CPS), artificial intelligence, internet of things (IoT), and semi-autonomous industrial systems. The Small, Medium and Micro Enterprises (SMMEs) have limited resources and therefore, would like to see the benefits from investments before allowing adopting SMS. This study uses a combination of exploratory and empirical research design to identify and validate the performance measures relevant to the evaluation of SMS investments in auto-component manufacturing SMMEs based in India. The study found that an Industry 4.0 enabled SMS offer more competitive benefits compared to a traditional manufacturing system. The planned investments in SMS can be evaluated on ten performance dimensions namely, cost, quality, flexibility, time, integration, optimized productivity, real-time diagnosis & prognosis, computing, social and ecological sustainability. Proposed novel Smart Manufacturing Performance Measurement System (SMPMS) framework is expected to guide the practitioners in SMMEs to evaluate their SMS investments.

15th Logistics Research Network Annual Conference, 8- 10 September 2010, Harrogate, UK. pp. 230-237., Jan 1, 2010

Abstract: Sustainable Supply Chain Management (SSCM) is defined as the 'Strategi... more Abstract: Sustainable Supply Chain Management (SSCM) is defined as the 'Strategic achievement and integration of an organization's social, environmental, and economic goals through the systemic coordination of key inter-organizational business processes to improve the long-term economic performance of the individual company and its value network'(Carter and Rogers, 2008). Following the same concept, we analyze sustainable supply chains from a risk management perspective through systemic coordination (feedback loops). For ...

15th International Symposium on Logistics, 4-7 July 2010, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. pp. 488-495., Jan 1, 2010

Abstract: Supply chain risk management follows three basic processes to manage supply chain risks... more Abstract: Supply chain risk management follows three basic processes to manage supply chain risks: Identify, Assess and Mitigate. This paper considers a systems perspective towards managing these risks. It presents variables that may affect Next Generation Supply Chains and applies a System dynamics modelling approach (Oehmen, et. al. 2009) towards depicting the causal linkages of these variables with future supply disruptions. To understand the interdependencies within these factors and the risk propagation on ...

10th International Research Seminar on Supply Chain Risk Management, ISCRiM, 6-7 September, Loughborough University, UK. pp. 51-55., Jan 1, 2008