Pawel Wolf | German Archaeological Institute (original) (raw)
Papers by Pawel Wolf
This preliminary report presents the findings from a Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) survey conduc... more This preliminary report presents the findings from a Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) survey conducted at Jebel Barkal, Sudan, from January 9 to 21, 2023. The survey aimed to investigate potential urban structures associated with the ancient settlement of Napata. Conducted by Eastern Atlas GmbH & Co. KG in the frame of the Jebel Barkal Archaeological Project of the University of Michigan's Kelsey Museum of Archaeology, the survey covered areas near the Amun temple B500 and other significant areas in front of the Jebel Barkal.
The survey identified numerous subsurface features, including potential building remains, plantation pits, and evidence of both sacred and residential structures. Key findings include:
- large structures and grave pits suggesting extensive urban and possibly pre-Islamic burial activities,
- possible plantation pits indicative of a temple garden and larger structural remains probably related to the Amun temple B500,
- parts of palace B1200 and other significant structures, potentially including remains of a coronation temple,
- improved resolution of previously identified temples in front of temple B500 and potential new structures, highlighting the area as a processional Avenue.
The GPR survey utilized two systems: the Pulse EKKO with 250-MHz antennas for the larger areas and the SIR-3000 system with a 400-MHz antenna for a sand dune-covered area.
The report concludes with recommendations for further GPR prospection to fully map the urban layout of Napata, emphasizing the method's non-invasive nature and its ability to complement traditional excavation techniques.
Archaeology by the Fourth Nile Cataract: Survey and Excavations on the left bank of the river and on the islands between Amri and Kirbekan, Volume I
In 2014, Qatar Museums started the Qatari Mission for the Pyramids of Sudan (QMPS) to revive rese... more In 2014, Qatar Museums started the Qatari Mission for the Pyramids of Sudan (QMPS) to revive research and conservation at the royal cemeteries of Meroe. This ambitious project aims at archaeological, architectural and culture-historic investigations combined with the preservation and presentation of this World Heritage site.1 While the introduction to the QMPS and first project results were reported in Sudan & Nubia 20 (Riedel et al. 2016), the Kirwan Memorial Lecture in September 2017 and the present article focus on the project’s progress since the summer of 2016. Significant milestones in several key aspects of the mission’s program have been reached during these two years. Archaeological research and documentation at Queen Khennuwa’s tomb Beg. S.503 as well as the iconographical and epigraphic studies of its burial chamber decoration have been completed and the post-excavation analysis started. After the implementation of the first technical safeguards to prepare for the reexcav...
The QMPS and Meroe – An Introduction In 2014, Qatar Museums started the Qatari Mission for the Py... more The QMPS and Meroe – An Introduction In 2014, Qatar Museums started the Qatari Mission for the Pyramids of Sudan (QMPS) directed by HE Sheikh Hassan bin Mohamed bin Ali Al-Thani (Vice Chair of Qatar Museums). Embedded in the framework of the Qatar-Sudan Archaeological Project (QSAP),2 the QMPS is Qatar’s own archaeological mission in Sudan. The mission’s objectives comprise archaeological, architectural and culture-historical research on the royal pyramid necropolises of the Kingdom
Les Dossiers D Archeologie Hors Serie, 2010
Hamadab est une zone urbaine caracteristique proche de la residence royale de Meroe, situee au co... more Hamadab est une zone urbaine caracteristique proche de la residence royale de Meroe, situee au coeur du royaume meroitique. L'etude de ses structures et de ses modes de vie a ete l'une des tâches principales des fouilles conjointes germano-soudanaises, ce qui nous permet d'examiner les conditions de vie, les concepts spatiaux et le developpement d'une ville de la vallee du Nil au cours des siecles qui ont commence au debut de notre ere.
In 2017 and 2018 significant milestones in several key aspects of the mission's program have ... more In 2017 and 2018 significant milestones in several key aspects of the mission's program have been reached. After the successful completion of the archaeological documentation at Queen Khennuwa's tomb Beg. S. 503 and the iconographic and epigraphic studies of its burial chamber decoration, the post-excavation analysis of this important royal tomb started. The architectural and iconographic documentation of the Begrawiya North and South cemetery pyramids and their offering chapels has been completed in the field, and the collection, inventory, and preliminary documentation of more than 1000 ornamented blocks that were found out of their original context have been achieved. An important step was reached by the preparation of a general conservation and preservation strategy for the pyramids and their chapels. Its implementation meanwhile started at both cemeteries. Furthermore, the development of a sustainable tourism plan for Meroe and the 'Island of Meroe' was finalise...
In 2014, Qatar Museums started the Qatari Mission for the Pyramids of Sudan (QMPS) initiated by H... more In 2014, Qatar Museums started the Qatari Mission for the Pyramids of Sudan (QMPS) initiated by HE Sheikh Hassan bin Mohamed bin Ali Al-Thani. The QMPS is Qatar's archaeological mission in Sudan. It is embedded in the framework of the Qatar-Sudan Archaeological Project (QSAP), a joint initiative of Qatar and the Sudan with the objective of promoting the rich archaeological heritage in the Republic of the Sudan. The mission's objectives comprise archaeological, architectural and culture-historical research on the pyramid necropolises of the Kingdom of Kush as well as their preservation and presentation in accordance with international guidelines. A holistic approach to the sustainable development of the pyramid sites involves all stakeholder groups, including local communities. To achieve its goals, the QMPS closely cooperates with the National Corporation for Antiquities and Museums (NCAM) in Khartoum and the German Archaeological Institute (DAI) in Berlin. Since 2014 an int...
The riverine town of Hamadab (3rd century BC to 4th century AD) provides in-situ findings on a la... more The riverine town of Hamadab (3rd century BC to 4th century AD) provides in-situ findings on a large scale, representing a yet unparalleled example of urban settlement in the Middle Nile valley. The plan of a Meroitic town site allows us to study its urban development and to put its building types, construction techniques and artefact assemblages into context. Upon the successful conclusion of a 6-year funding program by the German Research Foundation, this report summarises our present knowledge on the spatial organisation and the living conditions within this sub-Saharan town.
The urban town of Hamadab flourished during the Meroitic period (3rd century BC to 4th century AD... more The urban town of Hamadab flourished during the Meroitic period (3rd century BC to 4th century AD) 3 km south of the ancient capital Meroe on the east bank of the Nile. It is subject of a German-Sudanese research project since 2001. The report summarises our recent fieldwork at Hamadab in 2013 and 2014, which focused on excavations in the settlement's Upper Town and on a new study of the historic land use in relation to the environment of the Meroe-Hamadab region.
Die Royal Baths von Meroë wurden auf einem leicht zum Nil hin abfallenden Hang errichtet. Jahrhun... more Die Royal Baths von Meroë wurden auf einem leicht zum Nil hin abfallenden Hang errichtet. Jahrhunderte zuvor hat es in diesem Areal, neben Indizien für eine frühe Besiedlung, vor allem mächtige Abfalldeposite gegeben, dann wurde die steinerne Stadtmauer von Meroë gebaut. Als Vorgänger dieser Stadtmauer sind vermutlich mächtige Lehmziegelmauern zu deuten, die jetzt nahe des gewachsenen Bodens an der Nordwest-Ecke des Wasserbeckens der Royal Baths entdeckt wurden. Am Gebäudekomplex hat es Umbau- bzw. Reparaturmaßnahmen gegeben, wie Bauschutt und planierter Erdaushub rund um das Wasserbecken zeigen. Als Teil einer zweiten Bauphase sind die östlichen Begrenzungsmauern der Bäder einzuordnen. Die Geschichte der meroitischen Stadtsiedlung von Hamadab beginnt mit der geplanten Gründung der befestigten Oberstadt und lässt sich in mehrere Abschnitte gliedern, die sich gut in die Besiedlungsgeschichte des meroitischen Kernlandes einfügen. Ihre drei Hauptperioden weisen unterschiedliche morphog...
Außerhalb des Kernbereichs der Alten Welt liegen die beiden Städte Meroë und Hamadab, nur wenige ... more Außerhalb des Kernbereichs der Alten Welt liegen die beiden Städte Meroë und Hamadab, nur wenige Kilometer voneinander entfernt im Mittleren Niltal zwischen dem 5. und 6. Katarakt – der eine Ort ist Residenzstadt des afrikanischen Reiches von Kusch, der andere stellt eine größere meroitische Siedlung im Umland von Meroë dar, es ist etwa die Zeit zwischen dem 3. Jh. v. Chr. und dem 4. Jh. n. Chr. In Meroë konzentrieren sich die Untersuchungen auf einen außergewöhnlichen Gebäudekomplex, die sog. Royal Baths, deren Architektur und prachtvolle Ausstattung im meroitischen Raum bislang ohne Parallele sind. Die Anlage gibt Einblicke in den Lebensstil der privilegierten Bevölkerungsschichten von Meroë im Umfeld des Königshauses, der geprägt wird von fremden Einflüssen aus dem mediterranen Kulturraum bei gleichzeitig auffallend deutlicher Betonung der indigenen afrikanischen Traditionen. Untersucht wird, welche Baugeschichte die Royal Baths hatten, wie sie technisch funktionierten, wozu sie ...
Bayuda and its Neighbours, 2021
The first archaeological survey connected with the HMD-QSAP Project begun in September 2013 and w... more The first archaeological survey connected with the HMD-QSAP Project begun in September 2013 and was carried out between January 14th and March 3rd 2014. The survey comprises the first out of two planned archaeological survey-campaigns consisting of a relatively surface documentation related to archaeological remains of all subsumable periods in time up to modern or sub- recent date (WOSS 2014). The project is founded by the Qatar Sudan Archaeological Project (QSAP). The project director is Dr. Pawel Wolf (DAI Berlin). The head of the survey team was Mag. Florian Woss (DAI Berlin). In this article I present the final results of the aerial survey, like orthophotographs and image-based models by use of a low cost UAV system - a modified DJI Phantom 1. Under the auspices of QSAP we planned an archaeological reconnaissance survey in the research area between the Wadi el-Hawad in the south and Meroe City in the north, including both banks of the Nile and parts of the desert and rocky terr...
This paper presents the results of survey and excavations carried out in the Wakarida region by t... more This paper presents the results of survey and excavations carried out in the Wakarida region by the French Archaeological Mission in eastern Tigray, Ethiopia. Here we discuss a series of late first-millennium BC occupation sites. The sites, material culture, and landscape evolution are reviewed in relation to current arguments concerning Sabaean influence on highland cultural development in Ethiopia during the pre-Aksumite period. This contribution underlines the strong cultural continuity of pottery traditions throughout the period until the development of the Aksumite polity at the end of the first millennium BC, highlighting the lack of a ‘proto-Aksumite’ equivalent in eastern Tigray. The absence of any clear traces of South Arabian influence on local cultures in this region, despite its relative proximity to sites such as Meqaber Gaʿewa and Ziban Adi which demonstrate links to the Daʿmat polity, are discussed.
In the last season of our mission to the Fourth Nile Cataract, efforts were directed towards the ... more In the last season of our mission to the Fourth Nile Cataract, efforts were directed towards the central part of the SARS concession. Fieldwork focused on three islands, Umm Mereigit, Umm Balla and Midaimir, as well as on a 3km long stretch of the left bank west of Hadiab village (Plate 1). The three islands are separated from the left bank by seasonal channels which in some places still retain water into November/December. The landscape of the islands does not differ very much from the mainland – gneiss outcrops, wadis of varying size and silted alluvial plains near the river bank. These plains and channels make the islands suitable for farming, as soon as the water level drops after the inundation. The local Shaigiya still cultivate some of these locations using seasonal dwellings during sowing and harvesting. Some of these places have been used for several generations and have thus been documented by our team (e.g. sites 3-N-85, 88, 207). However, the picture must have changed co...
Handbook of Ancient Nubia, 2019
Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde, 1994
von Interesse ist. Für Standardfälle wäre ein System von Kennzeichnungen zu entwickeln, in Sonder... more von Interesse ist. Für Standardfälle wäre ein System von Kennzeichnungen zu entwickeln, in Sonderfällen könnte man sich mit freien Kommentaren behelfen. Derart gekennzeichnetes Material könnte aus dem Textkorpus bei Bedarf selektiert und einer weitergehenden lexikographischen Bearbeitung zugeführt werden. 4. Akzeptable Zeitperspektiven für die Erfassung des Gesamt-Textkorpus sind z.B. 10 oder 20 Jahre, was bedeutet, daß bei einem Gesamt-Textkorpus von 5 oder 10 Millionen laufenden Wörtern pro Jahr Textmengen im Umfang etwa zwischen 250000 und 1 Million laufenden Wörtern zu bewältigen sind, und zwar in philologisch stichhaltiger Weise mehr oder abschließend zu bewältigen sind was einen mehrmaligen Durchgang durch die Texte erfordert (alle Zahlen grob geschätzt, in der Diskussion habe ich andere, aber in der Größenordnung in etwa entsprechende Zahlen genannt).
The Meroitic town of Hamadab was situated just three kilometres south of Meroë city. It was a com... more The Meroitic town of Hamadab was situated just three kilometres south of Meroë city. It was a common ‘non-royal’ town, but probably related to the capital by economic and personal links. Its temple and two stelae bearing a long Meroitic inscription of Queen Amanirenas have been unearthed by John Garstang in 1914. Excavations and geophysical investigation since 2001 revealed a comprehensive map of an urban settlement of five hectares size. It consisted of a square-shaped Upper Town and suburbs. The Upper Town was originally enclosed by a strong city wall. The main avenue, the temple and large habitation blocks must have been founded by higher authorities in the last two centuries BCE, being followed by a continuity of use and rebuilding over centuries. However, still in the late period of the town during the 3 rd century CE, densely built mud brick houses, streets and cross roads still show a regular settlement pattern (see map). Present excavations illustrate the life in a Meroitic ...
This preliminary report presents the findings from a Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) survey conduc... more This preliminary report presents the findings from a Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) survey conducted at Jebel Barkal, Sudan, from January 9 to 21, 2023. The survey aimed to investigate potential urban structures associated with the ancient settlement of Napata. Conducted by Eastern Atlas GmbH & Co. KG in the frame of the Jebel Barkal Archaeological Project of the University of Michigan's Kelsey Museum of Archaeology, the survey covered areas near the Amun temple B500 and other significant areas in front of the Jebel Barkal.
The survey identified numerous subsurface features, including potential building remains, plantation pits, and evidence of both sacred and residential structures. Key findings include:
- large structures and grave pits suggesting extensive urban and possibly pre-Islamic burial activities,
- possible plantation pits indicative of a temple garden and larger structural remains probably related to the Amun temple B500,
- parts of palace B1200 and other significant structures, potentially including remains of a coronation temple,
- improved resolution of previously identified temples in front of temple B500 and potential new structures, highlighting the area as a processional Avenue.
The GPR survey utilized two systems: the Pulse EKKO with 250-MHz antennas for the larger areas and the SIR-3000 system with a 400-MHz antenna for a sand dune-covered area.
The report concludes with recommendations for further GPR prospection to fully map the urban layout of Napata, emphasizing the method's non-invasive nature and its ability to complement traditional excavation techniques.
Archaeology by the Fourth Nile Cataract: Survey and Excavations on the left bank of the river and on the islands between Amri and Kirbekan, Volume I
In 2014, Qatar Museums started the Qatari Mission for the Pyramids of Sudan (QMPS) to revive rese... more In 2014, Qatar Museums started the Qatari Mission for the Pyramids of Sudan (QMPS) to revive research and conservation at the royal cemeteries of Meroe. This ambitious project aims at archaeological, architectural and culture-historic investigations combined with the preservation and presentation of this World Heritage site.1 While the introduction to the QMPS and first project results were reported in Sudan & Nubia 20 (Riedel et al. 2016), the Kirwan Memorial Lecture in September 2017 and the present article focus on the project’s progress since the summer of 2016. Significant milestones in several key aspects of the mission’s program have been reached during these two years. Archaeological research and documentation at Queen Khennuwa’s tomb Beg. S.503 as well as the iconographical and epigraphic studies of its burial chamber decoration have been completed and the post-excavation analysis started. After the implementation of the first technical safeguards to prepare for the reexcav...
The QMPS and Meroe – An Introduction In 2014, Qatar Museums started the Qatari Mission for the Py... more The QMPS and Meroe – An Introduction In 2014, Qatar Museums started the Qatari Mission for the Pyramids of Sudan (QMPS) directed by HE Sheikh Hassan bin Mohamed bin Ali Al-Thani (Vice Chair of Qatar Museums). Embedded in the framework of the Qatar-Sudan Archaeological Project (QSAP),2 the QMPS is Qatar’s own archaeological mission in Sudan. The mission’s objectives comprise archaeological, architectural and culture-historical research on the royal pyramid necropolises of the Kingdom
Les Dossiers D Archeologie Hors Serie, 2010
Hamadab est une zone urbaine caracteristique proche de la residence royale de Meroe, situee au co... more Hamadab est une zone urbaine caracteristique proche de la residence royale de Meroe, situee au coeur du royaume meroitique. L'etude de ses structures et de ses modes de vie a ete l'une des tâches principales des fouilles conjointes germano-soudanaises, ce qui nous permet d'examiner les conditions de vie, les concepts spatiaux et le developpement d'une ville de la vallee du Nil au cours des siecles qui ont commence au debut de notre ere.
In 2017 and 2018 significant milestones in several key aspects of the mission's program have ... more In 2017 and 2018 significant milestones in several key aspects of the mission's program have been reached. After the successful completion of the archaeological documentation at Queen Khennuwa's tomb Beg. S. 503 and the iconographic and epigraphic studies of its burial chamber decoration, the post-excavation analysis of this important royal tomb started. The architectural and iconographic documentation of the Begrawiya North and South cemetery pyramids and their offering chapels has been completed in the field, and the collection, inventory, and preliminary documentation of more than 1000 ornamented blocks that were found out of their original context have been achieved. An important step was reached by the preparation of a general conservation and preservation strategy for the pyramids and their chapels. Its implementation meanwhile started at both cemeteries. Furthermore, the development of a sustainable tourism plan for Meroe and the 'Island of Meroe' was finalise...
In 2014, Qatar Museums started the Qatari Mission for the Pyramids of Sudan (QMPS) initiated by H... more In 2014, Qatar Museums started the Qatari Mission for the Pyramids of Sudan (QMPS) initiated by HE Sheikh Hassan bin Mohamed bin Ali Al-Thani. The QMPS is Qatar's archaeological mission in Sudan. It is embedded in the framework of the Qatar-Sudan Archaeological Project (QSAP), a joint initiative of Qatar and the Sudan with the objective of promoting the rich archaeological heritage in the Republic of the Sudan. The mission's objectives comprise archaeological, architectural and culture-historical research on the pyramid necropolises of the Kingdom of Kush as well as their preservation and presentation in accordance with international guidelines. A holistic approach to the sustainable development of the pyramid sites involves all stakeholder groups, including local communities. To achieve its goals, the QMPS closely cooperates with the National Corporation for Antiquities and Museums (NCAM) in Khartoum and the German Archaeological Institute (DAI) in Berlin. Since 2014 an int...
The riverine town of Hamadab (3rd century BC to 4th century AD) provides in-situ findings on a la... more The riverine town of Hamadab (3rd century BC to 4th century AD) provides in-situ findings on a large scale, representing a yet unparalleled example of urban settlement in the Middle Nile valley. The plan of a Meroitic town site allows us to study its urban development and to put its building types, construction techniques and artefact assemblages into context. Upon the successful conclusion of a 6-year funding program by the German Research Foundation, this report summarises our present knowledge on the spatial organisation and the living conditions within this sub-Saharan town.
The urban town of Hamadab flourished during the Meroitic period (3rd century BC to 4th century AD... more The urban town of Hamadab flourished during the Meroitic period (3rd century BC to 4th century AD) 3 km south of the ancient capital Meroe on the east bank of the Nile. It is subject of a German-Sudanese research project since 2001. The report summarises our recent fieldwork at Hamadab in 2013 and 2014, which focused on excavations in the settlement's Upper Town and on a new study of the historic land use in relation to the environment of the Meroe-Hamadab region.
Die Royal Baths von Meroë wurden auf einem leicht zum Nil hin abfallenden Hang errichtet. Jahrhun... more Die Royal Baths von Meroë wurden auf einem leicht zum Nil hin abfallenden Hang errichtet. Jahrhunderte zuvor hat es in diesem Areal, neben Indizien für eine frühe Besiedlung, vor allem mächtige Abfalldeposite gegeben, dann wurde die steinerne Stadtmauer von Meroë gebaut. Als Vorgänger dieser Stadtmauer sind vermutlich mächtige Lehmziegelmauern zu deuten, die jetzt nahe des gewachsenen Bodens an der Nordwest-Ecke des Wasserbeckens der Royal Baths entdeckt wurden. Am Gebäudekomplex hat es Umbau- bzw. Reparaturmaßnahmen gegeben, wie Bauschutt und planierter Erdaushub rund um das Wasserbecken zeigen. Als Teil einer zweiten Bauphase sind die östlichen Begrenzungsmauern der Bäder einzuordnen. Die Geschichte der meroitischen Stadtsiedlung von Hamadab beginnt mit der geplanten Gründung der befestigten Oberstadt und lässt sich in mehrere Abschnitte gliedern, die sich gut in die Besiedlungsgeschichte des meroitischen Kernlandes einfügen. Ihre drei Hauptperioden weisen unterschiedliche morphog...
Außerhalb des Kernbereichs der Alten Welt liegen die beiden Städte Meroë und Hamadab, nur wenige ... more Außerhalb des Kernbereichs der Alten Welt liegen die beiden Städte Meroë und Hamadab, nur wenige Kilometer voneinander entfernt im Mittleren Niltal zwischen dem 5. und 6. Katarakt – der eine Ort ist Residenzstadt des afrikanischen Reiches von Kusch, der andere stellt eine größere meroitische Siedlung im Umland von Meroë dar, es ist etwa die Zeit zwischen dem 3. Jh. v. Chr. und dem 4. Jh. n. Chr. In Meroë konzentrieren sich die Untersuchungen auf einen außergewöhnlichen Gebäudekomplex, die sog. Royal Baths, deren Architektur und prachtvolle Ausstattung im meroitischen Raum bislang ohne Parallele sind. Die Anlage gibt Einblicke in den Lebensstil der privilegierten Bevölkerungsschichten von Meroë im Umfeld des Königshauses, der geprägt wird von fremden Einflüssen aus dem mediterranen Kulturraum bei gleichzeitig auffallend deutlicher Betonung der indigenen afrikanischen Traditionen. Untersucht wird, welche Baugeschichte die Royal Baths hatten, wie sie technisch funktionierten, wozu sie ...
Bayuda and its Neighbours, 2021
The first archaeological survey connected with the HMD-QSAP Project begun in September 2013 and w... more The first archaeological survey connected with the HMD-QSAP Project begun in September 2013 and was carried out between January 14th and March 3rd 2014. The survey comprises the first out of two planned archaeological survey-campaigns consisting of a relatively surface documentation related to archaeological remains of all subsumable periods in time up to modern or sub- recent date (WOSS 2014). The project is founded by the Qatar Sudan Archaeological Project (QSAP). The project director is Dr. Pawel Wolf (DAI Berlin). The head of the survey team was Mag. Florian Woss (DAI Berlin). In this article I present the final results of the aerial survey, like orthophotographs and image-based models by use of a low cost UAV system - a modified DJI Phantom 1. Under the auspices of QSAP we planned an archaeological reconnaissance survey in the research area between the Wadi el-Hawad in the south and Meroe City in the north, including both banks of the Nile and parts of the desert and rocky terr...
This paper presents the results of survey and excavations carried out in the Wakarida region by t... more This paper presents the results of survey and excavations carried out in the Wakarida region by the French Archaeological Mission in eastern Tigray, Ethiopia. Here we discuss a series of late first-millennium BC occupation sites. The sites, material culture, and landscape evolution are reviewed in relation to current arguments concerning Sabaean influence on highland cultural development in Ethiopia during the pre-Aksumite period. This contribution underlines the strong cultural continuity of pottery traditions throughout the period until the development of the Aksumite polity at the end of the first millennium BC, highlighting the lack of a ‘proto-Aksumite’ equivalent in eastern Tigray. The absence of any clear traces of South Arabian influence on local cultures in this region, despite its relative proximity to sites such as Meqaber Gaʿewa and Ziban Adi which demonstrate links to the Daʿmat polity, are discussed.
In the last season of our mission to the Fourth Nile Cataract, efforts were directed towards the ... more In the last season of our mission to the Fourth Nile Cataract, efforts were directed towards the central part of the SARS concession. Fieldwork focused on three islands, Umm Mereigit, Umm Balla and Midaimir, as well as on a 3km long stretch of the left bank west of Hadiab village (Plate 1). The three islands are separated from the left bank by seasonal channels which in some places still retain water into November/December. The landscape of the islands does not differ very much from the mainland – gneiss outcrops, wadis of varying size and silted alluvial plains near the river bank. These plains and channels make the islands suitable for farming, as soon as the water level drops after the inundation. The local Shaigiya still cultivate some of these locations using seasonal dwellings during sowing and harvesting. Some of these places have been used for several generations and have thus been documented by our team (e.g. sites 3-N-85, 88, 207). However, the picture must have changed co...
Handbook of Ancient Nubia, 2019
Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde, 1994
von Interesse ist. Für Standardfälle wäre ein System von Kennzeichnungen zu entwickeln, in Sonder... more von Interesse ist. Für Standardfälle wäre ein System von Kennzeichnungen zu entwickeln, in Sonderfällen könnte man sich mit freien Kommentaren behelfen. Derart gekennzeichnetes Material könnte aus dem Textkorpus bei Bedarf selektiert und einer weitergehenden lexikographischen Bearbeitung zugeführt werden. 4. Akzeptable Zeitperspektiven für die Erfassung des Gesamt-Textkorpus sind z.B. 10 oder 20 Jahre, was bedeutet, daß bei einem Gesamt-Textkorpus von 5 oder 10 Millionen laufenden Wörtern pro Jahr Textmengen im Umfang etwa zwischen 250000 und 1 Million laufenden Wörtern zu bewältigen sind, und zwar in philologisch stichhaltiger Weise mehr oder abschließend zu bewältigen sind was einen mehrmaligen Durchgang durch die Texte erfordert (alle Zahlen grob geschätzt, in der Diskussion habe ich andere, aber in der Größenordnung in etwa entsprechende Zahlen genannt).
The Meroitic town of Hamadab was situated just three kilometres south of Meroë city. It was a com... more The Meroitic town of Hamadab was situated just three kilometres south of Meroë city. It was a common ‘non-royal’ town, but probably related to the capital by economic and personal links. Its temple and two stelae bearing a long Meroitic inscription of Queen Amanirenas have been unearthed by John Garstang in 1914. Excavations and geophysical investigation since 2001 revealed a comprehensive map of an urban settlement of five hectares size. It consisted of a square-shaped Upper Town and suburbs. The Upper Town was originally enclosed by a strong city wall. The main avenue, the temple and large habitation blocks must have been founded by higher authorities in the last two centuries BCE, being followed by a continuity of use and rebuilding over centuries. However, still in the late period of the town during the 3 rd century CE, densely built mud brick houses, streets and cross roads still show a regular settlement pattern (see map). Present excavations illustrate the life in a Meroitic ...