Gabriela Ilie - Profile on Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Gabriela Ilie

Health promotion and chronic disease prevention in Canada, May 1, 2022

• Self-reported data from a population-based dataset offer insight into the "hidden figure" of ad... more • Self-reported data from a population-based dataset offer insight into the "hidden figure" of adolescent injury in Canada. • Approximately 31% of adolescents aged 12 to 19 years in southern Canada reported having sustained an injury serious enough to limit their normal activities or to require medical care in the previous year. • Most injuries were unintentional. • Public health interventions that target adolescent alcohol consumption will likely reduce injury burden. • Saskatchewan had a substantially greater prevalence of self-reported injury than other provinces. and ignores that injury risk is unequally distributed among adolescent populations, 6 thus contributing to health inequality. Previous studies have shown that injury risk in adolescents is positively associated with lower income, being male, 5,7-9 poor mental health 10 and substance use. Much of the limited research on adolescent injury rates draws on administrative data sources such as the Canadian Hospitals Injury Reporting and Prevention Program (CHIRPP), the National Ambulatory Care Reporting System (NACRS) 13 and the Discharge Abstract Database (DAD). Unfortunately, these data are not population-based and, as such, injury rates based on these surveillance programs do not reflect the injury

CMAJ open, Oct 1, 2020

n light of Canada's legalization of recreational cannabis in 2018, driving under the influence of... more n light of Canada's legalization of recreational cannabis in 2018, driving under the influence of cannabis (DUIC) is becoming increasingly relevant to public health and safety. Although there are concerns that legalization will increase the prevalence of cannabis use and DUIC among Canadians, mixed evidence from legalization experiences in the United States 1-4 makes it difficult to determine the long-term effects. Δ-9-Tetra hydrocannabinol, the main psycho active component of cannabis, affects driving ability by impairing cognitive and psychomotor performance. Although some studies have found a twofold increase in risk of a motor vehicle collision with recent cannabis use, other studies have not found increased collision risk after adjustment for age, sex, race and blood alcohol concentration. Nevertheless, cannabis remains the second most frequently detected drug in Canadians who are injured and killed in motor vehicle collisions. In a 2012 survey, over 2% of Canadian drivers reported DUIC in the past 30 days. In 2012, DUIC was most prevalent among Canadians aged 18-19 years, followed by those aged 15-17 years. Many Canadian youth also report riding with a cannabis-impaired driver (RWCD). In a national survey conducted in 2014-2015, 20% of high school students reported ever RWCD. Although male students and students living in rural areas are more likely to report DUIC, there are few data concerning cannabis-related passenger behaviour among students.

Reply to André Pontes-Silva’s Letter to the Editor re: Gabriela Ilie, Ricardo Rendon, Ross Mason, et al. A Comprehensive 6-mo Prostate Cancer Patient Empowerment Program Decreases Psychological Distress Among Men Undergoing Curative Prostate Cancer Treatment: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Eur Urol...

European Urology

Journal of Community Positive Practices, 2014

This article is based on a research conducted in the summer of 2013 at the Juvenile Prison of Cra... more This article is based on a research conducted in the summer of 2013 at the Juvenile Prison of Craiova, held under the auspices of the University of Craiova. Among the topics of the study we have tried to identify the characteristics of life strategies of young offenders. Factors that determine the future vision are indicators of the likelihood of recurrence and the measures that can be taken to reduce risks from incorrect design of the future. The main objective of our study was to identify what factors may contribute to recidivism and what is the impact of the rehabilitation programs on prisoners. One of the conclusions of the research is that there are secondary factors that can diminish the influence during detention of the rehabilitation program on future attitudes of the prisoners.

Frontiers in Public Health, Jun 15, 2023

Introduction: Chronic exposure to arsenic through drinking water has been linked to several cance... more Introduction: Chronic exposure to arsenic through drinking water has been linked to several cancers. The metabolism of arsenic is thought to play a key role in arsenic-related carcinogenesis as metabolites of varying toxicity are produced and either stored in or excreted from the body. Atlantic Canada has the highest age-standardized incidence rates of all cancers in the country. This may be due to its high levels of environmental arsenic and the prevalence of unregulated private wells for water consumption. Here, we aimed to characterize the profiles of arsenic species and metallome in the toenails of four cancer groups, compare them to healthy participants (N = 338), and assess potential associations between the profiles with cancer prevalence. Methods: This study employed a case-control design. Toenail samples and questionnaire data from cases (breast, cervical, prostate, and skin cancers) and controls were sourced from the Atlantic Partnership for Tomorrow's Health (PATH) cohort study. The levels of arsenic species were measured using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) paired with High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and total concentrations of metallome (23 metals) were determined by ICP-MS separately. Multivariate analyses were conducted to compare cases with controls within each cancer group. Results: Arsenic speciation profiles varied by cancer type and were significantly different between cases and controls in the breast (p = 0.0330), cervical (p = 0.0228), and skin (p = 0.0228) cancer groups. In addition, the profiles of metallome (nine metals) were significantly differentiated in the prostate (p = 0.0244) and skin (p = 0.0321) cancer groups, with higher zinc concentrations among cases compared to controls. Conclusion: History of cancer diagnosis was associated with specific profiles of arsenic species and metallome. Our results indicate that arsenic methylation and zinc levels, as measured in toenails, may be an important biomarker for cancer prevalence. Further research is needed to use toenails as a prognostic measure of arsenic-and other metal-induced cancer.

Reply to Zhipeng Mai, Weigang Yan, and Zhien Zhou’s Letter to the Editor re: Gabriela Ilie, Ricardo Rendon, Ross Mason, et al. A Comprehensive 6-mo Prostate Cancer Patient Empowerment Program Decreases Psychological Distress Among Men Undergoing Curative Prostate Cancer Treatment: A Randomized Cl...

European Urology, Aug 1, 2023

JAMA, Jun 26, 2013

Background Delinquent youth frequently exhibit high-risk behaviours that can result in serious in... more Background Delinquent youth frequently exhibit high-risk behaviours that can result in serious injury. However, little is known about traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) and their correlates in this population. Aims To examine the period prevalence and correlates of TBIs in delinquent youths. Method Interviews were conducted with 720 (97.3%) residents of 27 Missouri Division of Youth Services rehabilitation facilities between March 1 and May 31, 2003. Participants [mean age (M age) = 15.5, standard deviation (SD) = 1.2, 87% male] completed measures assessing TBI, substance use, psychiatric symptoms, and antisocial traits/behaviours. TBI was defi ned as ever having sustained a head injury causing unconsciousness for more than 20 minutes. Results Nearly one-in-fi ve youths (18.3%) reported a lifetime TBI. Youths with TBIs were signifi cantly more likely than youths without to be male, have received a psychiatric diagnosis, report an earlier onset of criminal behaviour/substance use and more lifetime substance use problems and past-year criminal acts, evidence psychiatric symptoms, report lifetime suicidality, be impulsive, fearless, and external in locus of control and criminally victimized in the year preceding incarceration. Male gender and frequency of own criminal victimization were important predictors of TBI in multivariate analyses. Regression analyses adjusted for demographic factors, indicated that youths with TBIs were at signifi cantly elevated risk for current depressive/anxious symptoms, antisocial behaviour, and substance abuse problems. Conclusions TBI is common among delinquent youth and associated with wide ranging psychiatric dysfunction; however, the causal role of TBIs in the pathogenesis of co-morbid conditions remains unclear.

Frontiers in Public Health, Jul 7, 2022

Chronic exposure to inorganic arsenic and trace metals has been linked to prostate cancer, and al... more Chronic exposure to inorganic arsenic and trace metals has been linked to prostate cancer, and altered arsenic methylation capacity may have an important role in arsenic carcinogenesis. Biomarkers may be able to elucidate this role. Our objectives were to characterize profiles of arsenic species and metallome in toenails and urine samples, compare profiles between prostate cancer cases and controls, and determine the discriminant ability of toenail and urine biomarkers. Toenail samples (n = 576), urine samples (n = 152), and questionnaire data were sourced from the Atlantic Partnership for Tomorrow's Health (PATH) cohort study. Healthy controls were matched to prostate cancer cases (3:1 ratio) on sex, age, smoking status, and the province of residence. Metallome profiles and proportions of arsenic species were measured in toenail and urine samples. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to compare the mean percent monomethylarsonic acid (%MMA), dimethylarsonic acid (%DMA), inorganic arsenic (%iAs), primary methylation index (PMI, MMA/iAs), and secondary methylation index (SMI, DMA/MMA). Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) was used to compare selected metal concentrations. Mean %MMA was significantly lower and SMI was significantly higher in toenails from prostate cancer cases compared to controls in unadjusted and adjusted models. Proportions of arsenic species were correlated with total arsenic in toenails. Arsenic speciation in urine was not different between cases and controls, nor were metallome profiles in toenails and urine. Our results indicate that toenails are a viable biomarker for altered arsenic speciation in prostate cancer cases and may have greater utility than urine in this context.

PLOS ONE, Aug 31, 2022

This study identified the social determinants of health (SDoH) associated with psychological dist... more This study identified the social determinants of health (SDoH) associated with psychological distress in adults with and without a self-reported history of traumatic brain injury (TBI), stratified by sex. Data from the 2014-2017 cycles of the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Monitor Survey, a representative survey of adults �18 years in Ontario, Canada, were analyzed (N = 7,214). The six-item version of the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale was used to determine moderate to severe psychological distress. Self-reported lifetime TBI was defined as a head injury resulting in a loss of consciousness for �5 minutes or at least onenight stay in the hospital (16.4%). Among individuals reporting a history of TBI, 30.2% of males and 40.1% of females reported psychological distress (p = 0.0109). Among individuals who did not report a history of TBI, 17.9% of males and 23.5% of females reported psychological distress (p<0.0001). Multivariable logistic regression analyses showed that the SDoH significantly associated with elevated psychological distress were similar between individuals with and without a history of TBI. This included unemployment, student, or 'other' employment status among both males and females; income below the provincial median and age 65 + among males; and rural residence among females. This study highlighted opportunities for targeted population-level interventions, namely accessible and affordable mental health supports for individuals with lower income. Notably, this study presented evidence suggesting adaptations to existing services to accommodate challenges associated with TBI should be explored, given the finite and competing demands for mental health care and resources.

Journal of Psychiatric Research, Oct 1, 2015

Objective: This study describes the association between lifetime traumatic brain injury (TBI) and... more Objective: This study describes the association between lifetime traumatic brain injury (TBI) and attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) among Canadian adults. Method: A cross-sectional sample of 3,993 Ontario adults aged 18 or older were surveyed by Computer Assisted Telephone Interviewing (CATI) throughout 2011 and 2012 as part of the CAMH Monitor, a rolling survey assessing the health, mental health and substance use of Ontario adults aged 18 and older. TBI was defined as trauma to the head that resulted in loss of consciousness for at least five minutes or overnight hospitalization. ADHD was measured by the 6-item ASRS screener for adult ADHD, and self-reported history of diagnosed ADHD. Results: Among adults with a history of TBI, 6.6% (95% CI: 4.7, 9.4) screened ADHD positive, and 5.9% (95% CI: 3.6, 9.5) reported having been diagnosed with ADHD in their lifetime. Adults with lifetime TBI had significantly greater odds of scoring positive on the ADHD/ASRS screen (OR=2.49, 95% CI: 1.54, 4.04), and of reporting a history of diagnosed ADHD (OR=2.64, 95% CI: 1.40, 4.98) than without TBI, when holding values of sex, age, and education constant. Conclusion: Significant positive associations between lifetime TBI and both current and past ADHD were observed among adults in this population. More research to understand these associations, and their significance for the etiology and management of TBI and ADHD, is needed.

A Comprehensive 6-mo Prostate Cancer Patient Empowerment Program Decreases Psychological Distress Among Men Undergoing Curative Prostate Cancer Treatment: A Randomized Clinical Trial

European Urology, Jun 1, 2023

Current Oncology

A 28-day Prostate Cancer-Patient Empowerment Program (PC-PEP) developed through patient engagemen... more A 28-day Prostate Cancer-Patient Empowerment Program (PC-PEP) developed through patient engagement was successful at promoting mental and physical health. Thirty prostate cancer patients from Halifax, Canada participated in the 28-day PC-PEP intervention in early 2019. PC-PEP encompassed daily patient education and empowerment videos, prescribed physical activities (including pelvic floor exercises), a mostly plant-based diet, stress reduction techniques, intimacy education, social connection, and support. Quantitative exit surveys and semi-structured interviews (conducted in focus groups of ten) were used to assess perceived factors that facilitated or impeded adherence to the program. The program received high praise from the patients and was deemed extremely useful by the participating men, who rated it 9 out of 10. Patients expressed that the multifaceted, online, home-based nature of the program helped them adhere to it better than they would have had to a single or less compre...

Reply to Mauricio Plata, Cesar Diaz Ritter, and Nicolás Badillo’s Letter to the Editor re: Gabriela Ilie, Ricardo Rendon, Ross Mason, et al. A Comprehensive 6-mo Prostate Cancer Patient Empowerment Program Decreases Psychological Distress Among Men Undergoing Curative Prostate Cancer Treatment: A...

European Urology

A Comprehensive 6-mo Prostate Cancer Patient Empowerment Program Decreases Psychological Distress Among Men Undergoing Curative Prostate Cancer Treatment: A Randomized Clinical Trial

European Urology

Driving under the influence of cannabis among recreational and medical cannabis users: A population study

Journal of Transport & Health

Psychiatry Research, 2018

This study describes the association among lifetime traumatic brain injury (TBI) and past year ha... more This study describes the association among lifetime traumatic brain injury (TBI) and past year hazardous/harmful drinking, as well as their unique and synergistic effects, on mental health problems and roadway aggression among Canadian adults. A crosssectional sample of 6074 Ontario adults aged 18 years or older were surveyed between 2011-2013. TBI was defined as trauma to the head resulting in loss of consciousness or overnight hospitalization. Past year hazardous/harmful drinking was assessed using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. An estimated 13.1% (95%CI:12.0,14.2) adults reported a prior TBI (no hazardous/harmful drinking), 2.7% (95%CI:2.2,3.3) reported a prior TBI while concurrently screening positive for past year hazardous/harmful drinking and 9.8% (95%CI:8.9,10.9) screened positive for hazardous/harmful drinking (no TBI). Men had significantly higher odds of exhibiting all three conditions compared to women, especially for the concurrent class. Younger adults had significantly greater odds of hazardous/harmful drinking, or the concurrent class compared to adults 55 years and older. Adults in any of the three conditions had greater odds for mental health problems and roadway aggression. Concordance of both conditions corresponded to a greater than additive effect and greater odds of mild roadway aggression, than either condition alone. Results show that singly and jointly, these conditions are associated with adverse health and behavioral impediments.

International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 2017

Back on Track (BOT) is Ontario's remedial measures programme for convicted drinking drivers. Base... more Back on Track (BOT) is Ontario's remedial measures programme for convicted drinking drivers. Based on a pre-workshop assessment, individuals are assigned to complete either an 8-h Education workshop or a 16-h Treatment workshop. Six months later, participants are required to complete a 30-min follow-up interview by telephone. This report presents an outcome evaluation of the BOT programme, examining levels of substance use and related problems assessed during the follow-up interview. This evaluation is based on data from 9202 participants who completed the programme between October 1, 2008 and June 1, 2010. Results indicate that completion of BOT is associated with significant reductions in frequency of alcohol and other drug use, negative consequences as a result of drug use, number of drinks consumed per drinking occasion, and total number of substance users (alcohol and otherwise). There were also significantly more participants who changed substance-using status from 'users' at assessment to 'non-user' at follow-up than those from non-user at assessment to user at follow-up. These beneficial changes were seen in both the Education and Treatment workshop groups. Recommendations are presented to guide future efforts to improve the

Current Oncology

Prostate cancer (PCa) survivors often experience post-treatment challenges that impact their well... more Prostate cancer (PCa) survivors often experience post-treatment challenges that impact their well-being and mental health. The Prostate Cancer Patient Empowerment Program (PC-PEP) aims to address these issues through a comprehensive intervention, involving daily meditation/breathing exercises, physical activity, pelvic floor exercises, emotional connection strategies, and peer support. This study presents a secondary analysis of a Phase 2 feasibility study that evaluated the effects of a 28-day PC-PEP intervention on stress reduction. Thirty patients with PCa from the Maritimes, Canada, underwent pre- and post-intervention assessments to measure brainwave activity (delta, theta, alpha, beta, and gamma) using the Muse™ headband, and heart rate variability (HRV) using the HeartMath® Inner Balance™ as indicators of stress reduction. A statistically significant Time × Sensor Scalp Assessment Time interaction emerged for all brain waves. Amplitudes were generally higher during the first ...

Effect of tranexamic acid on bleeding outcomes after percutaneous nephrolithotomy: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Journal of Endourology, 2021

PURPOSE We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature to evaluate the effi... more PURPOSE We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature to evaluate the efficacy of the routine use of tranexamic acid during percutaneous nephrolithotomy. METHODS This systematic review was conducted following best practices from Cochrane and the Institute of Medicine [Cochrane Handbook and IOM citations]. We followed the updated reporting guidelines from PRISMA 2020. RESULTS In total 275 titles and abstracts were reviewed, of which 20 were screened to be eligible for full text review. Of these 20 articles, 11 were selected for inclusion after full article evaluations. Seven of these 11 studies were seen as having a low risk of bias with a Jadad score of ≥3. These studies were included for data extraction. Once data was extracted, 964 patients were included. The primary outcome, blood transfusion rate, showed significant reduction with a ratio for transfusion rate of 0.34 [ 95% CI (0.19 to 0.61), z= 3.61, p=0.0003]. Mean Hemoglobin (Hgb) drop, and operative time were both shown to be reduced with the use of TXA. The mean difference for Hgb drop was -0.86 [ 95% CI (-1.26 to -0.46), z= 4.23, p< 0.0001]. Reduction in operative time showed a mean difference of -8.45 min [ 95% CI (-15.04 to -1.86), z= 2.51, p= 0.01]. Stone clearance was not shown to differ significantly between experimental and control groups, with a risk ratio of 1.28 [ 95% CI (0.89 to 1.84), z= 1.31, p= 0.19]. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis revealed that the routine use of TXA at time of PCNL reduces the rates of blood transfusion, mean Hgb drop, and operative time. With the low cost of TXA and strong safety profile, stronger consideration should be given to the routine use of TXA during PCNL by endoscopic surgeons.

Radiotherapy and Oncology, 2019

33.3%. The most common tumour locations were the convexity of the brain (39.5%) and base of skull... more 33.3%. The most common tumour locations were the convexity of the brain (39.5%) and base of skull (30.9%). Tumour size ranged from 0.1 to 51.8 cc (median = 4.3 cc). The median PTV volume was 5.9 cm 3 and median prescription isodose line was 75%. Total dose ranged from 14 to 25 Gy in 1 to 5 fractions, with the most common schedule being 18 Gy in 3 fractions (35.8%). Treatment was completed as planned in 98.6% of patients. After a median follow-up of 50 months, crude local control rate was 97.5%. Fiveyear OS and PFS were 93.9% and 90.7%, respectively. Overall, the late Grade III/IV toxicity rate was 2.7%. Radionecrosis rate was 6.2%, with 60% of cases being symptomatic necrosis. One patient had a surgical resection and the others were managed conservatively with corticosteroids. The median time from treatment completion to radionecrosis presentation was seven months. There were no deaths attributable to ICM or treatment-related complications.

Health promotion and chronic disease prevention in Canada, May 1, 2022

CMAJ open, Oct 1, 2020

European Urology

Journal of Community Positive Practices, 2014

Frontiers in Public Health, Jun 15, 2023

European Urology, Aug 1, 2023

JAMA, Jun 26, 2013

Frontiers in Public Health, Jul 7, 2022

PLOS ONE, Aug 31, 2022

Journal of Psychiatric Research, Oct 1, 2015

A Comprehensive 6-mo Prostate Cancer Patient Empowerment Program Decreases Psychological Distress Among Men Undergoing Curative Prostate Cancer Treatment: A Randomized Clinical Trial

European Urology, Jun 1, 2023

Current Oncology

European Urology

A Comprehensive 6-mo Prostate Cancer Patient Empowerment Program Decreases Psychological Distress Among Men Undergoing Curative Prostate Cancer Treatment: A Randomized Clinical Trial

European Urology

Driving under the influence of cannabis among recreational and medical cannabis users: A population study

Journal of Transport & Health

Psychiatry Research, 2018

International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 2017

Current Oncology

Effect of tranexamic acid on bleeding outcomes after percutaneous nephrolithotomy: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Journal of Endourology, 2021

Radiotherapy and Oncology, 2019

Road rage and traffic accidents among adults with a history of traumatic brain injuries

Objectives: This study examines the associations between lifetime traumatic brain injury (TBI), d... more Objectives: This study examines the associations between lifetime traumatic brain injury (TBI), driver aggression and motor vehicle collisions among a population sample of adults who reside in the province of Ontario, Canada.

Methods: A cross-sectional sample of 3993 Ontario adults, aged 18–97, were surveyed by telephone in 2011 and 2012 as part of the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health’s ongoing representative survey of adult mental health and substance use in Canada. A second cross-sectional sample was based on a 3-year cumulated cross-sectional sample of 6048 Ontario adults, aged 18 and older, who were surveyed by telephone in the 2011, 2012 and 2013 cycles of the CAMH’s Monitor. TBI was defined as trauma to the head that resulted in loss of consciousness for at least 5 minutes or overnight hospitalization.

Results: An estimated 17% (95% CI = 15.6–18.6) of adults reported a TBI in their lifetime between 2011–2012. An estimated 91% (95% CI = 90.0–91.9) of individuals in this sample held a valid Ontario driver’s license at the time of testing. Among those, 16.7% reported a lifetime TBI and 83.3% reported no TBI. The prevalence of TBI was higher among men than women. Relative to licensed adults without TBI, adults with lifetime TBI had significantly higher odds of engaging in serious driver aggression in the past 12 months, such as making threats to hurt another driver, passenger or their vehicle (AOR = 4.39). These individuals also reported significantly higher odds (AOR = 1.74) of being involved in a motor vehicle collision that resulted in hurting themselves, their passenger(s) or their vehicle. Odds ratios for roadway aggression were significantly higher among drivers (OR = 2.65) compared to non-drivers, between 2–4.5-times higher among individuals aged 18–29, 30–39, 40–49 and 50–64 years compared to adults over 65 (OR = 3.12, 4.49, 3.19, 2.20, respectively), higher among adults with TBI than without (OR = 2.05) and men (OR = 1.54) than women. Among respondents with lowest, but not highest, levels of education, aggression was predicted by a history of TBI.

Conclusions: This is the first population-based study to demonstrate a relationship between a history of TBI and higher rates of serious driver aggression and collision involvement. Given the large proportion of adult drivers with a history of TBI, these individuals may account for a disproportionate burden of all traffic safety problems. Whether the increased road safety risk of adults with a history of TBI is reflective of neurocognitive deficits or is merely evidence of a cluster of unsafe activities produced by higher risk lifestyles requires further research attention.

Energy drinks, alcohol, sports and traumatic brain injuries among adolescents-Opportunity for prevention.

Background: Information on the prevalence, mechanisms and adverse correlates of traumatic brain i... more Background: Information on the prevalence, mechanisms and adverse correlates of traumatic brain injuries (TBI) among teens is limited. Yet the associations and synergies between TBI and substance use, energy drinks consumption and academic performance represent important considerations when assessing and recommending treatment for these conditions.

Objectives: To describe the lifetime and past 12 months prevalence, the mechanisms of injury and adverse correlates of self-reported TBI among one population samples of 7th–12th graders in Ontario, Canada.

Methods: Data were derived from the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health’s 2013 Ontario Student Drug Use and Health Survey (OSDUHS). This population-based cross-sectional school survey included 10 272 (ages 11–20; mean = 15.22 years) who completed anonymous self-administered questionnaires in classrooms. The survey was based on a two-stage cluster design and analyses include appropriate adjustments for the complex sample design.

Main outcome measures: Head injury that resulted in being unconscious for at least 5 minutes or being retained in the hospital for at least one night due to its symptoms. Causes of self-reported TBI, prevalence estimates and past 12 months incidence and odds according to substance use, cannabis consumption, energy drinks, risk behaviours and school grades are presented.

Results: Among all students, 22.4% (95% CI = 20.7–24.1), 6.0% (95% CI = 5.1–7.1) reported TBI in the past 12 months and 16.3% (95% CI = 15.1–17.3) reported TBI in their lifetime but not in the past 12 months. Sports injuries were the most likely cause of self-reported TBI (45.5%, 95% CI = 41.0–50.1). Logistic regression showed that students who reported drinking alcohol occasionally/frequently, used cannabis 10 or more times and consumed energy drinks in the past 12 months had significantly higher odds of reporting TBI in their lifetime (but not the past 12 months) than students who reported abstinence (ORs = 1.78, 1.95 and 1.67, respectively). Consumption of energy drinks mixed with alcohol in the past 12 months was significantly associated with TBI. Students who reported overall poor grades at school (below 60%) had higher odds of reported lifetime (excluding past 12 months) TBI or past 12 months TBI compared to students who reported grades at or above 90% (OR = 3.43 and 5.88, respectively).

Conclusions: This study confirms TBI continue to remain a harmful common condition among adolescents, it is most frequently acquired during sports and has important adverse educational and behavioural associations.