Gema Tomás | Universidad de Deusto (original) (raw)
Papers by Gema Tomás
El presente trabajo tiene por objeto el analisis de la adjudicacion para pago de deudas con espec... more El presente trabajo tiene por objeto el analisis de la adjudicacion para pago de deudas con especial atencion a su funcion en el ambito hereditario. Se trata de estudiar el acto consistente en asignar ciertos bienes o derechos a una persona con el encargo de enajenarlos y aplicar su importe a la satisfaccion de las obligaciones de que se trate. Esta figura se ha estudiado desde una triple perspectiva: sustantiva, registral y fiscal. En primer lugar, su naturaleza juridica es la de un mandato liquidatorio que se otorga a uno o varios herederos (incluso a un extrano, aunque no sera frecuente) para que en nombre propio, es decir, sin poder representativo alguno, venda los bienes o derechos adjudicados y con el precio afronte el pago de determinadas deudas del causante. Para poder llevar a cabo la enajenacion, se dota al adjudicatorio de titularidad fiduciaria, lo que significa convertirse en titular formal o aparente, con el unico fin de cumplir la gestion liquidatoria que le ha sido encomendada. En segundo lugar, con relacion a su repercusion registral, el acto de la adjudicacion puede inscribirse en el Registro de la Propiedad cuando lo adjudicado sean bienes inmuebles o derechos reales sobre los mismos. Esta afirmacion encuentra su apoyo en el articulo 2, parrafo tercero de la Ley Hipotecaria y su consagracion el articulo 45 del mismo cuerpo legal. Este precepto, el unico de la legislacion civil que contempla esta figura, se introdujo en la reforma hipotecaria de 1909 al objeto de aclarar que los bienes adjudicados no estan afectos al cumplimiento de la obligacion y que los acreedores no gozan de garantia real sobre ellos, salvo que se estipule expresamente. En tercer lugar, en cuanto a su tratamiento fiscal, la adjudicacion para pago se equipara a efectos de liquidacion a las transmisiones patrimoniales y tributa por tal concepto en el Impuesto sobre Transmisiones Patrimoniales y Actos Juridicos D
Challenges of the Knowledge Society, 2013
This paper deals with the harmonisation of European Contract Law from a gradual point of view. Th... more This paper deals with the harmonisation of European Contract Law from a gradual point of view. The main objective is to show the different academic and official steps carried out in this field. The so called Commission on European Contract Law under the leadership of Professor Ole Lando was the starting point in 1982. Some international research teams set up by European scholars and lawyers have been devoted to this aim for two decades. Time and effort have been made in the academic level to get a serious advance on bringing closer contractual national rules. This bottom-up approach met a stronger support in the last years although the European Parliament had "requested" the creation of a European Civil Code already in 1989. The momentous time comes in 2010 with a Green Paper from the European Commission on policy options for progress towards a European Contract Law for consumers and businesses. This Green Paper opened a public consultation period in 2011 and afterwards an...
Sexuality Research and Social Policy
Backgroud Countless efforts to combat sexual harassment have been proposed, and for the first tim... more Backgroud Countless efforts to combat sexual harassment have been proposed, and for the first time in history, the second order of sexual harassment (SOSH) has been legislated under the term second-order violence (SOV) by a unanimous vote of the Catalan Parliament. Advances in preventing and responding to sexual harassment contribute to highlighting the intervention as being crucial to supporting survivors against retaliation. A lack of support provides a general explanation on why bystanders tend not to intervene and highlights the reality that reprisals are suffered by those who support victims. Methods From the existing knowledge about sexual harassment prevention and response mechanisms, this paper analyzes scientific evidence through a review of the literature published in databases, as well as legislation, reports, and other materials. Results The context that enables SOV legislation is grounded in three realms: (1) bystander intervention and protection, (2) the role of suppor...
Frontiers in Psychology
Psychology related to areas such as gender, language, education and violence has provided scienti... more Psychology related to areas such as gender, language, education and violence has provided scientific knowledge that contributes to reducing coercive social relationships, and to expanding freedom in sexual-affective relationships. Nonetheless, today there are new challenges that require additional developments. In the area of consent, professionals from different fields, such as law, gender, and education, are in need of evidence differentiating human communication that produces consent, and those conditions that coerce. Up to now, consent has been focused on verbal language, for example, "no means no," or "anything less than yes is no." Despite the fact that focusing consent on verbal language is a very important part of the problem, it does not solve most of the issues currently raised, like the famous case of "La Manada" in Spain. This article presents the most recent results of a new line of research, which places the problem and the solution in communicative acts, not only in speech acts. Even though there might be a "yes" in a sexual-affective relationship, there might not be consent, and it is indeed a coercive relationship if that "yes" has been given in a relationship determined by institutional power or by interactive power. Institutional power may occur if whoever made the proposal for the relationship is a person in charge of the process of selecting personnel in a company, and one of the candidates is the person who receives the proposal. Interactive power may occur if whoever makes the proposal is situated in an equal or inferior position in the company to the person receiving it, but the former threatens sextortion the latter. The potential social impact of this research has been already shown in the cases analyzed for this study.
European Review of Contract Law
When a court faces the issue of partial invalidity with respect to a contract, the court must dec... more When a court faces the issue of partial invalidity with respect to a contract, the court must decide whether to void the entire contract or enforce its remaining valid provisions. Although a historical maxim favours the rules regarding the maintenance of contracts, European national systems have adopted rules regarding partial invalidity that have not always reflected this notion since the codification period. However, provided that severance is possible and the offending part of the contract is not essential, the unaffected part of the contract will most likely remain valid in most European national legal systems. This tendency has been revealed in European instruments on private law harmonization, and it has been the object of special attention in recent CJEU case law concerning unfair terms. Related to partial invalidity, another main issue to be agreed upon is the subjective or objective criteria used to determine whether the remaining provisions of the contract will remain enforceable. Although European legal systems address this question in a non-systematic way, an approach that focuses on objective factors appears to be the most appropriate. The real or hypothetical common intention of the parties at the moment of the contract´s conclusion and the parties' self-interested reasons for voiding the entire contract should not be decisive. A reasonable assessment of invalidity in all situations, including unfairness, should be based on an objective understanding of the contract.
This paper deals with the harmonisation of European Contract Law from a gradual point of view. Th... more This paper deals with the harmonisation of European Contract Law from a gradual point of view. The main objective is to show the different academic and official steps carried out in this field. The so called Commission on European Contract Law under the leadership of Professor Ole Lando was the starting point in 1982. Some international research teams set up by European scholars and lawyers have been devoted to this aim for two decades. Time and effort have been made in the academic level to get a serious advance on bringing closer contractual national rules. This bottom-up approach met a stronger support in the last years although the European Parliament had "requested" the creation of a European Civil Code already in 1989. The momentous time comes in 2010 with a Green Paper from the European Commission on policy options for progress towards a European Contract Law for consumers and businesses. This Green Paper opened a public consultation period in 2011 and afterwards an...
Superación de la doble pobreza de las mujeres víctimas de violencia de género. Innovación y oportunidades para el empleo
... El trabajo del ama/amo de casa: un estudio jurídico y su consideración ética. Información Gen... more ... El trabajo del ama/amo de casa: un estudio jurídico y su consideración ética. Información General. Autores: Eva Alonso, Mariola Serrano Argüeso, Gema Tomás Martínez; Editores: Bilbao : Diputación Foral de Bizkaia, Gabinete del Diputado General, 2003; ...
El presente trabajo tiene por objeto el analisis de la adjudicacion para pago de deudas con espec... more El presente trabajo tiene por objeto el analisis de la adjudicacion para pago de deudas con especial atencion a su funcion en el ambito hereditario. Se trata de estudiar el acto consistente en asignar ciertos bienes o derechos a una persona con el encargo de enajenarlos y aplicar su importe a la satisfaccion de las obligaciones de que se trate. Esta figura se ha estudiado desde una triple perspectiva: sustantiva, registral y fiscal. En primer lugar, su naturaleza juridica es la de un mandato liquidatorio que se otorga a uno o varios herederos (incluso a un extrano, aunque no sera frecuente) para que en nombre propio, es decir, sin poder representativo alguno, venda los bienes o derechos adjudicados y con el precio afronte el pago de determinadas deudas del causante. Para poder llevar a cabo la enajenacion, se dota al adjudicatorio de titularidad fiduciaria, lo que significa convertirse en titular formal o aparente, con el unico fin de cumplir la gestion liquidatoria que le ha sido encomendada. En segundo lugar, con relacion a su repercusion registral, el acto de la adjudicacion puede inscribirse en el Registro de la Propiedad cuando lo adjudicado sean bienes inmuebles o derechos reales sobre los mismos. Esta afirmacion encuentra su apoyo en el articulo 2, parrafo tercero de la Ley Hipotecaria y su consagracion el articulo 45 del mismo cuerpo legal. Este precepto, el unico de la legislacion civil que contempla esta figura, se introdujo en la reforma hipotecaria de 1909 al objeto de aclarar que los bienes adjudicados no estan afectos al cumplimiento de la obligacion y que los acreedores no gozan de garantia real sobre ellos, salvo que se estipule expresamente. En tercer lugar, en cuanto a su tratamiento fiscal, la adjudicacion para pago se equipara a efectos de liquidacion a las transmisiones patrimoniales y tributa por tal concepto en el Impuesto sobre Transmisiones Patrimoniales y Actos Juridicos D
Challenges of the Knowledge Society, 2013
This paper deals with the harmonisation of European Contract Law from a gradual point of view. Th... more This paper deals with the harmonisation of European Contract Law from a gradual point of view. The main objective is to show the different academic and official steps carried out in this field. The so called Commission on European Contract Law under the leadership of Professor Ole Lando was the starting point in 1982. Some international research teams set up by European scholars and lawyers have been devoted to this aim for two decades. Time and effort have been made in the academic level to get a serious advance on bringing closer contractual national rules. This bottom-up approach met a stronger support in the last years although the European Parliament had "requested" the creation of a European Civil Code already in 1989. The momentous time comes in 2010 with a Green Paper from the European Commission on policy options for progress towards a European Contract Law for consumers and businesses. This Green Paper opened a public consultation period in 2011 and afterwards an...
Sexuality Research and Social Policy
Backgroud Countless efforts to combat sexual harassment have been proposed, and for the first tim... more Backgroud Countless efforts to combat sexual harassment have been proposed, and for the first time in history, the second order of sexual harassment (SOSH) has been legislated under the term second-order violence (SOV) by a unanimous vote of the Catalan Parliament. Advances in preventing and responding to sexual harassment contribute to highlighting the intervention as being crucial to supporting survivors against retaliation. A lack of support provides a general explanation on why bystanders tend not to intervene and highlights the reality that reprisals are suffered by those who support victims. Methods From the existing knowledge about sexual harassment prevention and response mechanisms, this paper analyzes scientific evidence through a review of the literature published in databases, as well as legislation, reports, and other materials. Results The context that enables SOV legislation is grounded in three realms: (1) bystander intervention and protection, (2) the role of suppor...
Frontiers in Psychology
Psychology related to areas such as gender, language, education and violence has provided scienti... more Psychology related to areas such as gender, language, education and violence has provided scientific knowledge that contributes to reducing coercive social relationships, and to expanding freedom in sexual-affective relationships. Nonetheless, today there are new challenges that require additional developments. In the area of consent, professionals from different fields, such as law, gender, and education, are in need of evidence differentiating human communication that produces consent, and those conditions that coerce. Up to now, consent has been focused on verbal language, for example, "no means no," or "anything less than yes is no." Despite the fact that focusing consent on verbal language is a very important part of the problem, it does not solve most of the issues currently raised, like the famous case of "La Manada" in Spain. This article presents the most recent results of a new line of research, which places the problem and the solution in communicative acts, not only in speech acts. Even though there might be a "yes" in a sexual-affective relationship, there might not be consent, and it is indeed a coercive relationship if that "yes" has been given in a relationship determined by institutional power or by interactive power. Institutional power may occur if whoever made the proposal for the relationship is a person in charge of the process of selecting personnel in a company, and one of the candidates is the person who receives the proposal. Interactive power may occur if whoever makes the proposal is situated in an equal or inferior position in the company to the person receiving it, but the former threatens sextortion the latter. The potential social impact of this research has been already shown in the cases analyzed for this study.
European Review of Contract Law
When a court faces the issue of partial invalidity with respect to a contract, the court must dec... more When a court faces the issue of partial invalidity with respect to a contract, the court must decide whether to void the entire contract or enforce its remaining valid provisions. Although a historical maxim favours the rules regarding the maintenance of contracts, European national systems have adopted rules regarding partial invalidity that have not always reflected this notion since the codification period. However, provided that severance is possible and the offending part of the contract is not essential, the unaffected part of the contract will most likely remain valid in most European national legal systems. This tendency has been revealed in European instruments on private law harmonization, and it has been the object of special attention in recent CJEU case law concerning unfair terms. Related to partial invalidity, another main issue to be agreed upon is the subjective or objective criteria used to determine whether the remaining provisions of the contract will remain enforceable. Although European legal systems address this question in a non-systematic way, an approach that focuses on objective factors appears to be the most appropriate. The real or hypothetical common intention of the parties at the moment of the contract´s conclusion and the parties' self-interested reasons for voiding the entire contract should not be decisive. A reasonable assessment of invalidity in all situations, including unfairness, should be based on an objective understanding of the contract.
This paper deals with the harmonisation of European Contract Law from a gradual point of view. Th... more This paper deals with the harmonisation of European Contract Law from a gradual point of view. The main objective is to show the different academic and official steps carried out in this field. The so called Commission on European Contract Law under the leadership of Professor Ole Lando was the starting point in 1982. Some international research teams set up by European scholars and lawyers have been devoted to this aim for two decades. Time and effort have been made in the academic level to get a serious advance on bringing closer contractual national rules. This bottom-up approach met a stronger support in the last years although the European Parliament had "requested" the creation of a European Civil Code already in 1989. The momentous time comes in 2010 with a Green Paper from the European Commission on policy options for progress towards a European Contract Law for consumers and businesses. This Green Paper opened a public consultation period in 2011 and afterwards an...
Superación de la doble pobreza de las mujeres víctimas de violencia de género. Innovación y oportunidades para el empleo
... El trabajo del ama/amo de casa: un estudio jurídico y su consideración ética. Información Gen... more ... El trabajo del ama/amo de casa: un estudio jurídico y su consideración ética. Información General. Autores: Eva Alonso, Mariola Serrano Argüeso, Gema Tomás Martínez; Editores: Bilbao : Diputación Foral de Bizkaia, Gabinete del Diputado General, 2003; ...