Benchmark (original) (raw)

Accurately measure your code's performance within Android Studio.

Latest Update	Stable Release	Release Candidate	Beta Release	Alpha Release
March 25, 2026	1.4.1	-	-	1.5.0-alpha05

Declaring dependencies

To add a dependency on Benchmark, you must add the Google Maven repository to your project. ReadGoogle's Maven repository for more information.

Macrobenchmark

To use Macrobenchmarkin your project, add the following dependencies to your build.gradle file for yourmacrobenchmark module:

Groovy

dependencies { androidTestImplementation "androidx.benchmark:benchmark-macro-junit4:1.4.1" }

Kotlin

dependencies { androidTestImplementation("androidx.benchmark:benchmark-macro-junit4:1.4.1") }

Microbenchmark

To use Microbenchmarkin your project, add the following dependencies to your build.gradle file for yourmicrobenchmark module:

Groovy

dependencies { androidTestImplementation "androidx.benchmark:benchmark-junit4:1.4.1" }

android { ... defaultConfig { ... testInstrumentationRunner "androidx.benchmark.junit4.AndroidBenchmarkRunner" } }

Kotlin

dependencies { androidTestImplementation("androidx.benchmark:benchmark-junit4:1.4.1") }

android { ... defaultConfig { ... testInstrumentationRunner = "androidx.benchmark.junit4.AndroidBenchmarkRunner" } }

The Microbenchmark library also provides a Gradle plugin to use with your microbenchmark module. This plugin sets build configuration defaults for the module, sets upbenchmark output copy to the host, and provides the ./gradlew lockClocks task.

To use the plugin, include the following line in the `plugins` block in your top-levelbuild.gradle file:

Groovy

plugins { id 'androidx.benchmark' version '1.4.1' apply false }

Kotlin

plugins { id("androidx.benchmark") version "1.4.1" apply false }

Then apply the plugin to your benchmark module's build.gradle file

Groovy

plugins { id 'androidx.benchmark' }

Kotlin

plugins { id("androidx.benchmark") }

Feedback

Your feedback helps make Jetpack better. Let us know if you discover new issues or have ideas for improving this library. Please take a look at theexisting issuesin this library before you create a new one. You can add your vote to an existing issue by clicking the star button.

Create a new issue

See the Issue Tracker documentationfor more information.

Version 1.5

Version 1.5.0-alpha05

March 25, 2026

androidx.benchmark:benchmark-*:1.5.0-alpha05 is released. Version 1.5.0-alpha05 contains these commits.

Bug Fixes

Updated ArtMetric to account for top-level packages, especially important when using AGP/R8 9.1+, or -repackageclasses global option. Previously, ArtMetric would fail to detect these classloads in its artClassLoad... measurements. (If8a35, b/487402058)

New Features- Added a new instrumentation argument androidx.benchmark.requireLockedClocks that allows enabling a check for whether the CPU clocks are locked for rooted devices. (Id82e8, b/468039042)

Version 1.5.0-alpha04

March 11, 2026

androidx.benchmark:benchmark-*:1.5.0-alpha04 is released. Version 1.5.0-alpha04 contains these commits.

API Changes

Added JvmOverloads to PowerMetric.Energy and PowerMetric.Power (Iac0d0, b/481371562).

Bug Fixes

Updated ArtMetric to account for top-level packages, especially important when using AGP/R8 9.1+, or -repackageclasses global option. Previously, ArtMetric would fail to detect these classloads in its artClassLoad... measurements. (I207ca, b/487402058)

Version 1.5.0-alpha03

February 11, 2026

androidx.benchmark:benchmark-*:1.5.0-alpha03 is released. Version 1.5.0-alpha03 contains these commits.

Updated to depend upon UiAutomator 2.4 beta.

Version 1.5.0-alpha02

January 28, 2026

androidx.benchmark:benchmark-*:1.5.0-alpha02 is released. Version 1.5.0-alpha02 contains these commits.

Bug Fixes

Add partial support for baseline profile generation for Kotlin multi-platform modules. Typically dependencies on profiles can be defined using the baselineProfile Gradle configuration in the dependencies block, but this doesn't currently work for KMP modules.

kotlin {  
  androidLibrary {  
    namespace = "com.example.namespace"  
    compileSdk = 36  
  }  
  sourceSets {  
    androidMain.dependencies {  
      // THIS DOES NOT WORK  
      // baselineProfile(":yourProducerProject")  
    }  
  }  
}

Instead you should be defining your dependencies using the baselineProfile **extension. (Ie19c4)

plugins {  
    id("org.jetbrains.kotlin.multiplatform")  
    id("com.android.kotlin.multiplatform.library")  
    id("androidx.baselineprofile.consumer")  
}  
kotlin {  
  androidLibrary {  
    namespace = "com.example.namespace"  
    compileSdk = 36  
  }  
  sourceSets {  
    androidMain.dependencies {  
      // ...  
    }  
  }  
}  
// Define dependencies  
// This works !  
baselineProfile {  
  variants {  
    androidMain {  
      from(project(":yourProducerProject"))  
    }  
  }  
}

Version 1.5.0-alpha01

December 17, 2025

androidx.benchmark:benchmark-*:1.5.0-alpha01 is released. Version 1.5.0-alpha01 contains these commits.

Macrobenchmark 1.5 uses UiAutomator 2.4 to simplify interacting with the measured application. The MacrobenchmarkScope object now extends UiAutomatorTestScope, which allows you to use the modern UiAutomator APIs such as onElement { ... }.click().
For more information on UiAutomator 2.4, see the docs.

New Features

Baseline Profile Gradle Plugin no longer requires newDsl=false in AGP 9.0 (Iaaac7, b/443311090)
Extend trace config to include core size (e.g. little/big) in benchmark captured system/perfetto traces. (I8e397, b/457469959)

API Changes

(In UiAutomator) Changed startActivity wait to wait for new window. (I35da6, b/440021797)
Stabilize BlackHole APIs in androidx.benchmark. (I2b67e, b/451749438)
Add @JvmOverloads for convenience constructors for PerfettoTraceRule. (I1510a, b/443763207)

Version 1.4

Version 1.4.1

September 10, 2025

androidx.benchmark:benchmark-*:1.4.1 is released. Version 1.4.1 contains these commits.

Bug Fixes

Fixed perfettoSdkTracing=true (e.g. when tracing Compose in a microbenchmark) would kill the target process if it was already running, and a StartupMode wasn't specified. (Ib2c1f)

Version 1.4.0

July 30, 2025

androidx.benchmark:benchmark-*:1.4.0 is released. Version 1.4.0 contains these commits.

Important changes since 1.3.0

Microbenchmark

Moved Gradle tasks lockClocks and unlockClocks to be on benchmark projects, instead of at the top level to respect Gradle project isolation.
Refactored BenchmarkRule to be built on top of coroutines, and support better yield() behavior. This should significantly reduce the risk of ANRs during benchmark runs, especially long CI runs. Note: UI Benchmarks should run with measureRepeatedOnMainThread

Macrobenchmark

Added workaround on API 34+ for CompilationMode.None() would have inconsistent performance due to ART's verify now partly compiling apps after first launch.
Experimental feature - Startup Insights can highlight certain common issues in a startup Macrobenchmark by passing MacrobenchmarkRule(..., experimentalConfig = ExperimentalConfig(StartupInsightsConfig(isEnabled = true))).
Added ArtMetric which can be used to detect JIT Compilation, and unoptimized class loading - both useful for validating Baseline Profile optimizations.

Baseline Profiles

BaselineProfileRule now collects profiles for multi-process apps.

Other Changes

TraceProcessor has been pulled out into its own library (androidx.benchmark:benchmark-traceprocessor) so that it can be used outside of Macrobenchmark metrics, in other cases. It can also be run on Desktop JVM by defining your own ServerLifecycleManager.

Version 1.4.0-rc01

June 18, 2025

androidx.benchmark:benchmark-*:1.4.0-rc01 is released. Version 1.4.0-rc01 contains these commits.

Bug Fixes

Added workaround for runtime images causing CompilationMode.None() to not measure worst case performance after first iteration. Unfortunately this workaround requires a delay of 5 seconds to intentionally corrupt the runtime image at the beginning of each macrobenchmark suite (I4a4f1).

Version 1.4.0-beta02

June 4, 2025

androidx.benchmark:benchmark-*:1.4.0-beta02 is released. Version 1.4.0-beta02 contains these commits.

API Changes

Added a BaselineProfileConfig.Builder to make it easier to call BaselineProfileRule.collectWithResults() for Java developers. (I94905)

Version 1.4.0-beta01

May 7, 2025

androidx.benchmark:benchmark-*:1.4.0-beta01 is released. Version 1.4.0-beta01 contains these commits.

API Changes

Added PerfettoTraceRule constructor variant which accepts a PerfettoConfig (Ie53ba)

Bug Fixes

Updated TraceProcessor startup insight link format to use correct plugin, and clearer delimeter (: is shorter than %3A, and both are supported) (Ie18ef)
Always use force-stop to kill processes, even when rooted and killing system apps. Fixes exceptions of the form: Expected no stdout/stderr from killall ... No such process. (Idca2c)

External Contribution

Added proxy exception handler for TraceProcessorHttpServer (I480f5)

Version 1.4.0-alpha11

April 9, 2025

androidx.benchmark:benchmark-*:1.4.0-alpha11 is released. Version 1.4.0-alpha11 contains these commits.

API Changes

Changed TraceProcessor's argument timeout: Duration to timeoutMs long for Java caller usability. (I9fbb5)
Mark TraceProcessor constructor as internal. Callers should use TraceProcessor.startServer or TraceProcessor.runServer. (Ia8c5b)

Bug Fixes

When killing the application with MacrobenchmarkScope.killProcess, validate the kill command results to prevent silent failure, and timeout error. (I84555)

Dependency Updates

This library now targets Kotlin 2.0 language level and requires KGP 2.0.0 or newer. (Idb6b5)

Version 1.4.0-alpha10

March 26, 2025

androidx.benchmark:benchmark-*:1.4.0-alpha10 is released. Version 1.4.0-alpha10 contains these commits.

API Changes

Increased default timeout for TraceProcessor server load and querying to 120 seconds (from 60/30 previously), and made both configurable with one timeout parameter. (Ifec87)

Bug Fixes

Fixed a few issues that would occur when benchmarking or capturing profiles of an app without profileinstaller, and it's included BroadcastReciever. This only affects runs on rooted devices. (Ied308)

Version 1.4.0-alpha09

March 12, 2025

androidx.benchmark:benchmark-*:1.4.0-alpha09 is released. Version 1.4.0-alpha09 contains these commits.

API Changes

Added TraceProcessor and Session API with closable Handles, for easier usage with custom lifecycles. This is also a step towards enabling easier Coroutine and Java API usage. The extension functions to TraceProcessor.runServer {} are now marked experimental, as they're likely to move, and be made non-experimental in the future. (I358b4)

Bug Fixes

Fixed Benchmark and Baseline Profile capture not working with API 36 due to a change in pgrep toybox that now requires -a to print the full command line. (Idc991)
Filter default tracing config to reduce risk of data loss in traces on newer API levels. (I54e8a)
Added experimental androidx.benchmark.killExistingPerfettoRecordings instrumentation argument, which can be set to false to allow pre existing perfetto trace capture to continue. By default pre existing perfetto trace captures on device are killed to prevent interference. (I02a3c)
The JSON field context.osCodenameAbbreviated will now be REL for released OS versions at and above API 35, as non-numeric code names are no longer supported by the underlying platform. (Ib17fd)
Fixes crash in FrameTimingMetric when resynced frames occur. (I7c6f4, b/394610806)
No longer assume Choreographer#doFrame is the top of the stack frame on the main thread for FrameTimingQuery. (Iee0e0, b/340206285)

Version 1.4.0-alpha08

February 12, 2025

androidx.benchmark:benchmark-*:1.4.0-alpha08 is released. Version 1.4.0-alpha08 contains these commits.

API Changes

Moved TraceProcessor.runSession() extension APIs to be experimental, as they are likely to move to be concrete constructors eventually on Android. (Ib0528, b/393640753)
Most of the implementation of Startup Insights are now public/experimental, and move to the TraceProcessor artifact See StartupInsights. (I0aa00)
Deprecate BenchmarkRule.runWithTimingDisabled {} in favor of BenchmarkRule.runWithMeasurementDisabled {}, which more clearly describes the behavior - all metrics are paused. Additionally, expose the MicrobenchmarkScope superclass since redeclaring the runWithMeasurementDisabled function to open access isn't possible, since it's inline. (I9e23b, b/389149423, b/149979716)
Benchmark libraries have moved to Kotlin 2.0. (I9d1e0)
Removed androidx.benchmark.startupProfiles.enable instrumentation argument. It is no longer useful, as it can be controlled by includeInStartupProfile arg in BaselineProfileRule.collect(). (I39eb4)

Bug Fixes

Reduced the amount of Microbenchmark internal functions called during profiling to make e.g. Method traces more clear (Ifaed8)
Speculative fix for crashes: 'Failed to stop [ProcessPid(processName=perfetto, pid=...)]'. Now Benchmark will log a message instead of crashing when a background Perfetto process isn't able to be stopped before running the benchmark. (I37d3e, b/323601788)
Fix IllegalStateExceptions with 'Expected pm dump-profiles stdout' label that were caused by overly strict output format check. (I358dc)

Version 1.4.0-alpha07

January 29, 2025

androidx.benchmark:benchmark-*:1.4.0-alpha07 is released. Version 1.4.0-alpha07 contains these commits.

New Features

BaselineProfileRule now introduces a collectWithResults(...) API which includes a list of paths to the computed profiles. (I056f8)
Added androidx.benchmark.measureRepeatedOnMainThread.throwOnDeadline instrumentation argument, which can be set to false to disable the throw on deadline behavior of measureRepeatedOnMainThread for local testing. Not otherwise recommended, as this increases the likelihood of ANRs during tests. (Idbeec, b/353226476)

API Changes

Added @JvmOverloads to MicrobenchmarkConfig constructor. (I13fd3)
Refactored BenchmarkRule to be built on top of coroutines, and support better yield() behavior. This refactor removed several experimental BenchmarkState APIs, but will be followed by replacements as needed. Additionally, added runWithMeasurementDisabled to clarify behavior (all measurement is paused). In the future, runWithTimingDisabled will be deprecated. (I19837, b/389149423, b/311242861)
Move PerfettoTraceProcessor to TraceProcessor in a new androidx.benchmark:benchmark-traceprocessor artifact, and make most of its API non-experimental. Any custom TraceMetric or anything reading from traces will need to update to the new TraceProcessor import. The new TraceProcessor API works exactly like the old one, but is a standalone interface library (somewhat analogous to the androidx.sqlite layer from Room) with an Android-specific implementation built into macrobenchmark. The new artifact can be used on JVM as well, but currently you'll need to start your own copy of the TraceProcessor binary and offer a port to connect to it on. (I3a767, I62563, b/381134564)

Bug Fixes

Throw a clearer error message when MacrobenchmarkScope.startActivityAndWait fails to launch the target process (potentially due to a crash in the target process), instead of the more ambiguous 'Unable to confirm activity launch completion' message (I3539b)
Fixed several syntax errors in Kotlin samples, and syntax highlighting in several Java / build.gradle samples. (Ib3808)
Clarified ArtMetric and CaptureInfo parameter docs. (I96e60)

Version 1.4.0-alpha06

December 11, 2024

androidx.benchmark:benchmark-*:1.4.0-alpha06 is released. Version 1.4.0-alpha06 contains these commits.

API Changes

Removed usage of @Language("sql") in PerfettoTraceProcessor.Session.query(), as Studio highlighting/parsing is broken. (Idc2fa, b/377733398)

Bug Fixes

This library now uses JSpecify nullness annotations, which are type-use. Kotlin developers should use the following compiler argument to enforce correct usage: -Xjspecify-annotations=strict (this is the default starting with version 2.1.0 of the Kotlin compiler). (I46810, b/326456246)
Corrected ArtMetric to report class load (not init), and improved docs to clarify runtime behavior. (I9915c)
On Android Multiuser, execute commands as root only on rooted devices. (I88b44)

Version 1.4.0-alpha05

November 13, 2024

androidx.benchmark:benchmark-*:1.4.0-alpha05 is released. Version 1.4.0-alpha05 contains these commits.

Bug Fixes

Fixed an issue on API 34+ where CompilationMode.None() would have inconsistent performance not representative of initial, worst case performance. This works around a platform change which allows ART's compilation state verify to partially compile apps (only affecting class loading) shortly after first launch. (Ie48d0)
Fixed issue where (especially short) traces could be captured that wouldn't report measurement from built-in Macrobenchmark Metrics, due to the process name being truncated within the Perfetto trace. Now macrobenchmark works around this issue by looking for the truncated package name in all built-in queries, in addition to the expected package name. Note that custom TraceMetric implementations or other direct callers of PerfettoSession.query can implement this same behavior by changing process.name LIKE "$packageName" in a Perfetto query to instead be (process.name LIKE "$packageName" OR process.name LIKE "$(packageName.takeLast(15))"). (I5bf01, b/377565760)

Version 1.4.0-alpha04

October 30, 2024

androidx.benchmark:benchmark-*:1.4.0-alpha04 is released. Version 1.4.0-alpha04 contains these commits.

New Features

(Experimental) Enable Baseline Profile generation, and benchmarking on apps installed to a secondary user, for example any app on headless Android Auto devices. This support has been tested in some scenarios, but let us know with a bug if it doesn't work for you. (I9fcbe, b/356684617, b/373641155)

Bug Fixes

isProfileable is now always overridden in benchmark builds, and isDebuggable is also now always overridden in both benchmark and nonMinified (baseline profile capture) builds. (I487fa, b/369213505)
Fixes compilation detection on some physical devices prior to API 28 - affects json context.compilationMode, as well as behavior of androidx.benchmark.requireAot=true (which no longer incorrectly throws) (Ic3e08, b/374362482)
In CpuEventCounter metrics, throw if invalid measurements are observed (e.g. instructions/cpucycles==0) (I8c503)

Version 1.4.0-alpha03

October 16, 2024

androidx.benchmark:benchmark-*:1.4.0-alpha03 is released. Version 1.4.0-alpha03 contains these commits.

API Changes

Macrobenchmark: Adds ArtMetric, which can be used to inspect profile coverage or general Android RunTime performance. Captures number and total duration of JIT, class init (where available), and class verification. Additionally, changes CaptureInfo to include optional ART mainline version with default. (I930f7)
Add coefficientOfVariation to Benchmark JSON output to show stability within a given benchmark run. (Ib14ea)

Bug Fixes

Fixed CollectBaselineProfileTask when AVD device has spaces in it. (Ia0225, b/371642809)
Speculative fix for errors from StartupMode.COLD exceptions: Package <packagename> must not be running prior to cold start!. Now, MacrobenchmarkScope.killProcess() (including the one run before each iteration, used to implement StartupMode.COLD behavior) will wait to verify that the app's processes have all stopped running. (I60aa6, b/351582215)
Fixed issue where UNLOCKED_ error would show up on some rooted emulators. (Ic5117)
This library now uses JSpecify nullness annotations, which are type-use. Kotlin developers should use the following compiler argument to enforce correct usage: -Xjspecify-annotations=strict (this is the default starting with version 2.1.0 of the Kotlin compiler). (I7104f, b/326456246)

Version 1.4.0-alpha02

October 2, 2024

androidx.benchmark:benchmark-*:1.4.0-alpha02 is released. Version 1.4.0-alpha02 contains these commits.

API Changes

Moved Gradle tasks lockClocks and unlockClocks to be on benchmark projects, instead of available at the top level. This change was necessary as there is unfortunately no way to register these as top level actions without breaking project isolation. (I02b8f, b/363325823)

Bug Fixes

BaselineProfileRule now collects profiles for multi-process apps by signaling each running process at the end of the block to dump profiles. If a profile based compilation never successfully finds a process to broadcast to, the compilation will fail, as it's unexpected to have profile data within. Additionally, added an instrumentation argument to control dump wait duration: androidx.benchmark.saveProfileWaitMillis (I0f519, b/366231469)
From Benchmark 1.3.2: Fixed Firebase Test Lab (FTL) being unable to pull Baseline Profile or Macrobenchmark result files from the Baseline Profile Gradle Plugin. (I2f678, b/285187547)

To use FTL apply the plugin to the baseline profile module in the plugin block, with:

  plugins {
      ...
      id("com.google.firebase.testlab")
  }

and then configure firebase test lab with:

  firebaseTestLab {

      // Credentials for FTL service
      serviceAccountCredentials.set(file("credentials.json"))

      // Creates one or more managed devices to run the tests on.
      managedDevices {
          "ftlDeviceShiba34" {
              device = "shiba"
              apiLevel = 34
          }
      }

      // Ensures the baseline profile is pulled from the device.
      // Note that this will be automated as well later with aosp/3272935.
      testOptions {
          results {
              directoriesToPull.addAll("/storage/emulated/0/Android/media/${android.namespace}")
          }
      }
  }

Also the created FTL device needs to be added to the baseline profile extension:

  baselineProfile {
      managedDevices += "ftlDeviceShiba34"
      useConnectedDevices = false
  }

Version 1.4.0-alpha01

September 18, 2024

androidx.benchmark:benchmark-*:1.4.0-alpha01 is released. Version 1.4.0-alpha01 contains these commits.

New Feature - App Startup Insights

Initial version of app startup insights can be enabled in Macrobenchmark. (09fae38)

To enable in a startup benchmark:

  @Test
  fun startup {
      macrobenchmarkRule.measureRepeated(
          …
          packageName = "com.example.my.application.id"
          metrics = listOf(StartupTimingMetric()),
          iterations = 5,
          startupMode = StartupMode.COLD,
          compilationMode = CompilationMode.None(),
          experimentalConfig = ExperimentalConfig(startupInsightsConfig = StartupInsightsConfig(isEnabled = true))
          ) {
          scope.startActivityAndWait(...)
      }
  }

Then running your startup benchmark will analyze the trace to look for common problems, and print them after metrics to Studio test output in the benchmark tab, e.g.:

StartupBenchmark_startup[startup=COLD,compilationMode=None]
├── Metrics
│   ├──   timeToFullDisplayMs                min  1,147.2,   median  1,208.8,   max  1,307.4
│   └──   timeToInitialDisplayMs             min  1,147.2,   median  1,208.8,   max  1,307.4
├── App Startup Insights
│   ├── App in debuggable mode (expected: false)
│   │   └── seen in iterations: 0(true) 1(true) 2(true) 3(true) 4(true) 5(true) 6(true) 7(true) 8(true) 9(true)
│   ├── Potential CPU contention with another process (expected: < 100000000ns)
│   │   └── seen in iterations: 4(105022546ns)
│   └── Main Thread - Binder transactions blocked (expected: false)
│       └── seen in iterations: 7(true)
└── Traces
    └── Iteration 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

This feature is still a work-in-progress, with improvements to documentation and extensibility to follow, but feedback is welcome.

New Features

Added gradle property androidx.baselineprofile.suppressWarnings to suppress all baseline profile warnings. (314153a)
Microbench metrics are now displayed in Perfetto traces as counters. (3214854)
Add experimental scripts for disabling jit (requires root / runtime restart), and resetting device perf/test state. These are not currently published as gradle tasks. (7c3732b)
Added benchmark argument to skip tests when running on emulator. When automaticGenerationDuring build is enabled, benchmarks will also trigger baseline profile generation. This will fail, if emulators are used. With the new argument skipBenchmarksOnEmulator we can instead skip the test. (0c2ddcd)
Change perf event enable logic to run on API 23+ (2550048)

API Changes

Existing experimental PerfettoConfig argument to MacrobenchmarkRule.measureRepeated() moved to the new ExperimentalConfig object.

Bug Fixes

Increase lockClocks.sh retry count (99e9dac)
Don't create nonMinified and benchmark build types if existing. Due to a bug, even if nonMinified and benchmark build types existed, they were going to be recreated. (e75f0a5)
Ignore non-terminating slices from TraceSectionMetric results. (a927d20)
Improved emulator check to consider sdk_ prefix. (1587de8)
Treat non-running packages as cleared in FrameTimingGfxInfoMetric. (35cc79c)
Fix androidx.benchmark.cpuEventCounter producing corrupt values for non-Instruction events. (06edd59)
Fix resumeTiming/runWithTimingDisabled to respect metric priority order, and significantly reduce impact of lower priority metric pause/resume on higher priority metric results. For example, if using cpu perf counters via cpuEventCounter.enable instrumentation argument, timeNs is no longer significantly reduced when pause/resume occur. (5de0968)

Version 1.3

Version 1.3.4

March 26, 2025

androidx.benchmark:benchmark-*:1.3.4 is released. Version 1.3.4 contains these commits.

Bug Fixes

Fixed Gradle Project Isolation incompatibilities in the Benchmark Baseline Gradle Plugin. (b/404523257)

Version 1.3.3

October 16, 2024

androidx.benchmark:benchmark-*:1.3.3 is released. Version 1.3.3 contains these commits.

Bug Fixes

Fixed CollectBaselineProfileTask when AVD device has spaces in it (Ia0225, b/371642809)

Version 1.3.2

October 2, 2024

androidx.benchmark:benchmark-*:1.3.2 is released. Version 1.3.2 contains these commits.

Bug Fixes

Fixed Firebase Test Lab (FTL) being unable to pull Baseline Profile or Macrobenchmark result files from the Baseline Profile Gradle Plugin. (I2f678, b/285187547)

To use FTL apply the plugin to the baseline profile module in the plugin block, with:

  plugins {
      ...
      id("com.google.firebase.testlab")
  }

and then configure firebase test lab with:

  firebaseTestLab {

      // Credentials for FTL service
      serviceAccountCredentials.set(file("credentials.json"))

      // Creates one or more managed devices to run the tests on.
      managedDevices {
          "ftlDeviceShiba34" {
              device = "shiba"
              apiLevel = 34
          }
      }

      // Ensures the baseline profile is pulled from the device.
      // Note that this will be automated as well later with aosp/3272935.
      testOptions {
          results {
              directoriesToPull.addAll("/storage/emulated/0/Android/media/${android.namespace}")
          }
      }
  }

Also the created FTL device needs to be added to the baseline profile extension:

  baselineProfile {
      managedDevices += "ftlDeviceShiba34"
      useConnectedDevices = false
  }

Version 1.3.1

September 18, 2024

androidx.benchmark:benchmark-*:1.3.1 is released. Version 1.3.1 contains these commits.

Bug Fixes

Added gradle property androidx.baselineprofile.suppressWarnings to suppress all baseline profile warnings (I7c36e, b/349646646)
Fixed Baseline Profile Gradle Plugin to use pre-existing nonMinified… and benchmark… if created by the app instead of creating wrappers. (Ia8934, b/361370179)
Fixed java.lang.AssertionError: ERRORS (not suppressed): EMULATOR when automaticGenerationDuringBuild is enabled on emulators. New argument is used to instead skip the test. (If3f51, b/355515798)
Microbenchmark minification - keep subclasses of org.junit.runner.notification.RunListener in benchmark library proguard (Ic8ed5, b/354264743)
Fix TraceSectionMetric to Ignore non-terminating slices. Previously these were considered to have -1 duration, e.g. during summation or finding minimum duration. (If74b7)
Fixed an issue in FrameTimingGfxInfoMetric where starting the metric would crash if the process wasn't already running. (I6e412)

Version 1.3.0

August 21, 2024

androidx.benchmark:benchmark-*:1.3.0 is released. Version 1.3.0 contains these commits.

Microbenchmark changes since 1.2.0

Method tracing is on by default in microbenchmarks when running on most devices
- Method tracing runs as a separate phase, after measurements - this enables accurate measurements and method traces to both be output from a single benchmark run
- Method tracing on some Android OS and ART versions will affect later measurement phases - on these versions, method tracing is off by default and a warning is printed to Studio output
Main thread benchmarks and ANRs
- Added measureRepeatedOnMainThread for UI thread benchmarks (e.g. those that interact with Compose/View UIs) to avoid ANRs when running for many seconds.
- Method traces are skipped if expected to overrun the ANR avoidance deadline. Set androidx.benchmark.profiling.skipWhenDurationRisksAnr to false to disable this behavior (not recommended for CI runs, as ANRs can cause problem in long CI runs).
Minification
- Embedded proguard rules to improve microbenchmarking with minification enabled
- Minification/R8 in a library module requires AGP 8.3, and can be enabled via android.buildTypes.release.androidTest.enableMinification in your build.gradle
- Experimental BlackHole.consume() API added to prevent dead code elimination (If6812, b/286091643)
Metrics
- Experimental cpu event counter feature (metrics from perf_event_open, which requires root on most versions of the platform), access via InstrumentationArgument androidx.benchmark.cpuEventCounter.enable (can be set to true), and androidx.benchmark.cpuEventCounter.events can be set e.g. to (Instructions,CpuCycles). This should be supported on some userdebug emulators, but support has not been tested across all available emulators

MACRObenchmark changes since 1.2.0

Method tracing overhaul for macrobenchmarks.
- Now method traces are scoped to the duration of the measureBlock, and can capture multiple sessions if the process starts multiple times.
- Previously, method tracing would only work for StartupMode.COLD benchmarks, and capture nothing for measureBlocks that didn't restart the target process
- Fixed method traces flush in macrobenchmark, so that method traces should be fully captured and valid, even on slower devices. (I6349a, b/329904950)
Correctly dump ART profile during individual warmUp iterations when process is killed so CompilationMode.Partial(warmup=N) measurements are more accurate. (I17923)
Drop Shader broadcast failure message
- Added debugging suggestions to drop shader broadcast failure message
- Add two instrumentation arguments for overriding shader dropping behavior to workaround crashes when benchmarking apps without ProfileInstaller 1.3:
  * androidx.benchmark.dropShaders.enable=true/false : can be used to skip all shader dropping (including that done in StartupMode.Cold launches), esp when benchmarking apps that don't yet use profileinstaller 1.3
  * androidx.benchmark.dropShaders.throwOnFailure=true/false : can be used to tolerate failures when trying to drop shaders, for example when benchmarking apps without profileinstaller 1.3 (I4f573)
Added experimental MacrobenchmarkRule#measureRepeated variant which takes a custom PerfettoConfig for fully customized Perfetto trace recording. Note that incorrectly configured configs may cause built in Metric classes to fail. (Idfd3d, b/309841164, b/304038384)
Cancel background dexopt jobs before running a Macrobenchmark to reduce interference. (I989ed)
Macrobenchmark now waits for 1 second for the target application to flush an ART profile (previously it waited for 500 ms). (I85a50, b/316082056)
TraceSectionMetric overhaul
- Note: TraceSectionMetric changes below can affect outputs in CI usage, and may create discontinuities, or break parsing
- Sum is now the default, as most usage of this metric is for repeated events, and first would discard data in these cases
- Changed to be more customizable, with more available modes
- Mode names are now embedded in metric output name (in Studio and JSON)
- Now supports slices created using Trace.{begin|end}AsyncSection.
Metrics
- Power - Added PowerMetric.deviceSupportsHighPrecisionTracking, PowerMetric.deviceBatteryHasMinimumCharge() and PowerMetric.deviceSupportsPowerEnergy()
- Renamed Metric.getResult to getMeasurements to match return type
- Added log.w / exception labels to all startup detection failures. This does not change current behavior (so some errors throw, and others silently fail to detect the startup), just makes it more understandable. Generally the ones that Log.w() and fail to report startup metrics are those where non-frame events are missing, exceptions are thrown when startup is detected except for frame timing information (from UI/RT slices). (Id240f, b/329145809)
- Added frameCount measurement to FrameTimingMetric to aid in discovery of scenarios where measurements change because the number of frames produced changed (new animations added, invalidation issues fixed). (I1e5aa)
- Clarified that frameOverrunMs is the preferred metric for tracking when available in docs, and why. (I18749, b/329478323)
- Fixes issue where unterminated frames at the beginning and end of the trace could be paired together, which would incorrectly report as a single extremely long frame. (I39353, b/322232828)
- Improve FrameTimingMetric error when frames aren't produced, and always output link to trace when failing metric parsing to assist in diagnosing problem. (I956b9)
- Fixed crash in FrameTimingMetric failing to parse frame id, especially on certain OEM devices. (Ia24bc, b/303823815, b/306235276)
- Relaxed strictness of checks in FrameMetrics, and added more detail to error messages. (Iadede)

Baseline Profile capture / Gradle plugin changes since 1.2.0

Increased max recommended version of AGP to 9.0.0-alpha01.
Ensure mergeArtProfile and mergeStartupProfile tasks always wait for baseline profile generation. (I623d6, b/343086054)
Generating a baseline profile successfully will output a summary of what changed (I824c8, b/269484510)
Added DSL to disable warnings (Ic4deb, b/331237001)
Fix to ensure benchmarks use generated baseline profiles when automaticGenerationDuringBuild is off (Ic144f, b/333024280)
Fix BaselineProfile gradle plugin property overrides to enable baseline profile generation and benchmarking when customizing a nonMinified or benchmark build type. (Ib8f05, b/324837887)
Fix for including library baseline profiles in AAR prior to AGP 8.3.0-alpha15. (I1d2af, b/313992099)
Fixed baseline and startup profile output url at the end of generation task. (I802e5, b/313976958)

Other significant changes since 1.2.0

Trace capture
- Reduced EXITCODE 2 error when starting perfetto from an error to logged warning
- Enable AIDL tracing by default in benchmarks(requires API 28) (Ia0af2, b/341852305)
- Enable porter tag tracing by default in benchmarks. This captures, for example, wakelock tracepoints. (Icfe44, b/286551983)
- Increased trace capture start timeout to avoid crashes when starting tracing on slower devices (I98841, b/329145808)
- Added public API PerfettoTraceProcessor.Session.queryMetrics APIs with JSON, textproto, and proto binary (undecoded) variants. These allow you to query metrics built into TraceProcessor (I54d7f, b/304038382)
- Enable blocking start on Perfetto trace record to reduce risk of missing data at beginning of trace. Only supported on API 33+. (Ie6e41, b/310760059)
JSON output
- Added additional information in benchmark context in JSON output:
  * context.artMainlineVersion - integer version of Art mainline module (if present on device, -1 otherwise)
  * context.build.id - Equals android.os.Build.ID
  * context.build.version.codename - Equals android.os.Build.VERSION.CODENAME
  * context.build.version.abbreviatedCodename - corresponds to first letter of pre-release codename (including on release builds) (Ie5020)
- Added profilerOutput list to JSON output for easier tooling around profiling traces (e.g. Perfetto, Method traces) (I05ddd, b/332604449)
- Added a warning when Android Test Orchestrator is used in benchmark modules, as this will cause per-module output JSON files to be repeatedly overwritten. (Ia1af6, b/286899049)
- Throw when filenames are longer than 200 chars to avoid unclear crashes when writing or post-processing files. (I4a5ab)

Version 1.3.0-rc01

August 7, 2024

androidx.benchmark:benchmark-*:1.3.0-rc01 is released. Version 1.3.0-rc01 contains these commits.

Bug Fixes

Fix androidx.benchmark.cpuEventCounter producing corrupt values for non-Instruction events (I7386a, b/286306579)
Fix resumeTiming/runWithTimingDisabled to respect metric priority order, and significantly reduce impact of lower priority metric pause/resume on higher priority metric results. For example, if using cpu perf counters via cpuEventCounter.enable instrumentation argument, timeNs is no longer significantly reduced when pause/resume occur. (I39c2e, b/286306579, b/307445225)
Reduced chance of stack sampling causing measureRepeatedOnMainThread from hitting main thread hard timeout by moving stack sampling conversion off main thread. (I487a8, b/342237318)
Removed manual outlining of access to new platform APIs since this happens automatically via API modeling when using R8 with AGP 7.3 or later (e.g. R8 version 3.3) and for all builds when using AGP 8.1 or later (e.g. D8 version 8.1). Clients who are not using AGP are advised to update to D8 version 8.1 or later. See this article for more details. (I9496c, b/345472586)
Added agp version check to send package name as instr arg. Previous to AGP 8.4.0 the target app package name cannot be send to the instrumentation app via instrumentation arguments. (0c72a3f)

Version 1.3.0-beta02

July 10, 2024

androidx.benchmark:benchmark-*:1.3.0-beta02 is released. Version 1.3.0-beta02 contains these commits.

Bug Fixes

Gracefully handle EXITCODE 2 when starting Perfetto to log a warning, but proceed.

Version 1.3.0-beta01

June 12, 2024

androidx.benchmark:benchmark-*:1.3.0-beta01 is released. Version 1.3.0-beta01 contains these commits.

API Changes

Renamed MethodTracing.affectsMeasurementOnThisDevice to AFFECTS_MEASUREMENT_ON_THIS_DEVICE for consistency. (I1bdfa)
Added experimental BlackHole.consume() api to prevent dead code elimination in microbenchmarks. (If6812, b/286091643)
Microbenchmark will now correctly throw to prevent method tracing from interfering with measurements. This occurs on certain devices when method tracing is forced on (via instrumentation args or MicrobenchmarkConfig), and if a measurement is attempted after a method trace. Affected devices are running API 26-30 or certain ART mainline module versions affected by this interference, and can be detected at runtime via ProfilerConfig.MethodTracing.affectsMeasurementOnThisDevice. (Iafb92, b/303660864)

Bug Fixes

Bumped max agp version recommended to 9.0.0-alpha01. (I5bbb0)
Added compilation mode to benchmark context (If5612, b/325512900)
Enable AIDL tracing by default (requires API 28) (Ia0af2, b/341852305)
Added additional information in benchmark context in JSON output:
- context.artMainlineVersion - integer version of Art mainline module (if present on device, -1 otherwise)
- context.build.id - Equals android.os.Build.ID
- context.build.version.codename - Equals android.os.Build.VERSION.CODENAME
- context.build.version.abbreviatedCodename - corresponds to first letter of pre-release codename (even on release builds) (Ie5020)
Fixes StackSampling to respect androidx.benchmark.profiling.sampleDurationSeconds (Ib1d53)
Change macro->common dependency to be api(), so it's easier to use e.g. PerfettoTrace and PerfettoConfig. (Icdae3, b/341851833)
Ensure mergeArtProfile and mergeStartupProfile tasks always wait for baseline profile generation. (I623d6, b/343086054)
Consider variant enable state when deciding whether variant should be enabled. (I5d19e, b/343249144)
Increased default start timeout for perfetto trace processor. (I87e8c, b/329145808)

Version 1.3.0-alpha05

May 14, 2024

androidx.benchmark:benchmark-*:1.3.0-alpha05 is released. Version 1.3.0-alpha05 contains these commits.

Bug Fixes

Throw clearer exception when macrobench metric returns zero values for all iterations (Iab58f, b/314931695)
Additional workaround rules added to microbench proguard rules, including support for listener rules and other observed warnings / errors. (I14d8f, b/329126308, b/339085669)
Method tracing runs as a separate phase during a Macrobenchmark, and it no longer affects measurements. (If9a50, b/285912360, b/336588271)
Added extra debugging suggestions to drop shader broadcast failure message. (I5efa6, b/325502725)

Version 1.3.0-alpha04

May 1, 2024

androidx.benchmark:benchmark-*:1.3.0-alpha04 is released. Version 1.3.0-alpha04 contains these commits.

API Changes

Added experimental MacrobenchmarkRule#measureRepeated variant which takes a custom PerfettoConfig for fully customized Perfetto trace recording. Note that incorrectly configured configs may cause built in Metric classes to fail. (Idfd3d, b/309841164, b/304038384)
Rename PowerMetric.deviceSupportsPowerEnergy to PowerMetric.deviceSupportsHighPrecisionTracking for clarity (I5b82f)
Added PowerMetric.deviceBatteryHasMinimumCharge() and PowerMetric.deviceSupportsPowerEnergy() to enable changing or skipping benchmarks based on device power measurement capability. (I6a591, b/322121218)

Bug Fixes

Added comparison with previous baseline profile (I824c8, b/269484510)
Added DSL to disable warnings (Ic4deb, b/331237001)
Changed exception to info log when benchmark variants are disabled (I8a517, b/332772491)
Make it simpler to capture method traces for a Macrobenchmark is scoped to the duration of the actual measureBlock(). Previously, it started at target process launch and only supported cold starts (Iee85a, b/300651094)
Avoid crashing when perfetto trace processor is slow to start (I98841, b/329145808)

Version 1.3.0-alpha03

April 17, 2024

androidx.benchmark:benchmark-*:1.3.0-alpha03 is released. Version 1.3.0-alpha03 contains these commits.

New Features

Adds public API PerfettoTraceProcessor.Session.queryMetrics APIs with JSON, textproto, and proto binary (undecoded) variants. These allow you to query metrics built into TraceProcessor (I54d7f, b/304038382)
Added profilerOutput to JSON output for easier tooling around profiling traces (e.g. perfetto, method traces). (I05ddd, b/332604449)
Added power tag to benchmark Perfetto Config. This captures, for example, wakelock tracepoints. (Icfe44, b/286551983)
Added inst argument androidx.benchmark.profiling.skipWhenDurationRisksAnr, can be set to false to avoid skipping method traces when expected duration may cause an ANR - strongly recommended to avoid in CI runs.
Added experimental inst argument androidx.benchmark.profiling.perfCompare.enable, set this to true to run comparison timing between measurement and profiling phases. Useful in e.g. evaluating overhead of method tracing. (I61fb4, b/329146942)

API Changes

Changed TraceSectionMetric.Mode to sealed class to enable future expansion without breaking exhaustive when statements (I71f7b)
Added TraceSectionMetric.Mode.Average and .Count, and reordered args so the more common argument (mode) was earlier in the arg list, reducing need for specifying parameter names. (Ibf0b0, b/315830077, b/322167531)
Renamed Metric.getResult to getMeasurements to match return type (I42595)

Bug Fixes

Fix to ensure benchmarks use generated baseline profiles when automaticGenerationDuringBuild is off (Ic144f, b/333024280)
Fix BaselineProfile gradle plugin property overrides to enable baseline profile generation and benchmarking when customizing a nonMinified or benchmark build type. (Ib8f05, b/324837887)
Fixed method traces flush in macrobenchmark, so that method traces should be fully captured and valid, even on slower devices. (I6349a, b/329904950)
Enable blocking start on Perfetto trace record to reduce risk of missing data at beginning of trace. Only supported on API 33+. (Ie6e41, b/310760059)
Added a warning when Android Test Orchestrator is used in benchmark modules, as this will cause per-module output JSON files to be repeatedly overwritten. (Ia1af6, b/286899049)
Force ',' (comma) thousands separators for consistency in Studio output, ignoring device locale (I3e921, b/313496656)
TraceSectionMetric now supports slices created using Trace.{begin|end}AsyncSection. (I91b32, b/300434906)
Added log.w / exception labels to all startup detection failures. This does not change current behavior (so some errors throw, and others silently fail to detect the startup), just makes it more understandable. Generally the ones that Log.w() and fail to report startup metrics are those where non-frame events are missing, exceptions are thrown when startup is detected except for frame timing information (from UI/RT slices). (Id240f, b/329145809)
Cancel background dexopt jobs before running a Macrobenchmark to reduce interference. (I989ed)
Added frameCount measurement to FrameTimingMetric to aid in discovery of scenarios where measurements change because the number of frames produced changed (new animations added, invalidation issues fixed). (I1e5aa)
Clarified that frameOverrunMs is the preferred metric for tracking when available in docs, and why. (I18749, b/329478323)

Version 1.3.0-alpha02

March 20, 2024

androidx.benchmark:benchmark-*:1.3.0-alpha02 is released. Version 1.3.0-alpha02 contains these commits.

New Features

Experimental R8 support in microbench via embedded proguard rules. Note that this support is experimental, and requires AGP 8.3 for minification of library module tests. Use the following to enable R8 minification/optimization in your benchmark module's build.gradle, which should lead to a significant performance increase, depending on workload. (I738a3, b/184378053)

android {  
    buildTypes.release.androidTest.enableMinification = true  
}

Bug Fixes

Fixes method tracing warning to be on separate line from microbench output. (I0455c, b/328308833)

Version 1.3.0-alpha01

February 21, 2024

androidx.benchmark:benchmark-*:1.3.0-alpha01 is released. Version 1.3.0-alpha01 contains these commits.

API Changes

Renamed MicrobenchmarkConfig boolean parameters to avoid unnecessary word 'should' (Ia8f00, b/303387299)
Added BenchmarkRule.measureRepeatedOnMainThread so main thread benchmarks (e.g. ones touching Views or Compose UIs) can avoid triggering ANRs, especially during large suites in CI. (I5c86d)
Added FrameTimingGfxInfoMetric, an experimental alternate implementation of FrameTimingMetric with measurements coming directly from the platform, rather than extracted from the Perfetto trace. (I457cb, b/322232828)
Add the ability to dump an ART profile during individual warmUp iterations. (I17923)
Several changes to TraceSectionMetric API:
- Add Mode.Min, Mode.Max
- Add label argument to override section name as metric label
- Added mode name to output to clarify metric meaning
- Changed default to sum, as most usage of this metric is for repeated events Be aware of this changes in CI usage, as it may create discontinuities or break parsing. (Ic1e82, b/301892382, b/301955938)

Bug Fixes

Improved error message in baseline profile gradle plugin when specified managed device does not exist (Idea2b, b/313803289)
Fix for including library baseline profiles in AAR prior to AGP 8.3.0-alpha15 (I1d2af, b/313992099)
Fixed baseline and startup profile output url at the end of generation task (I802e5, b/313976958)
Adjusted data source timeouts to attempt to fix java.lang.IllegalStateException: Failed to stop [ProcessPid(processName=perfetto, pid=...)] (I8dc7d, b/323601788)
Add two instrumentation arguments for overriding shader dropping behavior to workaround crashes when benchmarking apps without ProfileInstaller 1.3:
- androidx.benchmark.dropShaders.enable=true/false : can be used to skip all shader dropping (including that done in StartupMode.Cold launches), esp when benchmarking apps that don't yet use profileinstaller 1.3
- androidx.benchmark.dropShaders.throwOnFailure=true/false : can be used to tolerate failures when trying to drop shaders, for example when benchmarking apps without profileinstaller 1.3 (I4f573)
Skip method tracing on UI thread when expected to take longer than a few seconds, and cleanup method traces when throwing. (I6e768)
Throw when filenames are longer than 200 chars to avoid unclear crashes when writing or post-processing files. (I4a5ab)
Fixes issue where unterminated frames at the beginning and end of the trace could be paired together, which would incorrectly report as a single extremely long frame. (I39353, b/322232828)
Use --skip verification on API 30+ when reinstalling a package on API 30-33 to clear ART profiles on user builds. This helps bypass Play Protect warnings that cause failures on some class of devices. (Ic9e36)
Use am force-stop to kill apps when not a system app like System UI or Launcher. (I5e028)
Macrobenchmark now waits for 1 second for the target application to flush an ART profile (previously it waited for 500 ms). (I85a50, b/316082056)
Improve FrameTimingMetric error when frames aren't produced, and always output link to trace when failing metric parsing to assist in diagnosing problem. (I956b9)
Fixed crash in FrameTimingMetric failing to parse frame id, especially on certain OEM devices. (Ia24bc, b/303823815, b/306235276)
Relaxed strictness of checks in FrameMetrics, and added more detail to error messages. (Iadede)

Version 1.2

Version 1.2.4

April 17, 2024

androidx.benchmark:benchmark-*:1.2.4 is released. Version 1.2.4 contains these commits.

Bug Fixes

Fixes baseline profile srcset not being set up in benchmark variants. Also fixes automaticGenerationDuringBuild in libraries causing a circular dependency. (I28ab7, b/333024280)
Use am force-stop to kill apps when not a system app like System UI or Launcher. This fixes StartupMode.COLD benchmarks crashing from "Package $package must not be running prior to cold start!" due to process kill not fully succeeding. (I5e028)

Version 1.2.3

January 24, 2024

androidx.benchmark:benchmark-*:1.2.3 is released. Version 1.2.3 contains these commits.

Bug Fixes

Removed exception from Baseline Profile Gradle Plugin when AGP version is 8.3.0 or higher.
Fix for including library baseline profiles in AAR prior to AGP 8.3.0-alpha15.

Version 1.2.2

December 1, 2023

androidx.benchmark:benchmark-*:1.2.2 is released. Version 1.2.2 contains these commits.

Baseline Profiles

Execution logs will show the baseline profile output file path as a local file URI (aosp/2843918, aosp/2853665, b/313976958)

Version 1.2.1

November 15, 2023

androidx.benchmark:benchmark-*:1.2.1 is released. Version 1.2.1 contains these commits.

New Features

Improved error message when user disables test variants (b/307478189)
Added properties to support AS test run integration (b/309805233), (b/309116324)

Version 1.2.0

October 18, 2023

androidx.benchmark:benchmark-*:1.2.0 is released. Version 1.2.0 contains these commits.

Important changes since 1.1.0

Baseline Profiles

New Baseline Profile Gradle Plugin automates capturing and including baseline profiles in your test and build workflow.
BaselineProfileRule.collect now stable, a streamlined and simplified version of the previous experimental BaselineProfileRule.collectBaselineProfile API
- Just specify packageName, and drive your app
For libraries generating baseline profiles, you can now filter the rules generated either in code (BaselineProfileRule.collect argument), or even more simply in the gradle plugin
Fixes
- Fixed baseline profile collection on Android U+ (Id1392, b/277645214)

Macrobenchmark

Compilation
- Macrobenchmark now correctly fully resets compilation state for each compile - this requires reinstalling the APK prior to Android 14, so benchmarking on Android 14+ is strongly recommended if you want to persist state (like user login) in what's being measured.
- You can also work around this by controlling app compilation separately, and skipping compilation with CompilationMode.Ignore() or instrumentation argument
Instrumentation Arguments
- Support for androidx.benchmark.dryRunMode.enable instrumentation argument, (already available in microbenchmark) for quicker validation runs (e.g. when creating the benchmark, or in presubmit)
- Support for androidx.benchmark.profiling.mode=StackSampling and MethodTracing.
- Added androidx.benchmark.enabledRules to allow runtime filtering baseline profile vs macrobenchmark rule tests
- Added androidx.benchmark.perfettoSdkTracing.enable argument to enable tracing with tracing-perfetto, e.g. Compose recomposition tracing. Note that when used with StartupMode.COLD, timing will be significantly affected as the tracing library is loaded and enabled during app startup.
Requirements
- Macrobenchmark now requires ProfileInstaller 1.3.0 or greater in the target app, to enable profile capture / reset, and shader cache clearing.
New Experimental Metric APIs
- Added experimental TraceSectionMetric, which allows for extracting simple timing from trace("") {} blocks in your app, or TraceMetric for leveraging the full query capability of Perfetto TraceProcessor.
- Added experimental PowerMetric to capture power usage information
- Added experimental MemoryCountersMetric to count page faults
- Added experimental PerfettoTraceProcessor API, which is used internally to extract metrics from System traces (aka Perfetto traces)
Fixes
- Fixed crashes when installing or extracting profiles from an app installed from multiple APKs (e.g. from app bundle).
- Fixed FrameTimingMetric ignoring frames with inconsistent frame IDs (generally, frames during ripples on API 31+) (I747d2, b/279088460)
- Fixed parsing errors on traces > 64MB (Ief831, b/269949822)
- Clarified errors when device (especially emulator) OS image not correctly configured for tracing, or compilation
- Skip battery level check for devices without battery (micro and macro)
- Improved file output, with more clear errors for invalid output directories, and safer defaults
- Improved stability of StartupMode.COLD by consistently dropping the shader cache (also exposed via MacrobenchmarkScope.dropShaderCache)
- Fixed leanback fallback for startActivityAndWait.

Microbenchmark

Features
- Profiling was moved to a separate phase, after other metrics, so one test run can display both accurate timing and profiling results.
Experimental APIs
- Added experimental MicrobenchmarkConfig API for defining custom metrics and configuring tracing and profiling. Can be used to capture method traces, or capture tracepoints (but be aware of tracing overhead).
- Added experimental APIs for controlling BenchmarkState separately from BenchmarkRule, without JUnit
- Added experimental PerfettoTrace record to enable capturing Perfetto traces, with custom configuration, separate from benchmark APIs.
Fixes
- Workaround missing leading whitespaces in Android Studio benchmark output.
- Fix issue where warnings could fail to print in Android Studio benchmark output.
- Fixed SampledProfiling crash on Android 13 (API 33) and higher.
- Massively improved performance of dryRunMode by skipping IsolationActivity and Perfetto tracing (Up to 10x faster dry run mode on older OS versions).

Version 1.2.0-rc02

October 6, 2023

androidx.benchmark:benchmark-*:1.2.0-rc02 is released. Version 1.2.0-rc02 contains these commits.

Bug Fixes

Fix Benchmark file output to no longer break BaselineProfile Plugin file copying. Files were generated and copied off device, but had been renamed such that the gradle plugin wouldn't see them. (I8dbcc, b/303034735, b/296453339)
Clarified tracing-perfetto loading error messages when injecting from macrobenchmark module into target application.

Version 1.2.0-rc01

September 20, 2023

androidx.benchmark:benchmark-*:1.2.0-rc01 is released. Version 1.2.0-rc01 contains these commits.

Bug Fixes

An exception (with remedy instructions) is now thrown when Perfetto SDK tracing fails to initialize in a Benchmark. (I6c878, b/286228781)
Fix OOM crash when converting ART method trace -> perfetto format. (I106bd, b/296905344)
(Macrobenchmark) Clarified method tracing label when linked in Studio test output, and fixed method tracing filenames to be unique on device/host, so they won't be overwritten when more than one benchmark is run. (I08e65, b/285912360)
Ensures that the device is awake when capturing a baseline profile. (I503fc)

Version 1.2.0-beta05

August 30, 2023

androidx.benchmark:benchmark-*:1.2.0-beta05 is released. Version 1.2.0-beta05 contains these commits.

New Features

The Baseline Profile Gradle Plugin now supports Android Gradle Plugin 8.3. (aosp/2715214)

Version 1.2.0-beta04

August 23, 2023

androidx.benchmark:benchmark-*:1.2.0-beta04 is released. Version 1.2.0-beta04 contains these commits.

New Features

The Baseline Profiles Gradle plugin now supports Android Gradle Plugin 8.3. (aosp/2715214)

Bug Fixes

Fix failures in writing / moving and pulling files (especially those from parameterized tests) by sanitizing output file names further, avoiding '=' and ':' in output file names. (I759d8)

Version 1.2.0-beta03

August 9, 2023

androidx.benchmark:benchmark-*:1.2.0-beta03 is released. Version 1.2.0-beta03 contains these commits.

API Changes

Added argument to filter TraceSectionMetric to only the target package, on by default (Ia219b, b/292208786)

Bug Fixes

Renamed fullTracing.enable instrumentation argument to perfettoSdkTracing.enable for consistency with artifact name, and other references. fullTracing.enable will continue to work as a fallback. (I7cc00)
Benchmark library internal tracepoints (including microbenchmark loop/phase tracing) will now show up in Studio system trace viewer, and nest under the correct process in Perfetto. (I6b2e7, b/293510459)
Removed macrobenchmark NOT-PROFILEABLE error on API 31+, and skip profileable check on eng/userdebug rooted devices. (I2abac, b/291722507)
When using Dex Layout Optimizations, startup profile rules are also now considered as baseline profile rules. (aosp/2684246, b/293889189)

Version 1.2.0-beta02

July 26, 2023

androidx.benchmark:benchmark-*:1.2.0-beta02 is released. Version 1.2.0-beta02 contains these commits.

API Changes

Added experimental APIs for microbench custom metrics and configuration (e.g. profiler, and tracing). (I86101, b/291820856)

Bug Fixes

Report error in macrobench when OS is misconfigured for tracing, as was recently fixed in API 26/28 ARM64 emulators. (I0a328, b/282191686)
Added detail to compilation reset failure to suggest updating emulator, as some emulators have recently fixed this issue. (I8c815, b/282191686)
Make androidx.test.uiautomator:uiautomator:2.2.0 an api instead of an implementation dependency. (I1981e)

Version 1.2.0-beta01

July 18, 2023

androidx.benchmark:benchmark-*:1.2.0-beta01 is released. Version 1.2.0-beta01 contains these commits.

Bug Fixes

Fix warnings being sometimes suppressed in Benchmark output in Studio, and workaround leading whitespaces from Benchmark output not showing up in Studio (Ia61d0, b/227205461, b/286306579, b/285912360)
Fixed comment for FrameTimingMetric. The submetric is named frameDurationCpuMs. (Ib097f, b/288830934).

Version 1.2.0-alpha16

June 21, 2023

androidx.benchmark:benchmark-*:1.2.0-alpha16 is released. Version 1.2.0-alpha16 contains these commits.

API Changes

BaselineProfileRule.collectBaselineProfile() API has been renamed to BaselineProfileRule.collect(). (I4b665)

Bug Fixes

Macrobenchmark support for androidx.benchmark.profiling.mode = MethodTracing. (I7ad37, b/285912360)
Microbenchmark profiling moved to a separate phase, so it occurs in sequence after measurement, instead of replacing it. MethodTracing trace sections are also now included in the captured Perfetto trace, if present. (I9f657, b/285014599)
Add count measurement to TraceSectionMetric with Mode.Sum. (Ic121a, b/264398606)

Version 1.2.0-alpha15

June 7, 2023

androidx.benchmark:benchmark-*:1.2.0-alpha15 is released. Version 1.2.0-alpha15 contains these commits.

New Features

Added experimental MemoryUsageMetric for tracking memory usage of a target application. (I56453, b/133147125, b/281749311)
Add support for fully custom Perfetto configs with PerfettoTrace.record (If9d75, b/280460183)
Added property to skip baseline profile generation. Usage: ./gradlew assemble -Pandroidx.baselineprofile.skipgeneration. (I37fda, b/283447020)

API Changes

The collectBaselineProfile API always generates stable baseline profiles. The collectStableBaselineProfile API has been removed and collectBaselineProfile should be used instead. (I17262, b/281078707)
Changed BaselineProfileRule's filterPredicate arg to non-null, with a equivalent default value so that the default filter behavior is more clear in docs. (I3816e)

Bug Fixes

Disable IsolationActivity and Perfetto tracing in dryRunMode to significantly improve performance, as these were majority of runtime. (Ie4f7d)
Support for call stack sampling in Macrobenchmarks using instrumentation test arguments androidx.benchmark.profiling.mode=StackSampling and androidx.benchmark.profiling.sampleFrequency. (I1d13b, b/282188489)
Fixes crash when dropping shaders on Android U (API 34), as well as on emulators. (I031ca, b/274314544)

Version 1.2.0-alpha14

May 3, 2023

androidx.benchmark:benchmark-*:1.2.0-alpha14 is released. Version 1.2.0-alpha14 contains these commits.

Bug Fixes

Fix FrameTimingMetric ignoring frames with inconsistent frame IDs. This would cause some animations on recent platform versions (API 31+) to ignore many frames while RenderThread was animating (e.g. during a ripple). (I747d2, b/279088460)
Fixed trace processor parsing for traces larger than 64Mb. (Ief831, b/269949822)
Fixed baseline profile generation on Android U failing because of the different output of pm dump-profiles command. (Id1392, b/277645214)
Fix GPU clock locking script to compare strings correctly (I53e54, b/213935715)

Version 1.2.0-alpha13

April 5, 2023

androidx.benchmark:benchmark-*:1.2.0-alpha13 is released. Version 1.2.0-alpha13 contains these commits.

API Changes

Added profile type parameter when generating baseline profiles to support upcoming startup profile feature (Ie20d7, b/275093123)
Added new experimental TraceMetric API for defining fully custom metrics based on content of a Perfetto trace. (I4ce31, b/219851406)
Add an experimental metric to determine the number of page faults during a benchmark. (I48db0)

Version 1.2.0-alpha12

March 22, 2023

androidx.benchmark:benchmark-*:1.2.0-alpha12 is released. Version 1.2.0-alpha12 contains these commits.

New Features

The new baseline profile gradle plugin is released in alpha version, making it easier to generate a baseline profile and simplifying the developer workflow.

API Changes

Removed Perfetto tracing support on API 21 and 22, which includes both Microbenchmarks and the experimental PerfettoTrace APIs. Prior to this version, UiAutomation connections were unreliable on some devices. (I78e8c)
Added public experimental API for PerfettoTraceProcessor to enable parsing trace content. This is a step toward fully custom metrics based on Perfetto trace data. (I2659e, b/219851406)

Version 1.2.0-alpha11

March 8, 2023

androidx.benchmark:benchmark-*:1.2.0-alpha11 is released. Version 1.2.0-alpha11 contains these commits.

Bug Fixes

Fixed crashes in MacrobenchmarkRule and BaselineProfileRule when reinstalling or extracting profiles from an app bundle with multiple APKs. (I0d8c8, b/270587281)

Version 1.2.0-alpha10

February 22, 2023

androidx.benchmark:benchmark-*:1.2.0-alpha10 is released. Version 1.2.0-alpha10 contains these commits.

New Features

On Android 14+, Macrobenchmark no longer reinstalls target applications to reset compilation state, thanks to a new platform feature. Previously it was necessary to have a rooted device, or to deal with all application state (e.g. user login) being removed before each benchmark runs. (I9b08c, b/249143766)

Bug Fixes

Fix DryRunMode to no longer crash with empty profile, due to compilation skipping. Instead, it runs a single iteration and extracts the profile to ensure something is captured. (I2f05d, b/266403227)
Fix PowerMetric crash when checking for powerstats presence on old API levels. (5faaf9, b/268253898)

Version 1.2.0-alpha09

January 11, 2023

androidx.benchmark:benchmark-*:1.2.0-alpha09 is released. Version 1.2.0-alpha09 contains these commits.

Bug Fixes

Enabled passing None to androidx.benchmark.enabledRules instrumentation arg to disable all benchmarks / baseline profile generation. (I3d7fd, b/258671856)
Fix PerfettoTrace capture in app modules (i.e. non-self-instrumenting test APKs) (I12cfc)
Fixed baseline profile adb pull argument order in Studio output (I958d1, b/261781624)
Arm emulator api 33 is now correctly recognized as such when trying to run a macrobenchmark and will correctly print the warning. (69133b,b/262209591)
Skip battery level check on devices without battery in Macrobenchmark (fe4114, b/232448937)

Version 1.2.0-alpha08

December 7, 2022

androidx.benchmark:benchmark-*:1.2.0-alpha08 is released. Version 1.2.0-alpha08 contains these commits.

API Changes

Added experimental new APIs PerfettoTrace.record {} and PerfettoTraceRule to capture Perfetto traces (also known as System Traces) as part of a test, to inspect test behavior and performance. (I3ba16)
BaselineProfileRule now accepts a filter predicate instead of a list of package prefixes. This gives the test full control on filtering. (I93240)
Add an experimental API BaselineProfileRule.collectStableBaselineProfile which waits until a baseline profile is stable for N iterations. (I923f3)
Add the ability to specify an output file name prefix when generating baseline profiles using BaselineProfileRule. (I7b59f, b/260318655)

Bug Fixes

Improve safety of file output writing, which should prevent output files from silently not being written / appended, especially on API 21/22. (If8c44, b/227510293)
Fix simpleperf trace output to create and place the file correctly. This should also more generally fix issues where a file is unsuccessfully pulled by gradle. (I12a1c, b/259424099)
Improve profileinstaller error message printed when profileinstaller is too old. This now tells you to update profileinstaller version (1.2.1) for measuring baseline profiles on API 31 through 33, instead of saying it's not supported. (Ia517f, b/253519888)
Fix several shell command failures onerror message Print needed API <=23, including failed perfetto capture binary setup and trace capture failures (Ib6b87, b/258863685)
Automatically sort generated profile rules to minimize the number of changes as they change over time (when checking-in profile rules into source control). (Ie2509)
Fixed crash on unrooted builds below Android 13 (API 33) with message Expected no stderr from echo 3 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches (I6c245, b/259508183)

Known Issues- MacrobenchmarkScope.dropShaderCache() may crash due to a missing broadcast registry in profileinstaller manifest, which has not yet been released. (I5c728, b/258619948) To workaround the issue in profileinstaller:1.3.0-alpha02, add the following to your application's (not your benchmark's) AndroidManifest.xml:

  <!-- workaround bug in profileinstaller 1.3.0-alpha02, remove when updating to alpha03+ -->
  <receiver
    android:name="androidx.profileinstaller.ProfileInstallReceiver"
    android:permission="android.permission.DUMP"
    android:exported="true">
    <intent-filter>
        <action android:name="androidx.profileinstaller.action.BENCHMARK_OPERATION" />
    </intent-filter>
  </receiver>

Version 1.2.0-alpha07

November 9, 2022

androidx.benchmark:benchmark-*:1.2.0-alpha07 is released. Version 1.2.0-alpha07 contains these commits.

API Changes

Adds PowerMetric API for measuring energy and power in Macrobenchmarks. (Ife601, b/220183779)
Fixed MacrobenchmarkScope.dropShaderCache() to actually drop the shader cache. This removes roughly 20ms of noise from StartupMode.COLD benchmarks, as shaders are now consistently cleared each iteration. Previously, Partial compilation using warmup iterations would report incorrectly fast numbers, as shader caching was more likely to happen during warmup. This fix requires either a rooted device, or using profileinstaller:1.3.0-alpha02 in the target app. For ProfileInstaller library’s API changes, please refer to ProfileInstaller 1.30-alpha02 page. (Ia5171, b/231455742)
Added TraceSectionMode("label", Mode.Sum), allowing measurement of total time spent on multiple trace sections with the same label. For instance, TraceSectionMetric("inflate", Mode.Sum) will report a metric inflateMs for the total time in a macrobenchmark spent on inflation. Also removed API 29 requirement, as TraceSectionMetric works together with androidx.tracing.Trace back to lower API levels, with the use of forceEnableAppTracing within the target app. (Id7b68, b/231455742)

Bug Fixes

Improved safety of all internal shell commands by validating all output/errors. (I5984d, b/255402908, b/253094958)
Specify device in baseline profile adb pull command, so the pull command can be simply copied if multiple devices are connected (up to one emulator) (I6ac6c, b/223359380)
Add error if macrobenchmark test apk isn't set up as self-instrumenting. This error prevents macrobenchmarking from within the target app's process. In process, macrobench wouldn't be able to compile/kill/cold start the app, or control its own permissions (I4279b)
Fixed an issue in measureRepeated() where StartupMode.COLD wouldn't kill the target process after setupBlock. Now setupBlock interacting with the app will not leave the app process running, and an invalid cold start measurement. (I8ebb7)

Version 1.2.0-alpha06

October 24, 2022

androidx.benchmark:benchmark-*:1.2.0-alpha06 is released. Version 1.2.0-alpha06 contains these commits.

API Changes

BaselineProfileRule no longer requires root on Android 13 (API 33), and is no longer experimental. (Ie0a7d, b/250083467, b/253094958)
- This change also fixes how profiles from an app are flushed to disk on unrooted devices, but requires updating the target app's profileinstaller dependency.
- To use BaselineProfileRule or CompilationMode.Partial(warmupIterations) on an unrooted device, you must also update your target app to use androidx.profileinstaller.profileinstaller:1.3.0-alpha01. This enables flushing the profile to disk correctly, so that it can be compiled/extracted.

Bug Fixes

Fixes SampledProfiling crash on API 33+. (I40743, b/236109374)

Version 1.2.0-alpha05

October 5, 2022

androidx.benchmark:benchmark-*:1.2.0-alpha05 is released. Version 1.2.0-alpha05 contains these commits.

Bug Fixes

Fix frame breakdown in Studio system trace viewer for benchmark captured traces (I3f3ae, b/239677443)
Correct FrameTimingMetric to list FrameOverrun as requiring API 31 instead of 29 (I716dd, b/220702554)
Set iteration in BaselineProfileRule, and throw clearly if target package not installed (was already done for MacrobenchmarkRule). (Ic09a3, b/227991471)

Version 1.2.0-alpha04

September 21, 2022

androidx.benchmark:benchmark-*:1.2.0-alpha04 is released. Version 1.2.0-alpha04 contains these commits.

New Features

Add support for dryRunMode.enable instrumentation argument to macrobenchmark (already available in micro) for faster local development, and validating app automation (e.g. in presubmit). This overrides iterations to 1, skips compilation, suppresses all configuration errors, and disables measurement .json file output. (Ib51b4, b/175149857)
On Gradle command line:

./gradlew macrobenchmark:cC -P android.testInstrumentationRunnerArguments.androidx.benchmark.dryRunMode.enable=true

In build.gradle:

android {  
    defaultConfig {  
        testInstrumentationRunnerArgument 'androidx.benchmark.dryRunMode.enable', 'true'  
    }  
}

Bug Fixes

Fixed StartupTimingMetric to no longer require measured Activities to be launched through MacrobenchmarkScope.startActivityAndWait(). This means the metric can pick up launches from e.g. notifications, Context.startActivity(), in-app Activity based navigation, or shell commands. (Ia2de6, b/245414235)
Fix bug where startActivityAndWait would timeout trying to wait for launch completion on emulators by reducing strictness of frame detection. (Ibe2c6, b/244594339, b/228946895)

Version 1.2.0-alpha03

September 7, 2022

androidx.benchmark:benchmark-*:1.2.0-alpha03 is released. Version 1.2.0-alpha03 contains these commits.

New Features

Added experimental APIs for using BenchmarkState independently, separate from BenchmarkRule / JUnit4. (Id478f, b/228489614)

Bug Fixes

Added Leanback fallback for startActivityAndWait. (01ed77, b/242899915)

Version 1.2.0-alpha02

August 24, 2022

androidx.benchmark:benchmark-*:1.2.0-alpha02 is released. Version 1.2.0-alpha02 contains these commits.

API Changes

Default to am force stop for MacrobenchmarkScope.killProcess(), even when rooted, except during Baseline Profile generation. This can be overridden with an optional boolean argument. (02cce9, b/241214097)

Bug Fixes

Support baseline profile generation for System apps. (I900b8, b/241214097)
Support checking for ODPM power metrics on unrooted devices. (a38c78, b/229623230)

Version 1.2.0-alpha01

July 27, 2022

androidx.benchmark:benchmark-*:1.2.0-alpha01 is released. Version 1.2.0-alpha01 contains these commits.

New Features

New tracing-perfetto-common component allowing tooling to enable Perfetto SDK tracing in an app that exposes it (I2cc7f)
Added androidx.benchmark.enabledRules instrumentation argument to enable filtering macrobenchmark runs to just benchmarks, or just baseline profile generation. Pass in 'Macrobenchmark', or 'BaselineProfile' to just run one type of test, e.g. when just generating BaselineProfiles on an emulator. Comma-separated list also Supported. (I756b7, b/230371561)
E.g. in Your macrobenchmark's build.gradle:

android {  
    defaultConfig {  
        testInstrumentationRunnerArgument 'androidx.benchmark.enabledRules', 'BaselineProfile'  
    }  
}

Or from the Gradle command line:

./gradlew macrobenchmark:cC -P android.testInstrumentationRunnerArguments.androidx.benchmark.enabledRules=BaselineProfile

API Changes

Added new PowerMetric for measuring energy and power tasks in benchmarks. (I9f39b, b/220183779)
Added a new compilation mode CompilationMode.Ignore to skip profile reset and compilation. (Ibbcf8, b/230453509)
Added a new parameter to BaselineProfileRule#collectBaselineProfile to filter output file by package names (If7338, b/220146561)
Enables developer to discharge device to measure power drain. (I6a6cb)
Added the ability to clear shader cache in MacrobenchmarkScope. (I32122)
Enables developer to configure display of metric type and detail desired subsystem categories. (I810c9)
Previously an UnsupportedOperationException was thrown in the benchmark if run on an unsupported device. Now UOE only occurs if the metric is used on the unsupported device (ie: PowerMetric.configure). (I5cf20, b/227229375)
Added TotalPowerMetric and TotalEnergyMetric for measuring total power and energy in each system category in macrobenchmarks. (I3b26b, b/224557371)

Bug Fixes

Fixed an issue where compiled methods were not correctly being reset between each macrobenchmark on unrooted builds. This unfortunately requires reinstalling the apk each iteration, which will clear application data for each macrobenchmark. (I31c74, b/230665435)
Fix trace recording crash on API 21/22 (If7fd6, b/227509388, b/227510293, b/227512788)
Overhaul activity launch completion detection to fix 'Unable to read any metrics' exception in startup macrobenchmarks. (Ia517c)

Version 1.1.1

November 9, 2022

androidx.benchmark:benchmark-*:1.1.1 is released. Version 1.1.1 contains these commits.

Bug Fixes

Fixes android.system.ErrnoException: open failed: EACCES which would occur on some Android11 (API 30)+ devices. This is a cherry-pick of a fix from 1.2.0-alpha01. (aosp/2072249)

Version 1.1.0

June 15, 2022

androidx.benchmark:benchmark-*:1.1.0 is released. Version 1.1.0 contains these commits.

This version is identical to androidx.benchmark:benchmark-*:1.1.0-rc03.

Important changes since 1.0.0

Support for Jetpack Macrobenchmarks, which allows you to measure whole-app interactions like startup and scrolling, provides the ability to capture traces & measure trace sections.
Support for Baseline Profiles
- CompilationMode.Partial to measure the effectiveness of Baseline Profiles.
- @BaselineProfileRule to automatically generate Baseline profiles for a given critical user journey.
Support for Allocation metrics & profiling during Microbenchmark runs.

Version 1.1.0-rc03

June 1, 2022

androidx.benchmark:benchmark-*:1.1.0-rc03 is released. Version 1.1.0-rc03 contains these commits.

Bug Fixes

Avoid reinstalling the target package on every benchmark iteration. ( aosp/2093027, b/231976084)
Remove the 300ms delay from pressHome(). (aosp/2086030, b/231322975)
Improve Macrobenchmark iteration speed by optimizing Shell commands used under the hood. (aosp/2086023, b/231323582)
Support for Managed Gradle Devices when generating Baseline Profiles with Macrobenchmarks. (aosp/2062228, b/228926421)

Version 1.1.0-rc02

May 11, 2022

androidx.benchmark:benchmark-*:1.1.0-rc02 is released. Version 1.1.0-rc02 contains these commits.

Note that this release includes a behavior change, as apps are now fully reinstalled in between each benchmark to ensure accurate measurements.

Bug Fixes/Behavior Changes

Fixed an issue where app compilation was not correctly reset between macrobenchmarks, and not reset at all on unrooted builds. This fixes many cases where running multiple tests would result in CompilationMode having little to no effect on measurements. To workaround this problem, the target app is now fully reinstalling each test method, which will clear application data between each macrobenchmark. (I31c74, b/230665435)
As this prevents apps from setting up state before tests, it is now possible to skip compilation / reinstallation to enable working around this. You can for example fully compile the target with a shell command cmd package compile -f -m speed <package>, and then bypass macrobenchmark's compilation step.
E.g. in Your macrobenchmark's build.gradle:

android {  
    defaultConfig {  
        testInstrumentationRunnerArgument 'androidx.benchmark.compilation.enabled, 'false'  
    }  
}

Or from the Gradle command line:

./gradlew macrobenchmark:cC -P android.testInstrumentationRunnerArguments.androidx.benchmark.compilation.enabled=false

Made it possible to share a module between macrobenchmarks and baseline profile generating tests by adding androidx.benchmark.enabledRules instrumentation argument. Pass in 'Macrobenchmark', or 'BaselineProfile' to just run one type of test, e.g. when generating BaselineProfiles on an emulator. (I756b7, b/230371561)
E.g. in Your macrobenchmark's build.gradle:

android {  
    defaultConfig {  
        testInstrumentationRunnerArgument 'androidx.benchmark.enabledRules', 'BaselineProfile'  
    }  
}

Or from the Gradle command line:

./gradlew macrobenchmark:cC -P android.testInstrumentationRunnerArguments.androidx.benchmark.enabledRules=BaselineProfile

Version 1.1.0-rc01

April 20, 2022

androidx.benchmark:benchmark-*:1.1.0-rc01 is released. Version 1.1.0-rc01 contains these commits.

Bug Fixes

Baseline profile output links in Android Studio now use a unique file name. This way the output always reflects the latest results of using a BaselineProfileRule. ( aosp/2057008, b/228203086 )

Version 1.1.0-beta06

April 6, 2022

androidx.benchmark:benchmark-*:1.1.0-beta06 is released. Version 1.1.0-beta06 contains these commits.

Bug Fixes

Fix trace recording crash on API 21/22 (If7fd6, b/227509388)
Overhaul activity launch completion detection to fix 'Unable to read any metrics' exception in startup macrobenchmarks. (Ia517c)
Fix startup metrics for Macrobenchmarks when CompilationMode.None() is used. Before this change, CompilationMode.Partial() would appear to be slower than Compilation.None(). (611ac9).

Version 1.1.0-beta05

March 23, 2022

androidx.benchmark:benchmark-*:1.1.0-beta05 is released. Version 1.1.0-beta05 contains these commits.

Bug Fixes

Kill package after skipping profile installation when using CompilationMode.None. (aosp/1991373)
Fixed an issue where Macrobenchmarks is unable to collect startup metrics when usingStartupMode.COLD. (aosp/2012227 b/218668335)

Version 1.1.0-beta04

February 23, 2022

androidx.benchmark:benchmark-*:1.1.0-beta04 is released. Version 1.1.0-beta04 contains these commits.

Bug Fixes

Fix missing metrics on Android 10, andNoSuchElementException caused by process names not being captured correctly in traces. (Ib4c17, b/218668335)
Use PowerManager for thermal throttling detection on Q (API 29) and higher. This significantly reduces frequency of false positives in thermal throttling detection (benchmark retry after 90 second cooldown), and speeds up benchmarks significantly on user builds. It also provides throttle detection even when clocks are locked (if they're locked too high for the device's physical environment). (I9c027, b/217497678, b/131755853)
Filter simpleperf sampled profiling to measureRepeated thread only to simplify inspection (Ic3e12, b/217501939)
Support metrics from named UI subprocesses in multi-process apps (Ice6c0, b/215988434)
Filter Baseline Profile rules to target Android 9 (SDK 28). aosp/1980331 b/216508418
Skip Profile Installation when using Compilation.None(). Additionally, report warnings when the app is using an older version of androidx.profileinstaller and Android Gradle Plugin. aosp/1977029

Version 1.1.0-beta03

February 9, 2022

androidx.benchmark:benchmark-*:1.1.0-beta03 is released. Version 1.1.0-beta03 contains these commits.

API Changes

Added AudioUnderrunMetric into macrobenchmark library under experimental flag to allow detection of audio underruns (Ib5972)
BaselineProfileRule no longer accepts a setup block as this functioned the same as the profileBlock. (Ic7dfe, b/215536447)
For e.g.

@Test  
fun collectBaselineProfile() {  
    baselineRule.collectBaselineProfile(  
        packageName = PACKAGE_NAME,  
        setupBlock = {  
            startActivityAndWait()  
        },  
        profileBlock = {  
            // ...  
        }  
    )  
}

@Test  
fun collectBaselineProfile() {  
    baselineRule.collectBaselineProfile(  
        packageName = PACKAGE_NAME,  
        profileBlock = {  
            startActivityAndWait()  
            // ...  
        }  
    )  
}

Bug Fixes

Fixed issue where microbench profiler traces would fail to be updated in subsequent runs when linked in Studio output (I5ae4d, b/214917025)
Prevent compilation shell commands on API 23 (Ice380)
Renamed FrameCpuTime -> FrameDurationCpu, FrameUiTime -> FrameDurationUi to clarify these are durations, not timestamps, and to match prefixes. (I0eba3, b/216337830)

Version 1.1.0-beta02

January 26, 2022

androidx.benchmark:benchmark-*:1.1.0-beta02 is released. Version 1.1.0-beta02 contains these commits.

Bug Fixes

Microbenchmark Stack Sampling / Method Tracing Profile results are now linked in Studio output, similar to other profiling outputs, and do not suppress the allocation metric. (Idcb65, b/214440748, b/214253245)
BaselineProfileRule now prints the adb pull command in logcat and Studio output for pulling generated BaselineProfile text file. (f08811)

Version 1.1.0-beta01

January 12, 2022

androidx.benchmark:benchmark-*:1.1.0-beta01 is released. Version 1.1.0-beta01 contains these commits.

Bug Fixes

Fixes profiler argument enable being ignored. (I37373, b/210619998)
Removed deprecated CompliationModes (I98186, b/213467659)
Switched baseline profile arg of CompilationMode.Partial to enum for clarity. (Id67ea)

Version 1.1.0-alpha13

December 15, 2021

androidx.benchmark:benchmark-*:1.1.0-alpha13 is released. Version 1.1.0-alpha13 contains these commits.

API Changes

Add low-overhead System Tracing to microbench output on Android Q (API 29+). Note that this does not currently capture custom tracing (via android.os.Trace or androidx.tracing Jetpack APIs) to avoid affecting results. This tracing should be useful in diagnosing instability, especially from sources outside the benchmark. (I298be, b/205636583, b/145598917)
Clarify CompilationModes into three classes - Full, None, Partial. Previously they were inconsistently named after compilation arguments (which we now treat as implementation details) and features. This makes the tradeoffs, potential combinations, and behavior across platform versions more clear. (I3d7bf, b/207132597)
Setup and measure are now always in pairs, in order. You can now query the package name and iteration (though the iteration may be null in certain warmup scenarios). (Id3b68, b/208357448, b/208369635)

Bug Fixes

Fixed CompilationMode.Speed incorrectly treated as None (I01137)

Version 1.1.0-alpha12

November 17, 2021

androidx.benchmark:benchmark-*:1.1.0-alpha12 is released. Version 1.1.0-alpha12 contains these commits.

New Features

Add experimental TraceSectionMetric for custom trace-based timing measurements. (I99db1, b/204572664)

Bug Fixes

Wake device each iteration, to ensure UI can be tested - requires lockscreen is disabled. (Ibfa28, b/180963442)
Fixes multiple crashes in StackSampling profiling mode on emulators and non-rooted devices (Icdbda, b/202719335)
Removed 0.5 second sleep at the end of each iteration - if you see missing metrics with this change, please file a bug. (Iff6aa)
Reduce chances of dropped data, and lower memory overhead from tracing (Id2544, b/199324831, b/204448861)
Reduce trace size by ~40% by switching to compact sched storage format. (Id5fb6, b/199324831)
Updated implementations of startup metrics to always end at end of renderthread. This will be more contistent across platform versions, and more closely map to in-app measurements. (Ic6b55)

Version 1.1.0-alpha11

November 3, 2021

androidx.benchmark:benchmark-*:1.1.0-alpha11 is released. Version 1.1.0-alpha11 contains these commits.

API Changes

Macrobenchmark now has a minSdkVersion of 23. (If2655)
Adds a new experimental BaselineProfileRule which is capable of generating baseline profiles for app's critical user journey. Detailed documentation to follow. (Ibbefa, b/203692160)
Removes measureRepeated interface variant, which was added for java callers, as it caused ambiguity in completing/resolving the method. Java callers will again need to return Unit.Instance from measureRepeated. If this is an inconvenience, please file a bug, we can revisit this in a future version. (Ifb23e, b/204331495)

Version 1.1.0-alpha10

October 27, 2021

androidx.benchmark:benchmark-*:1.1.0-alpha10 is released. Version 1.1.0-alpha10 contains these commits.

API Changes

Backport StartupTimingMetric to work back to API 23. This new implementation also better handles reportFullyDrawn() to wait until corresponding content has been rendered. (If3ac9, b/183129298)
Added JvmOverloads to multiple MacrobenchmarkScope methods for Java callers. (I644fe, b/184546459)
Provide alternative MacrobenchmarkRule.measureRepeated function that uses a Consumer<MacrobenchmarkScope> for idiomatic usage in Java language. (If74ab, b/184546459)

Bug Fixes

Fix for traces not starting early enough, and missing metric data. This is expected to fix "Unable to read any metrics during benchmark" exceptions that were caused by the library itself. (I6dfcb, b/193827052, b/200302931)
FrameNegativeSlack has been renamed to FrameOverrun to clarify its meaning - how much the frame went over its time budget. (I6c2aa, b/203008701)

Version 1.1.0-alpha09

October 13, 2021

androidx.benchmark:benchmark-*:1.1.0-alpha09 is released. Version 1.1.0-alpha09 contains these commits.

Bug Fixes

Support dropping Kernel page cache without root on API 31/S+, which will increase accuracy of StartupMode.COLD launches. (Iecfdb, b/200160030)

Version 1.1.0-alpha08

September 29, 2021

androidx.benchmark:benchmark-*:1.1.0-alpha08 is released. Version 1.1.0-alpha08 contains these commits.

API Changes

Enable scrolling macrobenchmarks to run back to API 23 (If39c2, b/183129298)
Add new type of sampled metric to UI and JSON output, focused on percentiles of multiple samples per iteration. (I56247, b/199940612)
Switch to floating point metrics throughout the benchmark libraries (truncated in the Studio UI). (I69249, b/197008210)

Version 1.1.0-alpha07

September 1, 2021

androidx.benchmark:benchmark-*:1.1.0-alpha07 is released. Version 1.1.0-alpha07 contains these commits.

API Changes

Raised min API to 21 to reflect the intended lowest API level to be supported in the future. Current min API supported continues to be conveyed via RequiredApi(), and is currently 29 (I440d6, b/183129298)

Bug Fixes

Fixes ProfileInstaller to make it easier for apps using baseline profiles to run MacroBenchmarks using CompilationMode.BaselineProfile. (I42657, b/196074999) NOTE: requires also updating to androidx.profileinstaller:profileinstaller:1.1.0-alpha04 or greater.
StartupMode.COLD + CompilationMode.None benchmarks are now more stable. (I770cd, b/196074999)

Version 1.1.0-alpha06

August 18, 2021

androidx.benchmark:benchmark-*:1.1.0-alpha06 is released. Version 1.1.0-alpha06 contains these commits.

API Changes

Added androidx.benchmark.iterations instrumentation argument to allow manual overriding of iteration count when testing/profiling locally. (6188be, b/194137879)

Bug Fixes

Switched to Simpleperf as default sampling profiler on API 29+. (Ic4b34, b/158303822)

Known Issues

CompilationMode.BaselineProfile is a work in progress. Avoid using it to determine how good a profile is for now.

Version 1.1.0-alpha05

August 4, 2021

androidx.benchmark:benchmark-*:1.1.0-alpha05 is released. Version 1.1.0-alpha05 contains these commits.

1.1.0-alpha04 was cancelled before release due to a sporatic crash. b/193827052

API Changes

Switched startActivityAndWait to invoke launch via am start, which reduces the time of each measurement iteration by approximately 5 seconds, at the cost of no longer supporting intent parcelables. (I5a6f5, b/192009149

Bug Fixes

Reduce aggressiveness of thermal throttle detection, and recompute baseline if throttles are detected frequently. (I7327b)
Fixes FrameTimingMetric to work on Android S beta (Ib60cc, b/193260119)
Use an EmptyActivity to bring the target app out of a force-stopped state to better support CompilationMode.BaselineProfile. (Id7cac, b/192084204)
Changed trace file extension to .perfetto-trace to match platform standard. (I4c236, b/174663039)
StartupTimingMetric now outputs the "fullyDrawnMs" metric to measure time until your application has completed rendering. To define this metric for your app, call Activity.reportFullyDrawn when your initial content is ready, such as when your initial list items are loaded from DB or network. (reportFullyDrawn method available without build version checks on ComponentActivity). Note that your test must run long enough to capture the metric (startActivityAndWait doesn't wait for reportFullyDrawn). (If1141, b/179176560)
Reduce cost of appending Ui metadata to traces by 50+ ms (Ic8390, b/193923003)
Drastically increased polling frequency when stopping tracing, which can reduce e.g. startup benchmark runtime by 30+% (Idfbc1, b/193723768)

Version 1.1.0-alpha03

June 16, 2021

androidx.benchmark:benchmark-*:1.1.0-alpha03 is released. Version 1.1.0-alpha03 contains these commits.

New Features

Added a new CompilationMode.BaselineProfile to support profiles installed using the Jetpack ProfileInstaller library. (aosp/1720930)

Bug Fixes

The sample Gradle code for suppressing benchmark errors has been updated to use a non-deprecated API with a syntax that also supports .gradle.kts users.
E.g.,

testInstrumentationRunnerArguments["androidx.benchmark.suppressErrors"] = "EMULATOR,LOW-BATTERY"

Version 1.1.0-alpha02

May 18, 2021

Benchmark version 1.1.0-alpha02 brings a big component to benchmarking - Macrobenchmark. In addition to benchmark allowing you to measure CPU loops, macrobenchmark allows you to measure whole-app interactions like startup and scrolling, and capture traces. For more information see the library documentation.

androidx.benchmark:benchmark-*:1.1.0-alpha02 is released. Version 1.1.0-alpha02 contains these commits.

New Features

Macrobenchmark artifacts added (androidx.benchmark:benchmark-macro-junit4 and androidx.benchmark:benchmark-macro)

Capture startup, scrolling/animation performance metrics from your app, locally or in CI
Capture and inspect traces from within Android Studio

Bug Fixes

Workaround shell permissions issue with output directory on Android 12 (Note - may require updating Android Gradle Plugin to 7.0.0 canary and Android Studio to Arctic Fox (2020.3.1), to continue capturing output files on affected devices). (Icb039)
Support configuration caching in BenchmarkPlugin (6be1c1, b/159804788)
Simplified file output - on by default, in a directory that doesn't require requestLegacyExternalStorage=true (8b5a4d, b/172376362)
Fixes library printing logcat warnings about not finding JIT thread on platform versions where it is not present. (I9cc63, b/161847393)
Fix for reading device max frequency. (I55c7a)

Version 1.1.0-alpha01

June 10, 2020

androidx.benchmark:benchmark-common:1.1.0-alpha01, androidx.benchmark:benchmark-gradle-plugin:1.1.0-alpha01, and androidx.benchmark:benchmark-junit4:1.1.0-alpha01 are released. Version 1.1.0-alpha01 contains these commits.

New Features of 1.1

Allocation Metric - Benchmarks now run an additional phase after warmup and timing, capturing allocation counts. Allocations can cause performance problems on older versions of the platform (140ns in O became 8ns in M - measured on Nexus5X, with locked clocks). This metric is displayed in Android Studio console output, as well as in the
Profiling support - You can now capture profiling data for a benchmark run, to inspect why your code may be running slowly. Benchmark supports capturing either method tracing, or method sampling from ART. These files can be inspected with the Profiler inside Android Studio using File > Open.
The Benchmark Gradle plugin now provides defaults for simpler setup:
- testBuildType is set to release by default, to avoid using dependencies with code coverage built-in. The release buildType is also configured as the default buildType, which allows Android Studio to automatically select the correct build variant when opening a project for the first time. (b/138808399)
- signingConfig.debug is used as the default signing config (b/153583269)

** Bug Fixes **

Significantly reduced the warmup transition overhead, where the first measurement for each benchmark was artificially higher than others. This issue was more pronounced in very small benchmarks (1 microsecond or less). (b/142058671)
Fixed InstrumentationResultParser error printed for each benchmark when running from command line. (I64988, b/154248456)

Known Issues

Command line, gradle invocations of Benchmark do not print out results directly. You can work around this by either running through Studio, or parsing the JSON output file for results.
Benchmark reporting fails to pull the report from devices that have an app installed with an applicationId ending with either “android” or “download” (case insensitive). Users hitting this issue should upgrade the Android Gradle Plugin to 4.2-alpha01 or later.

Version 1.0.0

Benchmark Version 1.0.0

November 20, 2019

androidx.benchmark:benchmark-common:1.0.0, androidx.benchmark:benchmark-gradle-plugin:1.0.0, and androidx.benchmark:benchmark-junit4:1.0.0 are released with no changes from 1.0.0-rc01. Version 1.0.0 contains these commits.

Major features of 1.0.0

The Benchmark library allows you to write performance benchmarks of app code and get results quickly.

It prevents build and runtime configuration issues and stabilizes device performance to ensure that measurements are accurate and consistent. Run the benchmarks directly in Android Studio, or in Continuous Integration to observe code performance over time, and to prevent regressions.

Major features include:

Clock stabilization
Automatic thread prioritization
Support for UI performance testing, such as in the RecyclerView Sample
JIT-aware warmup and looping
JSON benchmark output for post-processing

Version 1.0.0-rc01

October 23, 2019

androidx.benchmark:benchmark-common:1.0.0-rc01, androidx.benchmark:benchmark-gradle-plugin:1.0.0-rc01, and androidx.benchmark:benchmark-junit4:1.0.0-rc01 are released. Version 1.0.0-rc01 contains these commits.

New features

Added systrace tracing to benchmarks

Bug fixes

Fixed metric instability issue where JIT wouldn't finish before warm up due to deprioritization (b/140773023)
Unified JSON output directory across Android Gradle Plugin 3.5 and 3.6

Version 1.0.0-beta01

October 9, 2019

androidx.benchmark:benchmark-common:1.0.0-beta01, androidx.benchmark:benchmark-gradle-plugin:1.0.0-beta01, and androidx.benchmark:benchmark-junit4:1.0.0-beta01 are released. Version 1.0.0-beta01 contains these commits.

New features

Run garbage collection before each warmup to reduce memory pressure from one benchmark to leak to the next (b/140895105)

Bug fixes

Added androidx.annotation:android-experimental-lint dependency, so that Java code will correctly produce lint errors when experimental API is not used, similar to what is provided by the Kotlin experimental annotation for Kotlin callers.
Now correctly detects usage of additionalTestOutputDir instrumentation argument for output in Android Gradle Plugin 3.6, to know when AGP will handle data copy.
Fix undetected clock frequency in JSON to correctly print -1 (b/141945670).

Version 1.0.0-alpha06

September 18, 2019

androidx.benchmark:benchmark-common:1.0.0-alpha06, androidx.benchmark:benchmark-gradle-plugin:1.0.0-alpha06, and androidx.benchmark:benchmark-junit4:1.0.0-alpha06 are released. Version 1.0.0-alpha06 contains these commits.

New features

Added a check for incorrectly using the old package for the test runner, which now provides a more-helpful error message

API changes

The experimental annotation ExperimentalAnnotationReport is now correctly public. Usage of the experimental BenchmarkState#report API now requires this annotation

Version 1.0.0-alpha05

September 5, 2019

androidx.benchmark:benchmark-common:1.0.0-alpha05, androidx.benchmark:benchmark-gradle-plugin:1.0.0-alpha05, and androidx.benchmark:benchmark-junit4:1.0.0-alpha05 are released. The commits included in this version can be found here.

API changes

BenchmarkState.reportData API is now marked experimental

Bug fixes

Fix for the clock-locking script, which would fail on devices that were either missing the cut or expr shell utilities.
Fixed an issue with ./gradlew lockClocks task that would hang on devices that were rooted with an older version of the su utility, which did not support the -c flag.

Version 1.0.0-alpha04

August 7, 2019

androidx.benchmark:benchmark-common:1.0.0-alpha04, androidx.benchmark:benchmark-gradle-plugin:1.0.0-alpha04, and androidx.benchmark:benchmark-junit4:1.0.0-alpha04 are released. The commits included in this version can be found here.

New documentation has also been added for how to use the Benchmark library without Gradle, both for usage with different build systems (such as Bazel or Buck), and when running in CI. For more information, see Build benchmarks without Gradle and Run benchmarks in Continuous Integration.

New features

Gradle plugin
- Now automatically disables test coverage, and sets the AndroidBenchmarkRunner by default (b/138374050)
- Added support for new AGP-based data copy, when running benchmarks and when using AGP 3.6+
JSON format additions
- Output total benchmark test run time (b/133147694)
- @Parameterized benchmarks that use a name string (for example @Parameters(name = "size={0},depth={1}")) now output parameter names and values per benchmark in the JSON output (b/132578772)
Dry Run mode (b/138785848)
- Added a "dry run" mode for running each benchmark loop only once, to check for errors/crashes without capturing measurements. This can be useful e.g. for, for example, quickly running benchmarks in presubmit to check that they're not broken.

API changes

Module structure has changed, splitting the library (b/138451391)
- benchmark:benchmark-junit4 contains classes with JUnit dependency: AndroidBenchmarkRunner, and BenchmarkRule, both of which have moved into the androidx.benchmark.junit4 package
- benchmark:benchmark-common contains the rest of the logic, including the BenchmarkState API
- This split will allow the library to support benchmarking without JUnit4 APIs in the future
Configuration warnings are now treated as errors, and will crash the test (b/137653596)
- This is done to further encourage accurate measurements, especially in CI
- These errors can be reduced back to warnings with an instrumentation argument. For example: -e androidx.benchmark.suppressErrors "DEBUGGABLE,LOW_BATTERY"

Bug fixes

Errors when writing to external storage on Q devices provide more-descriptive messages, with suggestions of how to resolve the issue
Screens are automatically turned on during benchmark runs, instead of failing when the screen is off

External contributions

Thanks to Sergey Zakharov for contributing JSON output improvements and the fix for screen off issues!

Version 1.0.0-alpha03

July 2, 2019

androidx.benchmark:benchmark:1.0.0-alpha03 and androidx.benchmark:benchmark-gradle-plugin:1.0.0-alpha03 are released. The commits included in this version can be found here.

New features

Expose sleep duration due to thermal throttling per benchmark in the full JSON report

Bug fixes

The Gradle plugin should no longer be required to be applied after Android plugins and the Android block
Adds support for benchmark reports on Android 10 devices using scoped storage

Version 1.0.0-alpha02

June 6, 2019

androidx.benchmark:1.0.0-alpha02 andandroidx.benchmark:benchmark-gradle-plugin:1.0.0-alpha02 are released. The commits included in this version can be found here.

Note that we are treating the JSON schema as an API. We plan to follow the same stability constraints as other APIs: stable (with very rare exceptions) once in beta, and fixed in final release, with only additions in minor releases and changes/removals in major releases.

API changes

Overhauled JSON schema. Further changes to the JSON schema are likely to be limited to additions:
- Reorganized the result object structure to support additional metric groups in the future (b/132713021)
- Added test run context information, such as device and build info and whether clocks are locked, to the top-level object (b/132711920)
- Time metric names now have ‘ns’ in their name (b/132714527)
- Additional stats added per reported metric (maximum, median, minimum), and removed simplified 'nanos' summary stat (b/132713851)
Removed XML output (b/132714414)
Thermal throttle detection removed from BenchmarkState.reportData API (b/132887006)

Bug fixes

Fixed ./gradlew lockClocks not sticking on some recent OS devices (b/133424037)
Throttling detection disabled for emulator (b/132880807)

Version 1.0.0-alpha01

May 7, 2019

androidx.benchmark:benchmark:1.0.0-alpha01 is released. The commits included in this version are availablehere.

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Last updated 2026-03-25 UTC.