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Papers by Fernando A. Santiago, Jr., PhD

Research paper thumbnail of A Historical Evaluation of The Emergence of Nueva Ecija as the Rice Granary of the Philippines

The recognition of Nueva Ecija's potential as a seedbed for rice in the latter half of the ni... more The recognition of Nueva Ecija's potential as a seedbed for rice in the latter half of the nineteenth century led to the massive conversion of public land and the establishment of agricultural estates in the province. The emergence of these estates signalled the arrival of wide scale commercial agriculture that revolved around wet- rice cultivation. By the 1920s, Nueva Ecija had become the "Rice Granary of the Philippines," which has been the identity of the province ever since. This study is an assessment of the emergence of Nueva Ecija as the leading rice producer of the country. It also tackles various facets of the rice industry, the profitability of the crop and some issues that arose from rice being a controlled commodity. While circumstances might suggest that the rice producers would have enjoyed tremendous prosperity, it was not the case for the rice trade was in the hands of middlemen and regulated by the government. The government policy which favored the ur...

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Research paper thumbnail of Historicizing Malayness: Spanish Colonialism and the Emergence of the “Hispanized Malay”

Colonialism in the Malay Archipelago: Civilizational Encounters (Eds. Osman Bakar, Ahmad Murad Merican and Wan Ali Wan Mamat), 2020

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Research paper thumbnail of Isang Maikling Kasaysayan ng Pandacan, Maynila 1589-1898

Malay, 2008

... Ang pangalan ng mga martir ay Lorenzo dela Paz, Catalino Manuel, Lazaro Eduardo, Felipe Blanc... more ... Ang pangalan ng mga martir ay Lorenzo dela Paz, Catalino Manuel, Lazaro Eduardo, Felipe Blanco, Angel Bulong, at Severo Catol. ... Manila: Filipiniana Book Guild. Medina, Isagani R. atLuningning B. Ira. (1977). ... “Beyond Intramuros: The Beginnings of Extramuros de Manila up ...

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Research paper thumbnail of THE RELEVANCE OF ORAL HISTORY IN THE PHILIPPINES

Pamanang Local: Essays on Local Heritage Preservation, 2017

In the landmark work "The Voice of the Past: Oral History," Paul Thompson explained that oral his... more In the landmark work "The Voice of the Past: Oral History," Paul Thompson explained that oral history is not a compartment but a data gathering technique of the historical discipline. Defined as “research into the past that records the memories of witnesses to the past in order to draw on direct and personal experience of events and conditions,” it is recognized for broadening of the exploratory base and providing “a ‘voice’ to those whose experiences might otherwise go unrecorded.” The significance of oral history is that it allows a researcher to gather information that traditional historical documents do not provide.
In light of technological advancements, particularly in the field of communication, traditional documents such as letters, memos, notes, etc. have been replaced by phone calls, text messages and email which are unlikely to be archived. Because traditional documents are disappearing, oral history has become an even more significant method of gathering information.
Most important is its power to bring recognition to the “inarticulate” for documents tend to reflect only the experiences of the famous and the powerful, while the masses are often not part of the historical record. Because oral history provides an opportunity for the “inarticulate” to be heard, it has contributed to the democratization of historical writing.
The objectives of this study are: to provide a background on the practice of oral history in the Philippines, identify pertinent issues that need to be addressed and explain its relevance as a method of gathering historical data. It shall also provide an assessment of the key issues and considerations currently faced by practitioners of oral history.

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Research paper thumbnail of A HISTORICAL EVALUATION OF THE EMERGENCE OF NUEVA ECIJA AS THE RICE GRANARY OF THE PHILIPPINES

Proceedings of the DLSU Research Congress, 2015

The recognition of Nueva Ecija's potential as a seedbed for rice in the latter half of the ninete... more The recognition of Nueva Ecija's potential as a seedbed for rice in the latter half of the nineteenth century led to the massive conversion of public land and the establishment of agricultural estates in the province. The emergence of these estates signalled the arrival of wide scale commercial agriculture that revolved around wet-rice cultivation. By the 1920s, Nueva Ecija had become the "Rice Granary of the Philippines," which has been the identity of the province ever since. This study is an assessment of the emergence of Nueva Ecija as the leading rice producer of the country. It also tackles various facets of the rice industry, the profitability of the crop and some issues that arose from rice being a controlled commodity. While circumstances might suggest that the rice producers would have enjoyed tremendous prosperity, it was not the case for the rice trade was in the hands of middlemen and regulated by the government. The government policy which favored the urban consumers over rice producers brought meager profits, which led to disappointment to all classes and ultimately caused social tension in the province. The study therefore also explains the conditions that made Nueva Ecija the hotbed of unrest prior to the Second World War. Historical methodology was applied in the conduct of the study. Archival documents, periodicals and secondary sources from local and foreign libraries were utilized.

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Research paper thumbnail of MANNERS OF RESISTANCE: SYMBOLIC DEFIANCE OF COLONIAL AUTHORITY IN NINETEENTH CENTURY PHILIPPINES

PHILIPPINE SOCIOLOGICAL REVIEW, 2015

In several nineteenth century accounts on the Philippines are mentioned rude and vulgar behaviors... more In several nineteenth century accounts on the Philippines are mentioned rude and vulgar behaviors of Filipinos that annoyed Westerners. Their "bad manners" were cited as proof of the inferiority of the race and were also used to underrate Filipino intelligence. In the effort to understand the history of the masses on their own terms, the researcher was intrigued by the possibility that the incidents of rudeness and vulgarity mentioned in the accounts were actually acts of defiance against colonial authority- the prospect that bad manners were "weapons of the weak." The study will shed light on acts that made Filipinos rude, deceitful, clumsy, insolent, disloyal, and the like; and treat them as symbolic expressions of dissent against colonial authority.

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Research paper thumbnail of TOWARDS THE HAPPINESS AND SECURITY OF THE COMMON MAN: AGRARIAN REFORM IN THE TIME OF PRESIDENT RAMON MAGSAYSAY, 1954-1957

Historical Bulletin, Official Journal of the Philippine Historical Association, 2018

The study evaluates the contributions of the Magsaysay Administration to Philippine agrarian refo... more The study evaluates the contributions of the Magsaysay Administration to Philippine agrarian reform and assess the strengths and weaknesses of the program. The researcher hopes shed light on the principles of land reform in the Philippines and guide the nation’s policy makers in their efforts towards genuine reform in the countryside.

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Research paper thumbnail of REMEMBERING LADISLAO BONUS (1854-1908): THE FATHER OF FILIPINO OPERA

Manila: Selected Papers of the 18th Annual Manila Studies Conference, 2010

The year 2008 was the death centenary of Ladislao Bonus, the “Father of the Filipino Opera” but a... more The year 2008 was the death centenary of Ladislao Bonus, the “Father of the Filipino Opera” but although there are historical markers at his house and burial site, a callejon at Pandacan in his name, and the mention of his magnum opus in some books, not much is remembered about him. Despite his historical significance, it seems like he is doomed to share a fate in oblivion together with many other great Filipinos from the field of art and culture.
This study is an effort to revive the memory of the pioneer in the “Filipinization” of the most advanced form of musical play, the opera. Through the study, the researcher hopes to shed light on the life and times of the great Maestro, as well as to resolve the inconsistencies in the existing biographical works about him. It will also assess the role he played in Philippine history and why he deserves the title “The Father of the Filipino Opera.” The presentation shall be highlighted by the playing of some of the Maestro’s compositions.
Through the Historical Method an attempt to present the most definitive biography of Maestro Ladislao Bonus shall be made. The researcher hopes that it will be regarded a humble contribution to Philippine cultural history.

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Research paper thumbnail of A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF THE RICE TRADE IN 19TH CENTURY PHILIPPINES: AN OVERVIEW AND ASSESSMENT

Reexamining the History of Philippine-Spanish Relations , 2016

Filipinos traditionally produced rice at subsistence levels until shortly after the opening of th... more Filipinos traditionally produced rice at subsistence levels until shortly after the opening of the port of Manila to world trade during the early nineteenth century. At this time the government authorized commerce in rice with some restrictions. The colonial administration then decided to promote rice production so that it could become an exportable cash crop which led to the building of a system of ditches, irrigation canals, and dams. In 1856, through a royal order, the commerce and exportation of rice was declared completely free which led to the further development of the industry in the years that followed.
The paper is a historical assessment of the emergence of the rice industry in the Philippines under Spanish rule. It provides an overview of rice production prior to the opening of ports, the various methods of rice growing in the Islands, and its domestic commerce during the nineteenth century. It explains the emergence of central Luzon as the granary of the islands and its impact on the region and its people. The paper also looks into the exportation of domestic rice, the importation of foreign rice from neighbors in Asia and the reasons for the need for importation during the latter part of the century. The study therefore looks into the effect of the opening of the Philippines to world trade and the participation of the Philippines in the regional/global economy of the 19th century.

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Research paper thumbnail of A Historical Evaluation of The Emergence of Nueva Ecija as the Rice Granary of the Philippines

The recognition of Nueva Ecija's potential as a seedbed for rice in the latter half of the ni... more The recognition of Nueva Ecija's potential as a seedbed for rice in the latter half of the nineteenth century led to the massive conversion of public land and the establishment of agricultural estates in the province. The emergence of these estates signalled the arrival of wide scale commercial agriculture that revolved around wet- rice cultivation. By the 1920s, Nueva Ecija had become the "Rice Granary of the Philippines," which has been the identity of the province ever since. This study is an assessment of the emergence of Nueva Ecija as the leading rice producer of the country. It also tackles various facets of the rice industry, the profitability of the crop and some issues that arose from rice being a controlled commodity. While circumstances might suggest that the rice producers would have enjoyed tremendous prosperity, it was not the case for the rice trade was in the hands of middlemen and regulated by the government. The government policy which favored the ur...

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Research paper thumbnail of Historicizing Malayness: Spanish Colonialism and the Emergence of the “Hispanized Malay”

Colonialism in the Malay Archipelago: Civilizational Encounters (Eds. Osman Bakar, Ahmad Murad Merican and Wan Ali Wan Mamat), 2020

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of Isang Maikling Kasaysayan ng Pandacan, Maynila 1589-1898

Malay, 2008

... Ang pangalan ng mga martir ay Lorenzo dela Paz, Catalino Manuel, Lazaro Eduardo, Felipe Blanc... more ... Ang pangalan ng mga martir ay Lorenzo dela Paz, Catalino Manuel, Lazaro Eduardo, Felipe Blanco, Angel Bulong, at Severo Catol. ... Manila: Filipiniana Book Guild. Medina, Isagani R. atLuningning B. Ira. (1977). ... “Beyond Intramuros: The Beginnings of Extramuros de Manila up ...

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of THE RELEVANCE OF ORAL HISTORY IN THE PHILIPPINES

Pamanang Local: Essays on Local Heritage Preservation, 2017

In the landmark work "The Voice of the Past: Oral History," Paul Thompson explained that oral his... more In the landmark work "The Voice of the Past: Oral History," Paul Thompson explained that oral history is not a compartment but a data gathering technique of the historical discipline. Defined as “research into the past that records the memories of witnesses to the past in order to draw on direct and personal experience of events and conditions,” it is recognized for broadening of the exploratory base and providing “a ‘voice’ to those whose experiences might otherwise go unrecorded.” The significance of oral history is that it allows a researcher to gather information that traditional historical documents do not provide.
In light of technological advancements, particularly in the field of communication, traditional documents such as letters, memos, notes, etc. have been replaced by phone calls, text messages and email which are unlikely to be archived. Because traditional documents are disappearing, oral history has become an even more significant method of gathering information.
Most important is its power to bring recognition to the “inarticulate” for documents tend to reflect only the experiences of the famous and the powerful, while the masses are often not part of the historical record. Because oral history provides an opportunity for the “inarticulate” to be heard, it has contributed to the democratization of historical writing.
The objectives of this study are: to provide a background on the practice of oral history in the Philippines, identify pertinent issues that need to be addressed and explain its relevance as a method of gathering historical data. It shall also provide an assessment of the key issues and considerations currently faced by practitioners of oral history.

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of A HISTORICAL EVALUATION OF THE EMERGENCE OF NUEVA ECIJA AS THE RICE GRANARY OF THE PHILIPPINES

Proceedings of the DLSU Research Congress, 2015

The recognition of Nueva Ecija's potential as a seedbed for rice in the latter half of the ninete... more The recognition of Nueva Ecija's potential as a seedbed for rice in the latter half of the nineteenth century led to the massive conversion of public land and the establishment of agricultural estates in the province. The emergence of these estates signalled the arrival of wide scale commercial agriculture that revolved around wet-rice cultivation. By the 1920s, Nueva Ecija had become the "Rice Granary of the Philippines," which has been the identity of the province ever since. This study is an assessment of the emergence of Nueva Ecija as the leading rice producer of the country. It also tackles various facets of the rice industry, the profitability of the crop and some issues that arose from rice being a controlled commodity. While circumstances might suggest that the rice producers would have enjoyed tremendous prosperity, it was not the case for the rice trade was in the hands of middlemen and regulated by the government. The government policy which favored the urban consumers over rice producers brought meager profits, which led to disappointment to all classes and ultimately caused social tension in the province. The study therefore also explains the conditions that made Nueva Ecija the hotbed of unrest prior to the Second World War. Historical methodology was applied in the conduct of the study. Archival documents, periodicals and secondary sources from local and foreign libraries were utilized.

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of MANNERS OF RESISTANCE: SYMBOLIC DEFIANCE OF COLONIAL AUTHORITY IN NINETEENTH CENTURY PHILIPPINES

PHILIPPINE SOCIOLOGICAL REVIEW, 2015

In several nineteenth century accounts on the Philippines are mentioned rude and vulgar behaviors... more In several nineteenth century accounts on the Philippines are mentioned rude and vulgar behaviors of Filipinos that annoyed Westerners. Their "bad manners" were cited as proof of the inferiority of the race and were also used to underrate Filipino intelligence. In the effort to understand the history of the masses on their own terms, the researcher was intrigued by the possibility that the incidents of rudeness and vulgarity mentioned in the accounts were actually acts of defiance against colonial authority- the prospect that bad manners were "weapons of the weak." The study will shed light on acts that made Filipinos rude, deceitful, clumsy, insolent, disloyal, and the like; and treat them as symbolic expressions of dissent against colonial authority.

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of TOWARDS THE HAPPINESS AND SECURITY OF THE COMMON MAN: AGRARIAN REFORM IN THE TIME OF PRESIDENT RAMON MAGSAYSAY, 1954-1957

Historical Bulletin, Official Journal of the Philippine Historical Association, 2018

The study evaluates the contributions of the Magsaysay Administration to Philippine agrarian refo... more The study evaluates the contributions of the Magsaysay Administration to Philippine agrarian reform and assess the strengths and weaknesses of the program. The researcher hopes shed light on the principles of land reform in the Philippines and guide the nation’s policy makers in their efforts towards genuine reform in the countryside.

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of REMEMBERING LADISLAO BONUS (1854-1908): THE FATHER OF FILIPINO OPERA

Manila: Selected Papers of the 18th Annual Manila Studies Conference, 2010

The year 2008 was the death centenary of Ladislao Bonus, the “Father of the Filipino Opera” but a... more The year 2008 was the death centenary of Ladislao Bonus, the “Father of the Filipino Opera” but although there are historical markers at his house and burial site, a callejon at Pandacan in his name, and the mention of his magnum opus in some books, not much is remembered about him. Despite his historical significance, it seems like he is doomed to share a fate in oblivion together with many other great Filipinos from the field of art and culture.
This study is an effort to revive the memory of the pioneer in the “Filipinization” of the most advanced form of musical play, the opera. Through the study, the researcher hopes to shed light on the life and times of the great Maestro, as well as to resolve the inconsistencies in the existing biographical works about him. It will also assess the role he played in Philippine history and why he deserves the title “The Father of the Filipino Opera.” The presentation shall be highlighted by the playing of some of the Maestro’s compositions.
Through the Historical Method an attempt to present the most definitive biography of Maestro Ladislao Bonus shall be made. The researcher hopes that it will be regarded a humble contribution to Philippine cultural history.

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF THE RICE TRADE IN 19TH CENTURY PHILIPPINES: AN OVERVIEW AND ASSESSMENT

Reexamining the History of Philippine-Spanish Relations , 2016

Filipinos traditionally produced rice at subsistence levels until shortly after the opening of th... more Filipinos traditionally produced rice at subsistence levels until shortly after the opening of the port of Manila to world trade during the early nineteenth century. At this time the government authorized commerce in rice with some restrictions. The colonial administration then decided to promote rice production so that it could become an exportable cash crop which led to the building of a system of ditches, irrigation canals, and dams. In 1856, through a royal order, the commerce and exportation of rice was declared completely free which led to the further development of the industry in the years that followed.
The paper is a historical assessment of the emergence of the rice industry in the Philippines under Spanish rule. It provides an overview of rice production prior to the opening of ports, the various methods of rice growing in the Islands, and its domestic commerce during the nineteenth century. It explains the emergence of central Luzon as the granary of the islands and its impact on the region and its people. The paper also looks into the exportation of domestic rice, the importation of foreign rice from neighbors in Asia and the reasons for the need for importation during the latter part of the century. The study therefore looks into the effect of the opening of the Philippines to world trade and the participation of the Philippines in the regional/global economy of the 19th century.

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact