Randolph Arroo | De Montfort University (original) (raw)

Papers by Randolph Arroo

Phytochemistry Reviews, Jul 13, 2019

Epidemiological studies keep confirming that the so-called Mediterranean Diet, which is character... more Epidemiological studies keep confirming that the so-called Mediterranean Diet, which is characterised by a relatively high intake of fruit and vegetables, enhances health and provides protection against cancer. The first step in carcinogenesis, and possibly in a range of other degenerative diseases such as heart disease or degenerative dementia, is most likely damage to DNA and other macromolecules. Radical oxygen species-i.e. superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, and the hydroxyl radical-are generally considered a major cause of damage to macromolecules. It was long suggested that the antioxidant properties of food ingredients are essential to understanding the mechanism of action of what constitutes a healthy diet, i.e. a diet that prevents the onset of degenerative diseases. However, since the levels of antioxidants in blood plasma required to see any health benefits is much higher that what we get through our diet, the role of dietary phytochemicals acting as anti-oxidants is now in in doubt. Nevertheless, a correlation between presence of flavonoids in the diet and prevention of degenerative diseases has remained. Though there is a putative role for dietary flavonoids in the prevention of degenerative diseases, the exact mechanism of action of these phytonutrients is still a matter of debate. The human body has its own defences against oxidative stress in the form of the enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), and reduced glutathione (GSH). Rather than being antioxidants in their own right, plant constituents are more likely to act as triggers or inducers of expression of the human antioxidants SOD, CAT, and GSH.

Abstract Inflammation is an important part of the immune response and is a tightly regulated proc... more Abstract Inflammation is an important part of the immune response and is a tightly regulated process. Glucocorticoids (GCs) are a key part of the feedback mechanism in the immune system and tune immune activity (inflammation) down. Failure of this feedback mechanism results in chronic inflammation, which is the basis of a variety of degenerative diseases. A wide range of natural products that have antiinflammatory properties seem to contribute to the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases through alleviation of chronic inflammation. This review will focus on natural products that may be considered analogs of the steroid hormones, normally regulating the immune response. The compounds under discussion cover triterpenes and phytosterols, and phytoestrogens (notably flavones and isoflavones), which are known to interact with sterol receptors in the human body and are likely to directly interfere with the cell signaling pathways that lie at the base of the inflammation process.

Biomedical Journal of Scientific and Technical Research, Jul 5, 2018

Resveratrol is a well notorious compound that may play a role in the prevention of diabetes compl... more Resveratrol is a well notorious compound that may play a role in the prevention of diabetes complications and different cancers. Along, resveratrol, a naturally occurring phytoalexin, is known to exert numerous beneficial effects in the organism. Isolation of resveratrol from plants, however, has been proved being difficult. Importantly, the bioavailability in the body is poor therefore capability is reduced and not enough resveratrol reaches the target organ. In this study we generated different methoxylated resveratrol analogues using Wittig reaction. Trans stilbene obtained was 0.08 g and the cis one was 0.01 g. Additionally with the Horner-Witting method a yield of 0.15 g trans stilbene was obtained. By substituting the hydroxyl group with methoxy group at different positions on the aromatic rings, we could increase the efficacy and bioavailability of the Trans form of resveratrol.

Phytotherapy Research, Jan 26, 2017

Acne vulgaris, a chronic condition associated with overgrowth of Propionibacterium acnes and Stap... more Acne vulgaris, a chronic condition associated with overgrowth of Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis, is commonly treated with antibiotics. However, the emergence of antibiotic resistance has resulted in a need for alternative therapies. The aim of this study is to develop a topical preparation incorporating Essential Oils (EOs) for use against acne-associated bacteria and assess its efficacy against prescription therapies Dalacin T and Stiemycin. Antimicrobial screening of rosewood, clove bud and litsea EOs against was conducted before interactions between binary and ternary combinations were determined against P. acnes and S. epidermidis (type and clinical isolates) using Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) and Fractional Inhibitory Concentrations (FICs). The EOs were characterised by both GC-MS and NMR. A combination of 0.53 mg/ml litsea, 0.11 mg/ml rosewood and 0.11 mg/ml clove bud was formulated into herbal distillates and compared to Dalacin T and Stiemycin against antibiotic sensitive and resistant isolates (erythromycin). The distillate with EO had synergistic activity against P. acnes (7log 10 reduction) and indifferent activity against S. epidermidis (6log 10 reduction), antimicrobial activity was either significantly (p ≤ 0.05) more antimicrobial or equivalent to that of Dalacin T and Stiemycin. This formulation may serve as a valuable alternative for the control of acne vulgarisassociated bacteria. http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/ptr Phytotherapy Research

Planta Medica, Dec 14, 2016

Springer eBooks, 2021

Collaboration between Leicester Institute for Pharmaceutical Innovation and the Institute for All... more Collaboration between Leicester Institute for Pharmaceutical Innovation and the Institute for Allied Heath Sciences Research.

Frontiers in Nutrition, Mar 24, 2023

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder caused either by inadequate insulin secretion, ... more Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder caused either by inadequate insulin secretion, impaired insulin function, or both. Uncontrolled diabetes is characterized by hyperglycemia which over time leads to fatal damage to both macro-and microvascular systems, causing complications such as cardiovascular diseases, retinopathy and nephropathy. Diabetes management is conventionally delivered through modifications of diet and lifestyle and pharmacological treatment, using antidiabetic drugs, and ultimately insulin injections. However, the side effects and financial cost of medications often reduce patient compliance to treatment, negatively affecting their health outcomes. Natural phytochemicals from edible plants such as fruits and vegetables (F&V) and medicinal herbs have drawn a growing interest as potential therapeutic agents for treating diabetes and preventing the onset and progression of diabetic complications. Flavonoids, the most abundant polyphenols in the human diet, have shown antidiabetic effects in numerous in vitro and preclinical studies. The underlying mechanisms have been linked to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities. Carotenoids, another major group of dietary phytochemicals, have also shown antidiabetic potential in recent in vitro and in vivo experimental models, possibly through a mechanism of action similar to that of flavonoids. However, scientific evidence on the efficacy of these phytochemicals in treating diabetes or preventing the onset and progression of its complications in clinical settings is scarce, which delays the translation of animal study evidence to human applications and also limits the knowledge on their modes of actions in diabetes management. This review is aimed to highlight the potential roles of flavonoids and carotenoids in preventing or ameliorating diabetes-related complications based on in vivo study evidence, i.e., an array of preclinical animal studies and human intervention trials. The current general consensus of the underlying mechanisms of action exerted by both groups of phytochemicals is that their anti-inflammatory action is key. However, other potential mechanisms of action are considered. In total, 50 in vivo studies were selected for a review after a comprehensive database search via PubMed and ScienceDirect from January 2002 to August 2022. The key words used for analysis are type-2 diabetes (T2DM), diabetic complications, flavonoids, carotenoids, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, mechanisms of prevention and amelioration, animal studies and human interventions.

Food Chemistry, 2022

Though the instability of polyphenols in cell culture experiment has been investigated previously... more Though the instability of polyphenols in cell culture experiment has been investigated previously, the underlying mechanism is not completely clear yet. Therefore, in this study, the stability of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) in cell culture medium DMEM was investigated at 4 •C and 37 •C via UPLC-MS-MS analysis followed by determination of the antioxidant capacity of EGCG. EGCG was instable in DMEM and formed various degradation products derived from its dimer with increasing incubation time with many isomers being formed at both temperatures. The dimer products were more stable at 4 •C than at 37 •C. The structure and formation mechanism of five products were analyzed with four unidentified. Ascorbic acid significantly improved the stability of EGCG by protecting EGCG from auto-oxidation in DMEM, particularly at 4 •C. The antioxidative activity of EGCG in DMEM was determined by DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assay. The antioxidative properties of EGCG continuously decreased over 8 h in DMEM, which was consistent with its course of degradation.

Applied Organometallic Chemistry, 2007

European journal of medicinal chemistry, 2016

Current treatments for Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) are limited in their application, have... more Current treatments for Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) are limited in their application, have undesirable dosing regimens and unsatisfactory toxicities highlighting the need for the development of a safer drug pipeline. Our medicinal chemistry programme in developing rapidly accessible and modifiable heterocyclic scaffolds led to the design and synthesis of novel substituted benzothiophenes, with 6-benzimidazol-1-ylbenzothiophene derivatives demonstrating significant antitrypanosomal activities (IC 50 <1 µM) against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and no toxicity towards mammalian cells.

Applied Organometallic Chemistry, Mar 1, 2009

Chemistry & Biodiversity, Sep 23, 2022

Polydatin or piceid, is the 3‐O‐glucoside of resveratrol and is found abundantly in grapes, peanu... more Polydatin or piceid, is the 3‐O‐glucoside of resveratrol and is found abundantly in grapes, peanuts, wine, beer, and cacao products. Although anticancer activity of polydatin was reported before, and potential antiproliferative mechanisms of polydatin have been proposed, its direct effects on DNA and inhibitory potential against topoisomerase enzymes have remained unknown. In this study we aimed to reveal the link between polydatin's effects on DNA and DNA‐topoisomerases and its antiproliferative promise. For this purpose, we evaluated the effects of polydatin on DNA and DNA topoisomerase using in vitro and in silico techniques. Polydatin was found to protect DNA against Fenton reaction‐induced damage while not showing any hydrolytic nuclease effect. Further, polydatin inhibited topoisomerase II but not topoisomerase I. According to molecular docking studies, polydatin preferably showed minor groove binding to DNA where the stilbene moiety was important for binding to the DNA‐topoisomerase II complex. As a result, topoisomerase II inhibition might be another anticancer mechanism of polydatin.

Elsevier eBooks, 2021

Book chapter jointly written with colleagues from Haceteppe University (Ankara, Turkey) and Louis... more Book chapter jointly written with colleagues from Haceteppe University (Ankara, Turkey) and Louisiana State University (Shreveport, LA, USA)

Phytochemistry Reviews, May 10, 2018

Polydatin (PLD), the 3-O-β-glucopyranoside of the well-known stilbenoid compound resveratrol, is ... more Polydatin (PLD), the 3-O-β-glucopyranoside of the well-known stilbenoid compound resveratrol, is a major compound of Fallopia japonica (Houtt.) R. Decr. (Japanese knotweed), which is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat infection, inflammatory diseases and circulatory problems. It has shown a wide range of biological activities including antiinflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective and immunostimulatory effects. Although resveratrol has similar beneficial effects, its low bioavailability has remained a problem. Glycosylation increases solubility of resveratrol in an aqueous environment, thus improving its bioavailability. This has led to a growing interest in PLD. Promising results obtained from bioactivity studies have boosted an intense research on this compound. The aim of this review is to give a comprehensive overview of the botanical sources, pharmacology, biosynthesis, biotechnological production, and bioactivities of PLD, and to discuss clinical studies on this compound.

Plants of the Mediterranean). INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS JOURNAL with high impact factor from ... more Plants of the Mediterranean). INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS JOURNAL with high impact factor from ELSEVIER group published a special issue covering some of the full papers selected after scientific evaluation. MESMAP-3 Symposium which was held on April 13-16, 2017 in Girne (Kryneia)-Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC), was the third event of MESMAP symposium series on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. After scientific evaluation selected full papers published in Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (IJPER), indexed with THOMSON REUTERS. MESMAP-4 Symposium, which was held on April 18-22, 2018 in Sherwood Breezes Resort Hotel Antalya-Turkey, was the forth event of MESMAP symposium series on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. Then, the fifth one was MESMAP-5 symposium, which was organized as joined meeting with ISPBS-5 at Cappadocccia on April 24-28, 2019. After scientific evaluation selected full papers of MESMAP-5 Symposium were published in MOLECULES, indexed with THOMSON REUTERS. MESMAP Symposiums provide a platform for herbal medicines, biology, chemistry, plant biotechnology, botany, ethnobotany, phytopharmacology, pharmacognosy, food, agriculture and forestry, phytochemistry and aromatherapy. This symposium was the sixth meeting series of MESMAP, and you can find abstracts of all the scientific works presented in MESMAP-6 in this ABSTRACTS & PROCEEDINGS BOOK. We would like to encourage MESMAP-6 participants to submit the full papers to the contracted journals.

Pharmacological Research, Jul 1, 2018

Phytochemistry Reviews, Jul 13, 2019

Epidemiological studies keep confirming that the so-called Mediterranean Diet, which is character... more Epidemiological studies keep confirming that the so-called Mediterranean Diet, which is characterised by a relatively high intake of fruit and vegetables, enhances health and provides protection against cancer. The first step in carcinogenesis, and possibly in a range of other degenerative diseases such as heart disease or degenerative dementia, is most likely damage to DNA and other macromolecules. Radical oxygen species-i.e. superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, and the hydroxyl radical-are generally considered a major cause of damage to macromolecules. It was long suggested that the antioxidant properties of food ingredients are essential to understanding the mechanism of action of what constitutes a healthy diet, i.e. a diet that prevents the onset of degenerative diseases. However, since the levels of antioxidants in blood plasma required to see any health benefits is much higher that what we get through our diet, the role of dietary phytochemicals acting as anti-oxidants is now in in doubt. Nevertheless, a correlation between presence of flavonoids in the diet and prevention of degenerative diseases has remained. Though there is a putative role for dietary flavonoids in the prevention of degenerative diseases, the exact mechanism of action of these phytonutrients is still a matter of debate. The human body has its own defences against oxidative stress in the form of the enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), and reduced glutathione (GSH). Rather than being antioxidants in their own right, plant constituents are more likely to act as triggers or inducers of expression of the human antioxidants SOD, CAT, and GSH.

Abstract Inflammation is an important part of the immune response and is a tightly regulated proc... more Abstract Inflammation is an important part of the immune response and is a tightly regulated process. Glucocorticoids (GCs) are a key part of the feedback mechanism in the immune system and tune immune activity (inflammation) down. Failure of this feedback mechanism results in chronic inflammation, which is the basis of a variety of degenerative diseases. A wide range of natural products that have antiinflammatory properties seem to contribute to the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases through alleviation of chronic inflammation. This review will focus on natural products that may be considered analogs of the steroid hormones, normally regulating the immune response. The compounds under discussion cover triterpenes and phytosterols, and phytoestrogens (notably flavones and isoflavones), which are known to interact with sterol receptors in the human body and are likely to directly interfere with the cell signaling pathways that lie at the base of the inflammation process.

Biomedical Journal of Scientific and Technical Research, Jul 5, 2018

Resveratrol is a well notorious compound that may play a role in the prevention of diabetes compl... more Resveratrol is a well notorious compound that may play a role in the prevention of diabetes complications and different cancers. Along, resveratrol, a naturally occurring phytoalexin, is known to exert numerous beneficial effects in the organism. Isolation of resveratrol from plants, however, has been proved being difficult. Importantly, the bioavailability in the body is poor therefore capability is reduced and not enough resveratrol reaches the target organ. In this study we generated different methoxylated resveratrol analogues using Wittig reaction. Trans stilbene obtained was 0.08 g and the cis one was 0.01 g. Additionally with the Horner-Witting method a yield of 0.15 g trans stilbene was obtained. By substituting the hydroxyl group with methoxy group at different positions on the aromatic rings, we could increase the efficacy and bioavailability of the Trans form of resveratrol.

Phytotherapy Research, Jan 26, 2017

Acne vulgaris, a chronic condition associated with overgrowth of Propionibacterium acnes and Stap... more Acne vulgaris, a chronic condition associated with overgrowth of Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis, is commonly treated with antibiotics. However, the emergence of antibiotic resistance has resulted in a need for alternative therapies. The aim of this study is to develop a topical preparation incorporating Essential Oils (EOs) for use against acne-associated bacteria and assess its efficacy against prescription therapies Dalacin T and Stiemycin. Antimicrobial screening of rosewood, clove bud and litsea EOs against was conducted before interactions between binary and ternary combinations were determined against P. acnes and S. epidermidis (type and clinical isolates) using Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) and Fractional Inhibitory Concentrations (FICs). The EOs were characterised by both GC-MS and NMR. A combination of 0.53 mg/ml litsea, 0.11 mg/ml rosewood and 0.11 mg/ml clove bud was formulated into herbal distillates and compared to Dalacin T and Stiemycin against antibiotic sensitive and resistant isolates (erythromycin). The distillate with EO had synergistic activity against P. acnes (7log 10 reduction) and indifferent activity against S. epidermidis (6log 10 reduction), antimicrobial activity was either significantly (p ≤ 0.05) more antimicrobial or equivalent to that of Dalacin T and Stiemycin. This formulation may serve as a valuable alternative for the control of acne vulgarisassociated bacteria. http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/ptr Phytotherapy Research

Planta Medica, Dec 14, 2016

Springer eBooks, 2021

Collaboration between Leicester Institute for Pharmaceutical Innovation and the Institute for All... more Collaboration between Leicester Institute for Pharmaceutical Innovation and the Institute for Allied Heath Sciences Research.

Frontiers in Nutrition, Mar 24, 2023

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder caused either by inadequate insulin secretion, ... more Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder caused either by inadequate insulin secretion, impaired insulin function, or both. Uncontrolled diabetes is characterized by hyperglycemia which over time leads to fatal damage to both macro-and microvascular systems, causing complications such as cardiovascular diseases, retinopathy and nephropathy. Diabetes management is conventionally delivered through modifications of diet and lifestyle and pharmacological treatment, using antidiabetic drugs, and ultimately insulin injections. However, the side effects and financial cost of medications often reduce patient compliance to treatment, negatively affecting their health outcomes. Natural phytochemicals from edible plants such as fruits and vegetables (F&V) and medicinal herbs have drawn a growing interest as potential therapeutic agents for treating diabetes and preventing the onset and progression of diabetic complications. Flavonoids, the most abundant polyphenols in the human diet, have shown antidiabetic effects in numerous in vitro and preclinical studies. The underlying mechanisms have been linked to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities. Carotenoids, another major group of dietary phytochemicals, have also shown antidiabetic potential in recent in vitro and in vivo experimental models, possibly through a mechanism of action similar to that of flavonoids. However, scientific evidence on the efficacy of these phytochemicals in treating diabetes or preventing the onset and progression of its complications in clinical settings is scarce, which delays the translation of animal study evidence to human applications and also limits the knowledge on their modes of actions in diabetes management. This review is aimed to highlight the potential roles of flavonoids and carotenoids in preventing or ameliorating diabetes-related complications based on in vivo study evidence, i.e., an array of preclinical animal studies and human intervention trials. The current general consensus of the underlying mechanisms of action exerted by both groups of phytochemicals is that their anti-inflammatory action is key. However, other potential mechanisms of action are considered. In total, 50 in vivo studies were selected for a review after a comprehensive database search via PubMed and ScienceDirect from January 2002 to August 2022. The key words used for analysis are type-2 diabetes (T2DM), diabetic complications, flavonoids, carotenoids, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, mechanisms of prevention and amelioration, animal studies and human interventions.

Food Chemistry, 2022

Though the instability of polyphenols in cell culture experiment has been investigated previously... more Though the instability of polyphenols in cell culture experiment has been investigated previously, the underlying mechanism is not completely clear yet. Therefore, in this study, the stability of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) in cell culture medium DMEM was investigated at 4 •C and 37 •C via UPLC-MS-MS analysis followed by determination of the antioxidant capacity of EGCG. EGCG was instable in DMEM and formed various degradation products derived from its dimer with increasing incubation time with many isomers being formed at both temperatures. The dimer products were more stable at 4 •C than at 37 •C. The structure and formation mechanism of five products were analyzed with four unidentified. Ascorbic acid significantly improved the stability of EGCG by protecting EGCG from auto-oxidation in DMEM, particularly at 4 •C. The antioxidative activity of EGCG in DMEM was determined by DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assay. The antioxidative properties of EGCG continuously decreased over 8 h in DMEM, which was consistent with its course of degradation.

Applied Organometallic Chemistry, 2007

European journal of medicinal chemistry, 2016

Current treatments for Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) are limited in their application, have... more Current treatments for Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) are limited in their application, have undesirable dosing regimens and unsatisfactory toxicities highlighting the need for the development of a safer drug pipeline. Our medicinal chemistry programme in developing rapidly accessible and modifiable heterocyclic scaffolds led to the design and synthesis of novel substituted benzothiophenes, with 6-benzimidazol-1-ylbenzothiophene derivatives demonstrating significant antitrypanosomal activities (IC 50 <1 µM) against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and no toxicity towards mammalian cells.

Applied Organometallic Chemistry, Mar 1, 2009

Chemistry & Biodiversity, Sep 23, 2022

Polydatin or piceid, is the 3‐O‐glucoside of resveratrol and is found abundantly in grapes, peanu... more Polydatin or piceid, is the 3‐O‐glucoside of resveratrol and is found abundantly in grapes, peanuts, wine, beer, and cacao products. Although anticancer activity of polydatin was reported before, and potential antiproliferative mechanisms of polydatin have been proposed, its direct effects on DNA and inhibitory potential against topoisomerase enzymes have remained unknown. In this study we aimed to reveal the link between polydatin's effects on DNA and DNA‐topoisomerases and its antiproliferative promise. For this purpose, we evaluated the effects of polydatin on DNA and DNA topoisomerase using in vitro and in silico techniques. Polydatin was found to protect DNA against Fenton reaction‐induced damage while not showing any hydrolytic nuclease effect. Further, polydatin inhibited topoisomerase II but not topoisomerase I. According to molecular docking studies, polydatin preferably showed minor groove binding to DNA where the stilbene moiety was important for binding to the DNA‐topoisomerase II complex. As a result, topoisomerase II inhibition might be another anticancer mechanism of polydatin.

Elsevier eBooks, 2021

Book chapter jointly written with colleagues from Haceteppe University (Ankara, Turkey) and Louis... more Book chapter jointly written with colleagues from Haceteppe University (Ankara, Turkey) and Louisiana State University (Shreveport, LA, USA)

Phytochemistry Reviews, May 10, 2018

Polydatin (PLD), the 3-O-β-glucopyranoside of the well-known stilbenoid compound resveratrol, is ... more Polydatin (PLD), the 3-O-β-glucopyranoside of the well-known stilbenoid compound resveratrol, is a major compound of Fallopia japonica (Houtt.) R. Decr. (Japanese knotweed), which is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat infection, inflammatory diseases and circulatory problems. It has shown a wide range of biological activities including antiinflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective and immunostimulatory effects. Although resveratrol has similar beneficial effects, its low bioavailability has remained a problem. Glycosylation increases solubility of resveratrol in an aqueous environment, thus improving its bioavailability. This has led to a growing interest in PLD. Promising results obtained from bioactivity studies have boosted an intense research on this compound. The aim of this review is to give a comprehensive overview of the botanical sources, pharmacology, biosynthesis, biotechnological production, and bioactivities of PLD, and to discuss clinical studies on this compound.

Plants of the Mediterranean). INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS JOURNAL with high impact factor from ... more Plants of the Mediterranean). INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS JOURNAL with high impact factor from ELSEVIER group published a special issue covering some of the full papers selected after scientific evaluation. MESMAP-3 Symposium which was held on April 13-16, 2017 in Girne (Kryneia)-Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC), was the third event of MESMAP symposium series on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. After scientific evaluation selected full papers published in Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (IJPER), indexed with THOMSON REUTERS. MESMAP-4 Symposium, which was held on April 18-22, 2018 in Sherwood Breezes Resort Hotel Antalya-Turkey, was the forth event of MESMAP symposium series on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. Then, the fifth one was MESMAP-5 symposium, which was organized as joined meeting with ISPBS-5 at Cappadocccia on April 24-28, 2019. After scientific evaluation selected full papers of MESMAP-5 Symposium were published in MOLECULES, indexed with THOMSON REUTERS. MESMAP Symposiums provide a platform for herbal medicines, biology, chemistry, plant biotechnology, botany, ethnobotany, phytopharmacology, pharmacognosy, food, agriculture and forestry, phytochemistry and aromatherapy. This symposium was the sixth meeting series of MESMAP, and you can find abstracts of all the scientific works presented in MESMAP-6 in this ABSTRACTS & PROCEEDINGS BOOK. We would like to encourage MESMAP-6 participants to submit the full papers to the contracted journals.

Pharmacological Research, Jul 1, 2018