AIDS Denialism and Public Health Practice (original) (raw)

• Chigwedere P, Seage GR 3rd, Gruskin S, Lee TH, Essex M. Estimating the lost benefits of antiretroviral drug use in South Africa. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2008;49:410–5.
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Nattrass N. AIDS and the scientific governance of medicine in post-apartheid South Africa. African Affairs. 2008;107:157–76.
  Google Scholar
• Duesberg PH, Nicholson JM, Rasnick D, Fiala C, Bauer HH. HIV-AIDS hypothesis out of touch with South African AIDS—a new perspective. Med Hypotheses. 2009; Epub ahead of print (withdrawn).
• Lenzer J. AIDS “dissident” seeks redemption… and a cure for cancer. Discover. 2008;29(6):44–50.
  Google Scholar
• Duesberg P. HIV is not the cause of AIDS. Science. 1988;241(4865):514, 517. Other of Duesberg’s writings available at: <http://www.duesberg.com/>. Accessed 2009 Nov 17.
• Baleta A. South Africa’s AIDS care thrown into confusion. Lancet. 1999;354:1711.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Cohen J. South Africa. AIDS researchers decry Mbeki’s views on HIV. Science. 2000;288:590–1.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Horton R. Mbeki defiant about South African HIV/AIDS strategy. Lancet. 2000;356(9225):225.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Masland T, King P. Flirting with strange ideas. Mbeki reaches out to a controversial AIDS researcher. Newsweek. 2000;135(16):36.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Essex M, Mboup S. The etiology of AIDS. In: Essex M, Mboup S, Kanki P, Marlink R, Tlou S, editors. AIDS in Africa. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum; 2002. p. 1–10.
  Google Scholar
• Gottlieb MS, Schroff R, Schanker HM, et al. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and mucosal candidiasis in previously healthy homosexual men: evidence of a new acquired cellular immunodeficiency. N Engl J Med. 1981;305(24):1425–31.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Masur H, Michelis MA, Greene JB, et al. An outbreak of community-acquired Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: initial manifestation of cellular immune dysfunction. N Engl J Med. 1981;305(24):1431–8.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Siegal FP, Lopez C, Hammer GS, et al. Severe acquired immunodeficiency in male homosexuals, manifested by chronic perianal ulcerative herpes simplex lesions. N Engl J Med. 1981;305(24):1439–44.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Epidemiological aspects of the current outbreak of Kaposi’s sarcoma and opportunistic infections. N Engl J Med. 1982; 306: 248–52.
• Masur H, Michelis MA, Wormser GP, et al. Opportunistic infection in previously healthy women. Initial manifestations of a community-acquired cellular immunodeficiency. Ann Intern Med. 1982;97(4):533–9.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Davis KC, Horsburgh CR Jr, Hasiba U, Schocket AL, Kirkpatrick CH. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in a patient with hemophilia. Ann Intern Med. 1983;98(3):284–6.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Poon MC, Landay A, Prasthofer EF, Stagno S. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and _Mycobacterium avium_-intracellulare infection in a previously healthy patient with classic hemophilia. Clinical, immunologic, and virologic findings. Ann Intern Med. 1983;98(3):287–90.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Jett JR, Kuritsky JN, Katzmann JA, Homburger HA. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome associated with blood-product transfusions. Ann Intern Med. 1983;99(5):621–4.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Curran JW, Lawrence DN, Jaffe H, et al. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) associated with transfusions. N Engl J Med. 1984;310(2):69–75.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Rubinstein A, Sicklick M, Gupta A, et al. Acquired immunodeficiency with reversed T4/T8 ratios in infants born to promiscuous and drug-addicted mothers. JAMA. 1983;249(17):2350–6.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Francis DP, Curran JW, Essex M. Epidemic acquired immune deficiency syndrome: epidemiologic evidence for a transmissible agent. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1983;71(1):1–4.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Durack DT. Opportunistic infections and Kaposi’s sarcoma in homosexual men. N Engl J Med. 1981;305(24):1465–7.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Brennan RO, Durack DT. Gay compromise syndrome. Lancet. 1981;2(8259):1338–9.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Kitchen LW, Barin F, Sullivan JL, et al. Aetiology of AIDS—antibodies to human T-cell leukaemia virus (type III) in haemophiliacs. Nature. 1984;312(5992):367–9.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Sarngadharan MG, Popovic M, Bruch L, Schüpbach J, Gallo RC. Antibodies reactive with human T-lymphotropic retroviruses (HTLV-III) in the serum of patients with AIDS. Science. 1984;224(4648):506–8.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Barre-Sinoussi F, Chermann JC, Rey F, et al. Isolation of a T-lymphotropic retrovirus from a patient at risk for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Science. 1983;220(4599):868–71.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Gallo RC, Sarin PS, Gelmann EP, et al. Isolation of human T-cell leukemia virus in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Science. 1983;220(4599):865–7.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Aschengrau A, Seage GR. Essentials of epidemiology in public health. 2nd ed. Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett; 2008. p. 383–410.
  Google Scholar
• Knight DC, Schrotter G. Robert Koch: father of bacteriology. New York: Franklin Watts; 1961.
  Google Scholar
• Ambrose Z, KewalRamani VN, Bieniasz PD, Hatziioannou T. HIV/AIDS: in search of an animal model. Trends Biotechnol. 2007;25(8):333–7.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Cohen J. Fulfilling Koch’s postulates. Science. 1994;266:1647.
  Google Scholar
• O’Brien SJ, Goedert JJ. HIV causes AIDS: Koch’s postulates fulfilled. Curr Opin Immunol. 1996;8(5):613–8.
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Hill AB. The environment and disease: association or causation? Proc R Soc Med. 1965;58:295–300.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Schechter MT, Craib KJ, Gelmon KA, Montaner JS, Le TN, O’Shaughnessy MV. HIV-1 and the aetiology of AIDS. Lancet. 1993;341(8846):658–9.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Darby SC, Ewart DW, Giangrande PL, Dolin PJ, Spooner RJ, Rizza CR. Mortality before and after HIV infection in the complete UK population of haemophiliacs. UK Haemophilia Centre Directors’ Organisation. Nature. 1995;377(6544):79–82.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Biggar RJ. AIDS incubation in 1891 HIV seroconverters from different exposure groups. International Registry of Seroconverters. AIDS. 1990;4(11):1059–66.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Prins M, Veugelers PJ. Comparison of progression and non-progression in injecting drug users and homosexual men with documented dates of HIV-1 seroconversion. European Seroconverter Study and the Tricontinental Seroconverter Study. AIDS. 1997;11(5):621–31.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Engels EA, Rosenberg PS, O’Brien TR, Goedert JJ. Plasma HIV viral load in patients with hemophilia and late-stage HIV disease: a measure of current immune suppression. Multicenter Hemophilia Cohort Study. Ann Intern Med. 1999;131(4):256–64.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Mellors JW, Rinaldo CR Jr, Gupta P, White RM, Todd JA, Kingsley LA. Prognosis in HIV-1 infection predicted by the quantity of virus in plasma. Science. 1996;272(5265):1167–70.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Hammer SM, Squires KE, Hughes MD, et al. A controlled trial of two nucleoside analogues plus indinavir in persons with human immunodeficiency virus infection and CD4 cell counts of 200 per cubic millimeter or less. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:725–33.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Katzenstein DA, Hammer SM, Hughes MD, et al. The relation of virologic and immunologic markers to clinical outcomes after nucleoside therapy in HIV-infected adults with 200 to 500 CD4 cells per cubic millimeter. AIDS Clinical Trials Group Study 175 Virology Study Team. N Engl J Med. 1996;335(15):1091–8.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• O’Brien WA, Hartigan PM, Martin D, et al. Changes in plasma HIV-1 RNA and CD4+ lymphocyte counts and the risk of progression to AIDS. Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group on AIDS. N Engl J Med. 1996;334(7):426–31.
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Levy JA. HIV and the pathogenesis of AIDS. 3rd ed. Washington: ASM Press; 2007.
  Google Scholar
• Knipe DM, Howley PM, editors. Fields’ virology. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2007.
  Google Scholar
• Cohen J. Duesberg and critics agree: hemophilia is the best test. Science. 1994;266:1645–6.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Horton R. Will Duesberg now concede defeat? Lancet. 1995;346(8976):656.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Duesberg PH. Is HIV the cause of AIDS? Lancet. 1995;346(8986):1371–2.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Blattner W, Gallo RC, Temin HM. HIV causes AIDS. Science. 1988;241(4865):515–6.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Pachl C, Todd JA, Kern DG, et al. Rapid and precise quantification of HIV-1 RNA in plasma using a branched DNA signal amplification assay. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol. 1995;8(5):446–54.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Henrard DR, Phillips JF, Muenz LR, et al. Natural history of HIV-1 cell-free viremia. JAMA. 1995;274(7):554–8.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Coffin JM. HIV population dynamics in vivo: implications for genetic variation, pathogenesis, and therapy. Science. 1995;267(5197):483–9.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Ho DD, Neumann AU, Perelson AS, Chen W, Leonard JM, Markowitz M. Rapid turnover of plasma virions and CD4 lymphocytes in HIV-1 infection. Nature. 1995;373(6510):123–6.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Collier AC, Coombs RW, Schoenfeld DA, et al. Treatment of human immunodeficiency virus infection with saquinavir, zidovudine, and zalcitabine. AIDS Clinical Trials Group. N Engl J Med. 1996;334(16):1011–7.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Essex M, Mboup S, Kanki P, Marlink R, Tlou S, editors. AIDS in Africa. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum; 2002.
  Google Scholar
• Lu Y, Essex M, editors. AIDS in Asia. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum; 2004.
  Google Scholar
• Duesberg PH. Inventing the AIDS virus. Washington: Regnery; 1997. p. 10.
  Google Scholar
• Duesberg PH. Inventing the AIDS virus. Washington: Regnery; 1997. p. 169.
  Google Scholar
• Duesberg PH, Rasnick D. The AIDS dilemma: drug diseases blamed on a passenger virus. Genetica. 1998;104:85–132.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Duesberg PH. Inventing the AIDS virus. Washington: Regnery; 1997. p. 255–97.
  Google Scholar
• Duesberg PH. Human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: correlation but not causation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1989;86:755–64.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Duesberg PH. AIDS epidemiology: inconsistencies with human immunodeficiency virus and with infectious disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1991;88:1575–9.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Duesberg PH. Inventing the AIDS virus. Washington: Regnery; 1997. p. 175.
  Google Scholar
• Duesberg PH. Duesberg defends challenges to the existence of HIV. Continuum. 1996;4(2):8–9.
  Google Scholar
• Duesberg PH. The role of drugs in the origin of AIDS. Biomed Pharmacother. 1992;46:3–15.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Duesberg PH. Foreign-protein-mediated immunodeficiency in hemophiliacs with and without HIV. Genetica. 1995;95:51–70.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Allain JP. Transfusion risks of yesterday and of today. Transfus Clin Biol. 2003;10(1):1–5.
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Duesberg P, Koehnlein C, Rasnick D. The chemical bases of the various AIDS epidemics: recreational drugs, anti-viral chemotherapy and malnutrition. J Biosci. 2003;28(4):383–412.
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Kalichman SC. Denying AIDS: conspiracy theories, pseudoscience, and human tragedy. New York and London: Copernicus/Springer; 2009. p. 44.
  Google Scholar
• Duesberg PH. Inventing the AIDS virus. Washington: Regnery; 1997. p. 184–5.
  Google Scholar
• Duesberg PH. Inventing the AIDS virus. Washington: Regnery; 1997. p. 187.
  Google Scholar
• Duesberg PH. Inventing the AIDS virus. Washington: Regnery; 1997. p. 419.
  Google Scholar
• UNAIDS. Report on the global HIV/AIDS epidemic. Geneva: UNAIDS; 2008.
  Google Scholar
• Barnhart HX, Caldwell MB, Thomas P, et al. Natural history of human immunodeficiency virus disease in perinatally infected children: an analysis from the Pediatric Spectrum of Disease Project. Pediatrics. 1996;97(5):710–6.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• European Collaborative Study. Children born to women with HIV-1 infection: natural history and risk of transmission. Lancet. 1991;337(8736):253–60.
  Google Scholar
• Newell ML, Borja MC, Peckham C. European Collaborative Study. Height, weight, and growth in children born to mothers with HIV-1 infection in Europe. Pediatrics. 2003;111(1):e52–60.
  PubMed Google Scholar
• UNAIDS. Report on the global HIV/AIDS epidemic. Geneva: UNAIDS; 2000.
  Google Scholar
• Duesberg PH. AIDS acquired by drug consumption and other noncontagious risk factors. Pharmac Ther. 1992;55:201–77.
  CAS Google Scholar
• Msisha WM, Kapiga SH, Earls F, Subramanian SV. Socioeconomic status and HIV seroprevalence in Tanzania: a counterintuitive relationship. Int J Epidemiol. 2008;37(6):1297–303.
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Piot P, Greener R, Russell S. Squaring the circle: AIDS, poverty, and human development. PLoS Med. 2007;4(10):1571–5.
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Begtrup K, Melbye M, Biggar RJ, Goedert JJ, Knudsen K, Andersen PK. Progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is influenced by CD4 T-lymphocyte count and time since seroconversion. Am J Epidemiol. 1997;145(7):629–35.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Vermund SH, Hoover DR, Chen K. CD4+ counts in seronegative homosexual men. The Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. N Engl J Med. 1993;328(6):442.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Des Jarlais DC, Friedman SR, Marmor M, et al. CD4 lymphocytopenia among injecting drug users in New York City. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1993;6(7):820–2.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Donegan E, Stuart M, Niland JC, et al. Infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) among recipients of antibody-positive blood donations. Ann Intern Med. 1990;113(10):733–9.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Hughes SM, Amadi B, Mwiya M, et al. CD4 counts decline despite nutritional recovery in HIV-infected Zambian children with severe malnutrition. Pediatrics. 2009;123(2):e347–51.
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Aina O, Dadik J, Charurat M, et al. Reference values of CD4 T lymphocytes in human immunodeficiency virus-negative adult Nigerians. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 2005;12(4):525–30.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Maclure M. Inventing the AIDS virus hypothesis: an illustration of scientific vs unscientific induction. Epidemiology. 1998;9(4):467–73.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Cohen J. The Duesberg phenomenon. Science. 1994;266:1642–4.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Kalichman SC. Denying AIDS: conspiracy theories, pseudoscience, and human tragedy. New York and London: Copernicus/Springer; 2009. p. 9.
  Google Scholar
• Schünemann HJ, Fretheim A, Oxman AD. Improving the use of research evidence in guideline development: 9. Grading evidence and recommendations. Health Res Policy Syst. 2006;4:21.
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Chin R, Lee BY. Principles and practice of clinical trial medicine. London: Academic Press; 2008.
  Google Scholar
• Light RJ, Pillemer DB. Summing up: the science of reviewing research. Cambridge: Harvard University Press; 1984.
  Google Scholar
• Egger M, Davey Smith G, Altman DG, editors. Systematic reviews in health care: meta-analysis in context. 2nd ed. London: BMJ; 2001.
  Google Scholar
• Moher D, Cook DJ, Eastwood S, Olkin I, Rennie D, Stroup DF. Improving the quality of reports of meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials: the QUOROM statement. Quality of Reporting of Meta-analyses. Lancet. 1999;354(9193):1896–900.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Chigwedere P, Seage GR, Lee TH, Essex M. Efficacy of antiretroviral drugs in reducing mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Africa: a meta-analysis of published clinical trials. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2008;24(6):827–37.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Atkins D, Best D, Briss PA, et al. GRADE Working Group. Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ. 2004;328(7454):1490.
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Jadad AR, Moore RA, Carroll D, et al. Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: is blinding necessary? Control Clin Trials. 1996;17(1):1–12.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Institute of Medicine. Adverse events associated with childhood vaccines: evidence bearing on causality. Washington: National Academy Press; 1993.
  Google Scholar
• Stoto MA. Research synthesis for public health policy: experience of the Institute of Medicine. In: Stangl D, Berry D, editors. Meta-analysis in medicine and health policy. New York: Marcel Dekker; 2000.
  Google Scholar
• Volmink J, Siegfried NL, van der Merwe L, Brocklehurst P. Antiretrovirals for reducing the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;1:CD003510.
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Suksomboon N, Poolsup N, Ket-Aim S. Systematic review of the efficacy of antiretroviral therapies for reducing the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2007;32:293–311.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Bartlett JA, Benoit SL, Johnson VA, et al. Lamivudine plus zidovudine compared with zalcitabine plus zidovudine in patients with HIV infection. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. North American HIV Working Party. Ann Intern Med. 1996;125(3):161–72.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Nachman SA, Stanley K, Yogev R, et al. Nucleoside analogs plus ritonavir in stable antiretroviral therapy-experienced HIV-infected children: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group 338 Study Team. JAMA. 2000;283(4):492–8.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Darbyshire J, Foulkes M, Peto R, et al. Zidovudine (AZT) versus AZT plus didanosine (ddI) versus AZT plus zalcitabine (ddC) in HIV infected adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;3:CD002038.
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Jordan R, Gold L, Cummins C, Hyde C. Systematic review and meta-analysis of evidence for increasing numbers of drugs in antiretroviral combination therapy. BMJ. 2002;324(7340):757.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Rutherford G, Sangani P, Kennedy GE. Three- or four- versus two-drug antiretroviral maintenance regimens for HIV infection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;3:CD002037.
  Google Scholar
• Siegfried N, van Deventer PJU, Mahomed FA, Rutherford G. Stavudine, lamivudine and nevirapine combination therapy for treatment of HIV infection and AIDS in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;2:CD004535.
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Humphreys E, Hernandez LB, Rutherford G. Antiretroviral regimens for patients with HIV who fail first-line antiretroviral therapy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;4:CD006517.
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Shey M, Kongnyuy EJ, Shang J, Wiysonge CS. A combination drug of abacavir-lamivudine-zidovudine (Trizivir®) for treating HIV infection and AIDS. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;3:CD005481.
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Djomand G, Roels T, Ellerbrock T, et al. Virologic and immunologic outcomes and programmatic challenges of an antiretroviral treatment pilot project in Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire. AIDS. 2003;17(Suppl 3):S5–15.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Coetzee D, Hildebrand K, Boulle A, et al. Outcomes after two years of providing antiretroviral treatment in Khayelitsha, South Africa. AIDS. 2004;18(6):887–95.
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Wester CW, Kim S, Bussmann H, et al. Initial response to highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1C-infected adults in a public sector treatment program in Botswana. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2005;40(3):336–43.
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Etard JF, Ndiaye I, Thierry-Mieg M, et al. Mortality and causes of death in adults receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy in Senegal: a 7-year cohort study. AIDS. 2006;20(8):1181–9.
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Stringer JS, Zulu I, Levy J, et al. Rapid scale-up of antiretroviral therapy at primary care sites in Zambia: feasibility and early outcomes. JAMA. 2006;296(7):782–93.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Ivers LC, Kendrick D, Doucette K. Efficacy of antiretroviral therapy programs in resource-poor settings: a meta-analysis of the published literature. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41(2):217–24.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Hammond R, Harry TC. Efficacy of antiretroviral therapy in Africa: effect on immunological and virological outcome measures: a meta-analysis. Int J STD AIDS. 2008;19(5):291–6.
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Braitstein P, Brinkhof MW, Dabis F, et al. Antiretroviral therapy in lower income countries (ART-LINC) collaboration; ART cohort collaboration (ART-CC) groups. Mortality of HIV-1-infected patients in the first year of antiretroviral therapy: comparison between low-income and high-income countries. Lancet. 2006;367(9513):817–24.
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Preston S, Heuveline P, Guillot M. Demography: measuring and modeling population processes. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell; 2000. p. 1–20.
  Google Scholar
• Statistics South Africa. Mortality and causes of death in South Africa, 2006: findings from death notification. South Africa: Statistics South Africa; 2008.
  Google Scholar
• Stanecki KA, Walker N. Current estimates and projections for the epidemic. In: Essex M, Mboup S, Kanki P, Marlink R, Tlou S, editors. AIDS in Africa. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum; 2002. p. 281–96.
  Google Scholar
• Dorrington R, Bourne D, Bradshaw D, Laubscher R, Timæus I. The impact of HIV/AIDS on adult mortality in South Africa. Burden of Disease Research Unit, Medical Research Council (SA); 2001:10. Available at: <http://www.mrc.ac.za/bod/complete.pdf> . Accessed 2009 Aug 9.
• UNAIDS Reference Group on Estimates, Modelling and Projections. Improved methods and assumptions for estimation of the HIV/AIDS epidemic and its impact: recommendations of the UNAIDS Reference Group on Estimates, Modelling and Projections. AIDS. 2002;16(9):W1–14.
  Google Scholar
• Walker N, Stanecki KA, Brown T, et al. Methods and procedures for estimating HIV/AIDS and its impact: the UNAIDS/WHO estimates for the end of 2001. AIDS. 2003;17(15):2215–25.
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Stover J, Johnson P, Zaba B, Zwahlen M, Dabis F, Ekpini RE. The spectrum projection package: improvements in estimating mortality, ART needs, PMTCT impact and uncertainty bounds. Sex Transm Infect. 2008;84(Suppl 1):i24–30.
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Stover J, Ghys PD, Walker N. Testing the accuracy of demographic estimates in countries with generalized epidemics. AIDS. 2004;18(Suppl 2):S67–73.
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Grassly NC, Morgan M, Walker N, et al. Uncertainty in estimates of HIV/AIDS: the estimation and application of plausibility bounds. Sex Transm Infect. 2004;80(Suppl 1):i31–8.
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Walker N, Grassly NC, Garnett GP, Stanecki KA, Ghys PD. Estimating the global burden of HIV/AIDS: what do we really know about the HIV pandemic? Lancet. 2004;363(9427):2180–5.
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Gouws E, Mishra V, Fowler TB. Comparison of adult HIV prevalence from national population-based surveys and antenatal clinic surveillance in countries with generalised epidemics: implications for calibrating surveillance data. Sex Transm Infect. 2008;84(Suppl 1):i17–23.
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Actuarial Society of South Africa. ASSA 2003 AIDS and demographic model. Cape Town: Actuarial Society of South Africa; 2005.
  Google Scholar
• Boerma JT, Nunn AJ, Whitworth JA. Mortality impact of the AIDS epidemic: evidence from community studies in less developed countries. AIDS. 1998;12(Suppl 1):S3–14.
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Blacker J. The impact of AIDS on adult mortality: evidence from national and regional statistics. AIDS. 2004;18(Suppl 2):S19–26.
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Stover J, Way P. Projecting the impact of AIDS on mortality. AIDS. 1998;12(Suppl 1):S29–39.
  PubMed Google Scholar
• The Durban Declaration. Nature 2000;406:15–6.
  Google Scholar
• Horton R. African AIDS beyond Mbeki: tripping into anarchy. Lancet. 2000;356(9241):1541–2.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Kalichman SC. Denying AIDS: conspiracy theories, pseudoscience, and human tragedy. New York and London: Copernicus/Springer; 2009. p. 8–13.
  Google Scholar
• Cameron E. Witness to AIDS. London: I. B. Tauris; 2005.
  Google Scholar
• Moore JP. The dangers of denying HIV. Nature. 2009;459:168.
  CAS Google Scholar
• Geffen N. Justice after AIDS denialism: should there be prosecutions and compensation? J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2009;51(4):454–5.
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Wainberg M. In: Scovill R. The other side of AIDS (film); 2004. Available at: http://www.theothersideofaids.com/free_to_question.html. Accessed 2009 Nov 27.
• Muga W. When public negligence can become criminal. African Business 2009 May.
• Moore JP, Bergman J, Wainberg MA. The AIDS denialists are still around. IAS Newsl. 2007:4–5.
• Chigwedere PM. Antiretroviral drug use in South Africa: from science to practice and malpractice (Dissertation). Boston: Harvard School of Public Health; 2008.
  Google Scholar