Origin of Salts and Brine Evolution of Bolivian and Chilean Salars (original) (raw)
Al-Droubi A, Fritz B, Gac JY, Tardy Y (1980) Generalized residual alkalinity concept; application to prediction of the chemical evolution of natural waters by evaporation. Am J Sci 280:560–572 Google Scholar
Alonso H, Risacher F (1996) Geoquímica del salar de Atacama, parte 1: origen de los componentes y balance salino. Rev Geol Chile 23(2):113–122 Google Scholar
Alonso RN, Jordan TE, Tabbutt KT, Vandervoort DS (1991) Giant evaporite belts of the Neogene Central Andes. Geology 19:401–404. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<0401:GEBOTN>2.3.CO;2 Article Google Scholar
Alpers CN, Whittemore DO (1990) Hydrogeochemistry and stable isotopes of ground and surface waters from two adjacent closed basins, Atacama Desert, northern Chile. Appl Geochem 5:719–734. doi:10.1016/0883-2927(90)90067-F Article Google Scholar
Baker PA, Rigsby CA, Seltzer GO, Fritz SC, Lowenstein TK, Bacher NP, Veliz C (2001) Tropical climate changes at millennial and orbital timescales on the Bolivian Altiplano. Nature 409:698–701. doi:10.1038/35055524 Article Google Scholar
Bao R, Sáez A, Servant-Vildary S, Cabrera L (1999) Lake-level and salinity reconstruction from diatom analyses in Quillagua formation (late Neogene, Central Andean forearc, northern Chile). Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 153:309–335. doi:10.1016/S0031-0182(99)00066-8 Article Google Scholar
Berthold CE, Baker DH (1976) Lithium recovery from geothermal fluids. USGS Prof Pap 1005:61–66 Google Scholar
Bobst AL, Lowenstein TK, Jordan TE, Godfrey LV, Ku TH, Luo S (2001) A 106 ka paleoclimate record from drill core of the Salar de Atacama, northern Chile. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclim Palaeoecol 173(1–2):21–42 Google Scholar
Boschetti T, Cortecci G, Barbieri M, Mussi M (2007) New and past geochemical data on fresh to brine waters of the Salar de Atacama and Andean Altiplano, northern Chile. Geofluids 7:33–50. doi:10.1111/j.1468-8123.2006.00159.x Article Google Scholar
Chong G (1984) Die Salare in Nordchile. Geologie, Struktur und Geochemie. Geotektonische Forschungen 67
Chong G, Pueyo JJ, Demergasso C (2000) Los yacimientos de boratos de Chile. Rev Geol Chile 27(1):99–119 Article Google Scholar
DGA (1987) Balance hídrico de Chile. Dirección General de Aguas, Ministerio de Obras Publicas, Santiago, Chile Google Scholar
Dickson AG (1981) An exact definition of total alkalinity and a procedure for the estimation of alkalinity and total inorganic carbon from titration data. Deep-Sea Res 28A:609–623. doi:10.1016/0198-0149(81)90121-7 Article Google Scholar
Dingman RJ (1962) Tertiary salt domes near San Pedro de Atacama, Chile. USGS Prof Pap 450–D:D92–D94 Google Scholar
Dingman RJ (1967) Geology and ground-water resources of the northern part of the salar de Atacama. Antofagasta Province, Chile. USGS Bull 1219
Ericksen GE, Vine JD, Ballon R (1978) Chemical composition and distribution of lithium-rich brines in salar de Uyuni and nearby salars in southwestern Bolivia. Energy 3:355–363. doi:10.1016/0360-5442(78)90032-4 Article Google Scholar
Eugster HP, Hardie LA (1978) Saline lakes. In: Lerman A (ed) Lakes: chemistry, geology, physics. Springer, New York, pp 238–293 Google Scholar
Eugster HP, Jones BF (1979) Behavior of major solutes during closed-basin brine evolution. Am J Sci 279:609–631 Google Scholar
Garcés I (2000a) Geochemistry of Huasco salar, Chile. Origin of solutes and brine evolution. In: Geertman RM (ed) Proceedings of the 8th world salt symposium, vol. 2. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, pp1159–1160
Garcés I (2000b) The sodium sulfate and ulexite deposits: salar of Surire, Chile. In: Geertman RM (ed) Proceedings of the 8th world salt symposium, vol. 2. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, pp 1161–1162
Garrels RM, Mackenzie FT (1967) Origin of the chemical composition of some springs and lakes. In: Equilibrium concepts in natural water systems. Advances in chemistry, vol 67. Amer Chem Soc, Washington DC, pp 222–242
Gavrieli I, Starinsky A, Spiro B et al (1995) Mechanisms of sulfate removal from subsurface calcium chloride brines: Heletz-Kokhav oilfields, Israel. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 3525–3533. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(95)00229-S
Grosjean M (1994) Paleohydrology of the Laguna Lejia (north Chilean Altiplano) and climatic implications for late-glagial times. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 109:89–100. doi:10.1016/0031-0182(94)90119-8 Article Google Scholar
Grosjean M, van Leeuwen JFN, van der Knaap WO et al (2001) A 22, 000 14C year BP sediment and pollen record of climate change from Laguna Miscanti (23°S), northern Chile. Global Planet Change 28:35–51. doi:10.1016/S0921-8181(00)00063-1 Article Google Scholar
Hardie LA, Eugster HP (1970) The evolution of closed-basin brines. Miner Soc Am Spec Pap 3:273–290 Google Scholar
Harvie CE, Moller N, Weare JH (1984) The prediction of mineral solubilities in natural waters: the Na-K-Mg-Ca-H-Cl-SO4-OH-HCO3-CO3-CO2-H2O system to high ionic strengths at 25°C. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 48:723–751. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(84)90098-X Article Google Scholar
Kött A, Gaupp R, Wörner G (1995) Miocene to recent history of the western Altiplano in northern Chile revealed by lacustrine sediments of the Lauca basin. Geol Rundsch 84:770–780. doi:10.1007/s005310050039 Article Google Scholar
Lerman A, Brunskill GJ (1971) Migration of major constituents from lake sediments into lake water and its bearing on lake water composition. Limnol Oceanogr 16:880–890 Article Google Scholar
Lowenstein TK, Risacher F (2009) Closed basin brine evolution and the influence of Ca–Cl inflow waters: Death Valley and Bristol Dry Lake California, Qaidam Basin, China, and Salar de Atacama, Chile. Aquat Geochem. doi:10.1007/s10498-008-9046-z
Moraga A, Chong G, Fortt MA, Henriquez H (1974) Estudio geológico del salar de Atacama, Provincia de Antofagasta. Bol Inst Invest Geologicas Santiago Chil 29:1–56 Google Scholar
Pitzer KS (1979) Theory: ion interaction approach. In: Pytkowicz RM (ed) Activity coefficients in electrolyte solutions, vol 1. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, pp 157–208 Google Scholar
Risacher F (1984) Origine des concentrations extrêmes en bore et en lithium dans les saumures de l’Altiplano bolivien. C R Acad Sci, Paris 299(II, 11):701–706 Google Scholar
Risacher F, Alonso H (1996) Geoquímica del salar de Atacama, parte 2: Evolución de las aguas. Rev Geol Chile 23(2):123–134 Google Scholar
Risacher F, Clement A (2001) A computer program for the simulation of evaporation of natural waters to high concentration. Comput Geosci 27:191–201. doi:10.1016/S0098-3004(00)00100-X Article Google Scholar
Risacher F, Fritz B (1991a) Quaternary geochemical evolution of the salars of Uyuni and Coipasa, central Altiplano, Bolivia. Chem Geol 90:211–231. doi:10.1016/0009-2541(91)90101-V Article Google Scholar
Risacher F, Fritz B (1991b) Geochemistry of Bolivian salars, Lipez, southern Altiplano. Origin of solutes and brine evolution. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 55:687–705. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(91)90334-2 Article Google Scholar
Risacher F, Fritz B, Alonso H (2006) Non-conservative behavior of bromide in surface waters and brines of Central Andes: a release into the atmosphere? Geochim Cosmochim Acta 70:2143–2152. doi:10.1016/j.gca.2006.01.019 Article Google Scholar
Sanford WE, Wood WW (1991) Brine evolution and mineral deposition in hydrologically open evaporite basins. Am J Sci 291:687–710 Google Scholar
Servant M, Fontes JC (1978) Les lacs quaternaires des hauts plateaux des Andes boliviennes. Premières interprétations paléoclimatiques. Cah ORSTOM, Ser Geol 10(1):9–23 Google Scholar
Spiro B, Chong G (1996) Origin of sulfate in the Salar de Atacama and the Cordillera de la Sal, initial results of an isotopic study. In: Proceedings of the third international symposium on andean geodynamics (ISAG), Saint Malo, France, Orstom Editions, Collection Colloques et Seminaires, Paris, pp 703–705
Stoertz GE, Ericksen GE (1974) Geology of salars in northern Chile. USGS Prof Pap 811
Stumm W, Morgan JJ (1996) Aquatic chemistry. Chemical equilibria and rates in natural waters. Wiley Interscience, New York Google Scholar
Sylvestre F, Servant M, Servant-Vildary et al (1999) Lake-level chronology on the southern Bolivian Altiplano (18°–23°S) during late-glacial time and the early Holocene. Quat Res 51:54–66. doi:10.1006/qres.1998.2017 Article Google Scholar
Valero-Garcés BL, Grosjean M, Schwalb A et al (1996) Limnogeology of Laguna Miscanti: evidence for mid to late Holocene moisture changes in the Atacama Altiplano (Northern Chile). J Paleolimnol 16:1–21. doi:10.1007/BF00173268 Article Google Scholar
Wardlaw GD, Valentine DL (2005) Evidence for salt diffusion from sediments contributing to increasing salinity in the Salton Sea, California. Hydrobiologia 533:77–85. doi:10.1007/s10750-004-2395-8 Article Google Scholar
White AF, Claasen HC, Benson LV (1980) The effect of dissolution of volcanic glass on the water chemistry in a tuffaceous aquifer, Rainer Mesa, Nevada. USGS Water-Supply Pap 1535-Q
White DE, Hem JD, Waring GA (1963) Data of geochemistry. Chemical composition of subsurface waters. USGS Prof Pap 440-F
White DE, Thompson JM, Fournier RO (1976) Lithium contents of thermal and mineral waters. USGS Prof Pap 1005:58–60 Google Scholar