Replication and Gene Function in Kunjin Virus (original) (raw)
Adams SC, Broom AK, Sammels LM, Hartnett AC, Howard MJ, Coelen RJ, Mackenzie JS, Hall RA (1995) Glycosylation and antigenic variation among Kunjin virus isolates. Virology 206:49–56 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Amberg SM, Rice CM (1999) Mutagenesis of the NS2B-NS3-mediated cleavage site in the flavivirus capsid protein demonstrates a requirement for coordinated processing. J Virol 73:8083–8094 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Bartholomeusz AI, Wright PJ (1993) Synthesis of dengue virus RNA in vitro: initiation and the involvement of proteins NS3 and NS5. Arch Virol 128:111–121 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Blackwell JL, Brinton MA (1997) Translation elongation factor-1 alpha interacts with the 3’ stem-loop region of West Nile virus genomic RNA. J Virol 71:6433–6444 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Borowski P, Niebuhr A, Mueller O, Bretner M, Felczak K, Kulikowski T, Schmitz H (2001) Purification and characterization of West Nile virus nucleoside triphosphatase (NTPase)/helicase: evidence for dissociation of the NTPase and helicase activities of the enzyme. J Virol 75:3220–3229 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Boulton RW, Westaway EG (1977) Togavirus RNA: reversible effect of urea on genomes and absence of subgenomic viral RNA in Kunjin virus-infected cells. Arch Virol 55:201–208 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Brinkworth RI, Fairlie DP, Leung D, Young PR (1999) Homology model of the dengue 2 virus NS3 protease: putative interactions with both substrate and NS2B cofactor. J Gen Virol 80:1167–1177 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Buckley A, Gaidamovich S, Turchinskaya A, Gould EA (1992) Monoclonal antibodies identify the NS5 yellow fever virus non-structural protein in the nuclei of infected cells. J Gen Virol 73:1125–1130 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Cahour A, Falgout B, Lai CJ (1992) Cleavage of the dengue virus polyprotein at the NS3/NS4A and NS4B/NS5 junctions is mediated by viral protease NS2B-NS3, whereas NS4A/NS4B may be processed by a cellular protease. J Virol 66:1535–1542 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Castle E, Nowak T, Leidner U, Wengler G (1985) Sequence analysis of the viral core protein and the membrane-associated proteins VI and NV2 of the flavivirus West Nile virus and of the genome sequence for these proteins. Virology 145:227–236 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Castle E, Leidner U, Nowak T, Wengler G (1986) Primary structure of the West Nile flavivirus genome region coding for all nonstructural proteins. Virology 149:10–26 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Chang G-J (1997) Molecular biology of dengue viruses. In: Gubler DJ, Kuno G (eds). Dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp 175–198 Google Scholar
Chen CJ, Kuo MD, Chien LJ, Hsu SL, Wang YM, Lin JH (1997) RNA-protein interactions: involvement of NS3, NS5, and 3’ noncoding regions of Japanese encephalitis virus genomic RNA. J Virol 71:3466–3473 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Chu PW, Westaway EG (1985) Replication strategy of Kunjin virus: evidence for recycling role of replicative form RNA as template in semiconservative and asymmetric replication. Virology 140: 68–79 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Chu PW, Westaway EG (1987) Characterization of Kunjin virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase: reinitiation of synthesis in vitro. Virology 157:330–337 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Chu PW, Westaway EG (1992) Molecular and ultrastructural analysis of heavy membrane fractions associated with the replication of Kunjin virus RNA. Arch Virol 125:177–191 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Cleaves GR, Ryan TE, Schlesinger RW (1981) Identification and characterization of type 2 dengue virus replicative intermediate and replicative form RNAs. Virology 111:73–83 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Coia G, Parker MD, Speight G, Byrne ME, Westaway EG (1988) Nucleotide and complete amino acid sequences of Kunjin virus: definitive gene order and characteristics of the virus-specified proteins. J Gen Virol 69:1–21 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Della-Porta AJ, Westaway EG (1977) Immune response in rabbits to virion and nonvirion antigens of the flavivirus Kunjin. Lifect Immun 15:874–882 CAS Google Scholar
Falgout B, Markoff L (1995) Evidence that flavivirus NSI-NS2 A cleavage is mediated by a membrane-bound host protease in the endoplasmic reticulum. J Virol 69:7232–7243 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Falgout B, Miller RH, Lai CJ (1993) Deletion analysis of dengue virus type 4 nonstructural protein NS2B: identification of a domain required for NS2B-NS3 protease activity. J Virol 67:2034–2042 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Gorbalenya AE, Koonin EV, Donchenko AP, Blinov VM (1989) Two related superfamilies of putative helicases involved in replication, recombination, repair and expression of DNA and RNA genomes. Nucleic Acids Res 17:4713–4730 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Grun JB, Brinton MA (1986) Characterization of West Nile virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and cellular terminal adenylyl and uridylyl transferases in cell-free extracts. J Virol 60:1113–1124 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Grun JB, Brinton MA (1987) Dissociation of NS5 from cell fractions containing West Nile virus-specific polymerase activity. J Virol 61:3641–3644 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Guyatt KJ, Westaway EG, Khromykh AA (2001) Expression and purification of enzymatically active recombinant RNA- dependent RNA polymerase (NS5) of the flavivirus Kunjin. J Virol Methods 92:37–44 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Hahn CS, Hahn YS, Rice CM, Lee E, Dalgarno L, Strauss EG, Strauss JH (1987) Conserved elements in the 3’ untranslated region of flavivirus RNAs and potential cyclization sequences. J Mol Biol 198: 33–41 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Hall RA, Khromykh AA, Mackenzie JM, Scherret JH, Khromykh TI, Mackenzie JS (1999) Loss of dimerisation of the nonstructural protein NSI of Kunjin virus delays viral replication and reduces virulence in mice. but still allows secretion of NS1. Virology 264:66–75 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Heinz FX, Allison SL (2000) Structures and mechanisms in flavivirus fusion. Adv Virus Res 55:231–269 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Heinz FX, Collett MS, Purcell RH, Gould EA, Howard CR, Houghton M, Moormann RJM, Rice CM, Thiel H-J (2000) Family Flaviviridae. In: van Regenmortel MHV, Fauquet CM, Bishop DHL, Carstens EB, Estes MK, Lemon SM, Maniloff J, Mayo MA, McGeoch DJ, Pringle CR, Wickner RB, (eds) Virus Taxonomy. Classification and Nomenclature of Viruses. Seventh Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Academic Press, London, pp 859–878 Google Scholar
Jia XY, Briese T, Jordan I, Rambaut A, Chi HC, Mackenzie JS, Hall RA, Scherret J, Lipkin WI (1999) Genetic analysis of West Nile New York 1999 encephalitis virus. Lancet 354:1971–1972 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Khromykh AA (2000) Replicon-based vectors of positive strand RNA viruses. Current Opinion in Molecular Therapeutics 2:555–569 CAS Google Scholar
Khromykh AA, Westaway EG (1994) Completion of Kunjin virus RNA sequence and recovery of an infectious RNA transcribed from stably cloned full-length cDNA. J Virol 68:4580–4588 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Khromykh AA, Westaway EG (1996) RNA binding properties of core protein of the flavivirus Kunjin. Arch Virol 141:685–699 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Khromykh AA, Westaway EG (1997) Subgenomic replicons of the flavivirus Kunjin: construction and applications. J Virol 71:1497–1505 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Khromykh AA, Kenney MT, Westaway EG (1998) trans-Complementation of flavivirus RNA poly- merase gene NS5 by using Kunjin virus replicon-expressing BHK cells. J Virol 72:7270–7279 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Khromykh AA, Sedlak PL, Guyatt KJ, Hall RA, Westaway EG (1999a) Efficient trans-complementation of the flavivirus Kunjin NS5 protein but not of the NSI protein requires its coexpression with other components of the viral replicase. J Virol 73:10272–10280 CAS Google Scholar
Khromykh AA, Sedlak PL, Westaway EG (1999b) trans-Complementation analysis of the flavivirus Kunjin ns5 gene reveals an essential role for translation of its N-terminal half in RNA replication. J Virol 73:9247–9255 CAS Google Scholar
Khromykh AA, Sedlak PL, Westaway EG (2000) cis-and trans-acting elements in flavivirus RNA replication. J Virol 74:3253–3263 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Khromykh AA, Meka H, Guyatt KJ, Westaway EG (2001) Essential role of cyclization sequences in flavivirus RNA replication. J Virol 75:6719–6728 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Koonin EV (1993) Computer-assisted identification of a putative methyltransferase domain in NS5 protein of flaviviruses and lambda 2 protein of reovirus. J Gen Virol 74:733–740 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Kozak M (1986) Point mutations define a sequence flanking the AUG initiator codon that modulates translation by eukaryotic ribosomes. Cell 44:283–292 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Kuno G, Chang GJ, Tsuchiya KR, Karabatsos N, Cropp CB (1998) Phylogeny of the genus Flavivirus. J Virol 72:73–83 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Lanciotti RS, Roehrig JT, Deubel V, Smith J, Parker M, Steele K, Crise B, Volpe KE, Crabtree MB, Scherret JH, Hall RA, MacKenzie JS, Cropp CB, Panigrahy B, Ostlund E, Schmitt B, Malkinson M, Banet C, Weissman J, Komar N, Savage HM, Stone W, McNamara T, Gubler DJ (1999) Origin of the West Nile virus responsible for an outbreak of encephalitis in the northeastern United States. Science 286:2333–2337 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Lee E, Stocks CE, Amberg SM, Rice CM, Lobigs M (2000) Mutagenesis of the signal sequence of yellow fever virus prM protein: enhancement of signalase cleavage in vitro is lethal for virus production. J Virol 74:24–32 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Li H, Clum S, You S, Ebner KE, Padmanabhan R (1999) The serine protease and RNA-stimulated nucleoside triphosphatase and RNA helicase functional domains of dengue virus type 2 NS3 converge within a region of 20 amino acids. J Virol 73:3108–3116 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Lin C, Amberg SM, Chambers TJ, Rice CM (1993) Cleavage at a novel site in the NS4A region by the yellow fever virus NS2B-3 proteinase is a prerequisite for processing at the downstream 4A/4B signalase site. J Virol 67:2327–2335 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Lindenbach BD, Rice CM (1997) trans-Complementation of yellow fever virus NSI reveals a role in early RNA replication. J Virol 71:9608–9617 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Lindenbach BD, Rice CM (1999) Genetic interaction of flavivirus nonstructural proteins NS1 and NS4A as a determinant of replicase function. J Virol 73:4611–4621 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Mackenzie JS, Lindsay MD, Coelen RJ, Broom AK, Hall RA, Smith DW (1994) Arboviruses causing human disease in the Australasian zoogeographic region. Arch Virol 136:447–467 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Mackenzie JM, Jones MK, Young PR (1996) Immunolocalization of the dengue virus nonstructural glycoprotein NS1 suggests a role in viral RNA replication. Virology 220:232–240 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Mackenzie JM, Khromykh AA, Jones MK, Westaway EG (1998) Subcellular localization and some biochemical properties of the flavivirus Kunjin nonstructural proteins NS2A and NS4A. Virology 245:203–215 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Mackenzie JM, Jones MK, Westaway EG (1999) Markers for trans-Golgi membranes and the intermediate compartment localize to induced membranes with distinct replication functions in flavivirusinfected cells. J Virol 73:9555–9567 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Mackenzie JM, Khromykh AA, Westaway EG (2001) Stable expression of noncytopathic Kunjin replicons simulates both ultrastructural and biochemical characteristics observed during replication of Kunjin virus. Virology 279:161–172 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Murphy FA (1980) Morphology and morphogenesis. In: Monath TP (ed). St. Louis Encephalitis. American Public Health Association Inc., Washington DC, pp 65–103 Google Scholar
Murthy HMK, Clum S, Padmanabhan R (1999) Dengue virus NS3 serine protease: crystal structure and insights into interaction of the active site with substrates by molecular modelling and structural analysis of mutational effects. J Biol Chem 274:5573–5580 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Muylaert IR, Galler R, Rice CM (1997) Genetic analysis of the yellow fever virus NS1 protein: identi-fication of a temperature-sensitive mutation which blocks RNA accumulation. J Virol 71:291–298 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Ng ML, Hong SS (1989) Flavivirus infection: essential ultrastructural changes and association of Kunjin virus NS3 protein with microtubules. Arch Virol 106:103–120 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Ng ML, Pedersen JS, Toh BH, Westaway EG (1983) Immunofluorescent sites in Vero cells infected with the flavivirus Kunjin. Arch Virol 78:177–190 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Nowak T, Wengler G (1987) Analysis of disulfides present in the membrane proteins of the West Nile flavivirus. Virology 156:127–137 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Nowak T, Farber PM, Wengler G (1989) Analyses of the terminal sequences of West Nile virus structural proteins and of the in vitro translation of these proteins allow the proposal of a complete scheme of the proteolytic cleavages involved in their synthesis. Virology 169:365–376 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Pethel M, Falgout B, Lai CJ (1992) Mutational analysis of the octapeptide sequence motif at the NSI-NS2. A cleavage junction of dengue type 4 virus. J Virol 66:7225–7231 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Pryor MJ, Wright PJ (1994) Glycosylation mutants of dengue virus NS1 protein. J Gen Virol 75: 1183–1187 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Rey FA, Heinz FX, Mandl C, Kunz C, Harrison SC (1995) The envelope glycoprotein from tick-borne encephalitis virus at 2A resolution. Nature 375:291–298 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Rice CM (1996) Flaviviridae: the viruses and their replication. In: Fields BN, Knipe DN. Howley PM. Chanock RM, Melnick JL, Monath TP (eds) Virology, 3rd edn. Philadelphia, Lippincott-Raven, pp 931–959 Google Scholar
Rice CM, Lenches EM, Eddy SR, Shin SJ, Sheets RL, Strauss JH (1985) Nucleotide sequence of yellow fever virus: implications for flavivirus gene expression and evolution. Science 229:726–733 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Rice CM, Aebersold R, Teplow DB, Pata J, Bell JR, Vorndam AV, Trent DW, Brandriss MW, Schlesinger JJ, Strauss JH (1986) Partial N-terminal amino acid sequences of three nonstructural proteins of two fiaviviruses. Virology 151:1–9 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Schrader AP, Westaway EG (1988) Translation mapping with the flavivirus Kunjin: gene order and anomalies in translation of NS5. Virus Res 9:323–333 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Schrader AP, Westaway EG (1990) Successful competition in translation by the flavivirus Kunjin with poliovirus during co-infections in Vero cells. Arch Virol 114:75–89 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Shi PY, Brinton MA, Veal JM, Zhong YY, Wilson WD (1996) Evidence for the existence of a pseudoknot structure at the 3’ terminus of the flavivirus genomic RNA. Biochemistry 35:4222–4230 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Speight G, Westaway EG (1989a) Carboxy-terminal analysis of nine proteins specified by the flavivirus Kunjin: evidence that only the intracellular core protein is truncated. J Gen Virol 70:2209–2214 CAS Google Scholar
Speight G, Westaway EG (1989b) Positive identification of NS4 A, the last of the hypothetical nonstructural proteins of fiaviviruses. Virology 170:299–301 CAS Google Scholar
Speight G, Coia G, Parker MD, Westaway EG (1988) Gene mapping and positive identification of the non-structural proteins NS2A, NS2B, NS3, NS4B and NS5 of the flavivirus Kunjin and their cleavage sites. J Gen Virol 69:23–34 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Steffens S, Thiel HJ, Behrens SE (1999) The RNA-dependent RNA polymerises of different members of the family Flaviviridae exhibit similar properties in vitro. J Gen Virol 80:2583–2590 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Tan BH, Fu J, Sugrue RJ, Yap EH, Chan YC, Tan YH (1996) Recombinant dengue type 1 virus NS5 protein expressed in Escherichia coli exhibits RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity. Virology 216:317–325 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
van der Most RG, Corver J, Strauss JH (1999) Mutagenesis of the RGD motif in the yellow fever virus 17D envelope protein. Virology 265:83–95 PubMed Google Scholar
Varnayski AN, Khromykh AA (1999) Noncytopathic flavivirus replicon RNA-based system for expression and delivery of heterologous genes. Virology 255:366–375 Google Scholar
Varnayski AN, Young PR, Khromykh AA (2000) Stable high-level expression of heterologous genes in vitro and in vivo by noncytopathic DNA-based Kunjin virus replicon vectors. J Virol 74:4394–4403 Google Scholar
von Heijne G (1990) The signal peptide. J Membrane Biol. 115:195–201 Google Scholar
Wengler G, Castle E (1986) Analysis of structural properties which possibly are characteristic for the 3’-terminal sequence of the genome RNA of fiaviviruses. J Gen Virol 67:1183–1188 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Wengler G, Wengler G (1991) The carboxy-terminal part of the NS3 protein of the West Nile flavivirus can be isolated as a soluble protein after proteolytic cleavage and represents an RNA-stimulated NTPase. Virology 184:707–715 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Wengler G, Wengler G (1993) The NS3 nonstructural protein of fiaviviruses contains an RNA triphosphatase activity. Virology 197:265–273 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Wengler G, Wengler G, Gross HJ (1978) Studies on virus-specific nucleic acids synthesized in vertebrate and mosquito cells infected with fiaviviruses. Virology 89:423–437 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Wengler G, Beato M, Wengler G (1979) In vitro translation of 42S virus-specific RNA from cells infected with the flavivirus West Nile virus. Virology 96:516–529. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Wengler G, Castle E, Leidner U, Nowak T (1985) Sequence analysis of the membrane protein V3 of the flavivirus West Nile virus and of its gene. Virology 147:264–274 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Wengler G, Nowak T, Castle E (1990) Description of a procedure which allows isolation of viral nonstructural proteins from BHK vertebrate cells infected with the West Nile flavivirus in a state which allows their direct chemical characterization. Virology 177:795–801 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Wengler G, Czaya G, Farber PM, Hegemann JH (1991) In vitro synthesis of West Nile virus proteins indicates that the amino-terminal segment of the NS3 protein contains the active centre of the protease which cleaves the viral polyprotein after multiple basic amino acids. J Gen Virol 72:851–858 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Westaway EG (1965) The neutralization of arboviruses. II. Neutralization in heterologous virus-serum mixtures with four group B arboviruses. Virology 26:528–537 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Westaway EG (1968) Greater specificity of 19S than 7S antibodies on haemagglutination-inhibition tests with closely related group B arboviruses. Nature 219:78–79 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Westaway EG (1973) Proteins specified by group B togaviruses in mammalian cells during productive infections. Virology 51:454–465 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Westaway EG (1977) Strategy of the flavivirus genome: evidence for multiple internal initiation of translation of proteins specified by Kunjin virus in mammalian cells. Virology 80:320–335 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Westaway EG (1980). Replication of flaviviruses. In: Schlesinger RW (ed). Togaviruses. Academic Press, New York, pp 531–581 Google Scholar
Westaway EG (1987) Flavivirus replication strategy. Adv Virus Res 33:45–90 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Westaway EG, Reedman BM (1969) Proteins of the group B arbovirus Kunjin. J Virol 4:688–693 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Westaway EG, Goodman MR (1987) Variation in distribution of the three flavivirus-specified glyco-proteins detected by immunofluorescence in infected Vero cells. Arch Virol 94:215–228 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Westaway EG, Blok J (1997). Taxonomy and evoluntionary relationships of flaviviruses. In: Gubler DJ, Kono G (eds). Dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp 145–171 Google Scholar
Westaway EG, Shew M, Della-Porta AJ (1975) Reactions of purified hemagglutinating antigens of flaviviruses with 19S and 7S antibodies. Infect Immun 11:630–634 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Westaway EG, Khromykh AA, Kenney MT, Mackenzie JM, Jones MK (1997a) Proteins C and NS4B of the flavivirus Kunjin translocate independently into the nucleus. Virology 234:31–41 CAS Google Scholar
Westaway EG, Mackenzie JM, Kenney MT, Jones MK, Khromykh AA (1997b) Ultrastructure of Kunjin virus-infected cells: colocalization of NS1 and NS3 with double-stranded RNA, and of NS2B with NS3, in virus-induced membrane structures. J Virol 71:6650–6661 CAS Google Scholar
Westaway EG, Khromykh AA, Mackenzie JM (1999) Nascent flavivirus RNA colocalized in situ with double-stranded RNA in stable replication complexes. Virology 258:108–117 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Wright PJ (1982) Envelope protein of the flavivirus Kunjin is apparently not glycosylated. J Gen Virol 59:29–38 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Wright PJ, Westaway EG (1977) Comparisons of the peptide maps of Kunjin virus proteins smaller than the envelope protein. J Virol 24:662–672 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Wright PJ, Bowden DS, Westaway EG (1977) Unique peptide maps of the three largest proteins specified by the flavivirus Kunjin. J Virol 24:651–6661 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Wright PJ, Warr HM, Westaway EG (1980) Preliminary characterization of glycopeptides derived from glycoproteins specified by the flavivirus Kunjin. Virology 104:482–486 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Yamshchikov VF, Compans RW (1994) Processing of the intracellular form of the west Nile virus capsid protein by the viral NS2B-NS3 protease: an in vitro study. J Virol 68:5765–5771 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
You S, Padmanabhan R (1999) A novel in vitro replication system for dengue virus. Initiation of RNA synthesis at the 3’-end of exogenous viral RNA templates requires 5’- and 3’-terminal complementary sequence motifs of the viral RNA. J Biol Chem 274:33714–33722 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Zhang L, Mohan PM, Padmanabhan R (1992) Processing and localization of dengue virus type 2 polyprotein precursor NS3–NS4A-NS4B-NS5. J Virol 66:7549–7554 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Zuker M, Mathews DH, Turner DH (1999) Algorithms and thermodynamics of RNA secondary structure prediction: A practical guide. In: Barciszewski J, Clark BFC (eds). RNA biochemistry and biotechnology. Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp 11–43 Google Scholar