Pathogenesis and Clinical Features of Japanese Encephalitis and West Nile Virus Infections (original) (raw)

• Anonymous (1993) Acute onset flaccid paralysis. World Health Organization, Geneva
  Google Scholar
• Anonymous (1999) Outbreak of West Nile-like viral encephalitis—New York, 1999. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep MMWR 48 (38): 845–849
  Google Scholar
• Abdel Wahab KS (1970) Arboviruses and central nervous system disorders in Egypt. Acta Virol 14 (6): 501–506
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Asnis DS, Conetta R, Teixeira AA, Waldman G, Sampson BA (2000) The West Nile Virus outbreak of 1999 in New York: the Flushing Hospital experience [published erratum appears in Clin Infect Dis 2000 30(5):841]. Clin Infect Dis 30 (3): 413–418
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Benenson MW, Top FH Jr, Gresso W, Ames CW, Altstatt LB (1975) The virulence to man of Japanese encephalitis virus in Thailand. Am J Trop Med Hyg 24 (6): 974–980
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Bernkopf H, Levine S, Nerson R (1953) Isolation of West Nile virus in Israel. J Infect Dis 93: 207
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Bond JO (1969) St Louis encephalitis and dengue fever in the Caribbean area: evidence of possible cross protection. Bull WHO 40: 160–163
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Burke DS, Lorsomrudee W, Leake CJ, Hoke CH Jr, Nisalak A, Chongswasdi V, Laorakpongse T (1985a) Fatal outcome in Japanese encephalitis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 34: 1203–1210
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Burke DS, Morill JC (1987) Levels of interferon in the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with acute Japanese encephalitis. J Infect Dis 155 (4): 797–799
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Burke DS, Nisalak A, Ussery MA, Laorakpongse T, Chantavibul S (1985b) Kinetics of IgM and IgG responses to Japanese encephalitis virus in human serum and cerebrospinal fluid. J Infect Dis 151 (6): 1093–1099
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Ceausu E, Erscoiu S, Calistru P, Ispas D, Dorobat O, Homos M, Barbulescu C, Cojocaru I, Simion CV, Cristea C, Oprea C, Dumitrescu C, Duiculescu D, Marcu I, Mociornita C, Stoicev T, Zolotusca I, Calomfirescu C, Rusu R, Hodrea R, Geamai S, Paun L (1997) Clinical manifestations in the West Nile virus outbreak. Rom J Virol 48 (1–4): 3–11
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Cernesu C, Ruta SM, Tardei G, Grancea C, Moldoveanu L, Spulbar E, and Tsai T (1997) A high number of severe neurologic clinical forms during an epidemic of West Nile virus infection. Rom J Virol 48: 13–25
  Google Scholar
• Chan YC, and Loh TF (1966) Isolation of Japanese encephalitis virus from the blood of a child in Singapore. Am J Trop Med Hyg 15 (4): 567–572
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Chen WR, Tesh RB, Rico-Hesse R (1990) Genetic variation of Japanese encephalitis virus in nature. J Gen Virol 71: 2915–2922
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Cuzzubbo AJ, Endy TP, Vaughn DW, Solomon T, Nisalak A, Kalayanarooj S, Dung NM, Warrilow D, Aaskov J, Devine PL (1999) Evaluation of a new commercially available immunoslobulin M capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for diagnosis of Japanese encephalitis infections. J Clin Microbiol 37 (11): 3738–3741
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Dapeng L, Jindou S, Huijun Y, Renguo Y, Ze W (1995) Prognostic factors of early sequelae and fatal outcome of Japanese encephalitis. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 26 (4): 694–698
  Google Scholar
• Desai A, Shankar SK, Jayakumar PN, Chandramuki A, Gouriedevi M, Ravikumar BV, Ravi V (1997) Co-existence of cerebral cysticercosis with Japanese encephalitis: a prognostic modulator. Epidemiol Infect 118 (2): 165–171
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Desai A, Shankar SK, Ravi V, Chandramuki A, Gouriedevi M (1995) Japanese encephalitis virus antigen in the human brain and its topographic distribution. Acta Neuropathol 89: 368–373
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Dickerson RB, Newton JR, Hansen JE (1952) Diagnosis and immediate prognosis of Japanese B encephalitis. Am J Med 12: 277–288.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Dropulie B, Masters CL (1990) Entry of neurotropic arboviruses into the central nervous system: an in vitro study using mouse brain endothelium. J Infect Dis 161: 685–691
  Google Scholar
• Edelman R, Schneider RJ, Chieowanich P, Pornpibul R, Voodhikul P (1975) The effect of dengue virus infection on the clinical sequelae of Japanese encephalitis: A one year follow-up study in Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 6 (3): 308–315
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Flatau E, Kohn D, Daher O, and Varsano N (1981) West Nile fever encephalitis. Isr J Med Sci 17 (11): 1057–1059
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Gadkari DA, and Shaikh BH (1984) IgM antibody capture ELISA in the diagnosis of Japanese encephalitis, West Nile and dengue virus infections. Indian J Med Res 80: 613–619
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Gainsborough M, Kanh VC, Solomon T, Dung NM, Kneen R, Wills B, Thuy TTN, Smith SR, Willison HJ, Farrar JJ (2000) Guillain—Barré syndrome and Japanese encephalitis presenting as acute flaccid paralysis in southern Vietnam. Arch Dis Child 82 Suppl 1: A58
  Google Scholar
• George S, Gourie-Devi M, Rao JA, Prasad SR, Pavri KM (1984) Isolation of West Nile virus from the brains of children who had died of encephalitis. Bull WHO 62 (6): 879–882
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Goldblum N, Sterk VV, Paderski B (1954) West Nile fever: the clinical features of the disease and the isolation of West Nile virus from the blood of nine human cases. Am J Hyg 59: 89–103
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Gourie-Devi M, Deshpande DH (1982) Japanese encephalitis. In: Prasad LS. Kulczycki LL (eds) Paediatric Problems. S Chand & Co. Ltd, New Delhi, pp 340–356
  Google Scholar
• Grossman RA, Edelman R, Chieowanich P, Voodhikul P, Siriwan C (1973) Study of Japanese encephalitis virus in Chiangmai valley, Thailand. II. Human clinical infections. Am J Epidemiol 98 (2): 121–132
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Halstead SB, Grosz CR (1962) Subclinical Japanese encephalitis I. Infection of Americans with limited residence in Korea. Am J Hyg 75: 190–201
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Han LL, Popovici F, Alexander Jr J, Laurentia V, Tengelsen LA, Cernescu C, Gary Jr HE, Ion-Nedelcu N, Campbell GL, Tsai TF (1996) Risk factors for West Nile virus infection and meningoencephalitis. Romania, 1996. J Infect Dis 179: 230–233
  Google Scholar
• Harinasatu C, Nimmanitya S, Titsyakorn U (1985) The effect of interferon alpha on two cases of Japanese encephalitis in Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 16: 332–336
  Google Scholar
• Harinasuta C, Wasi C, Vithanomsat S (1984) The effect of interferon on Japanese encephalitis virus in vitro. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 15 (4): 564–568
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Harrington DG, Hilmas DE, Elwell MR, Whitmire RE, Stephen EL (1977) Intranasal infection of monkeys with Japanese encephalitis virus: Clinical response and treatment with a nuclease-resistant derivative of poly(I)-poly(C). Am J Trop Med Hyg 26 (6): 1191–1198
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Hasegawa H, Yoshida M, Shiosaka T, Fujita S, Kobayashi Y (1992) Mutations in the envelope protein of Japanese encephalitis virus affect entry into cultured cells and virulence in mice. Virology 191: 158–165
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Hayes CG (1988) West Nile fever. In: Monath TP (ed) The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology, Vol. V. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, pp 59–88
  Google Scholar
• Haymaker W, Sabin AB (1947) Topographic distribution of lesions in central nervous system in Japanese B encephalitis. Nature of the lesions with report of a case on Okinawa. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 57: 673–692
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Ho TW, Mishu B, Li CY, Gao CY, Cornblath DR, Griffin JW, Asbury AK, Blaser MJ, McKhann GM (1995) Guillain-Barré syndrome in northern China. Relationship to Campylobacter jejuni infection and anti-glycolipid antibodies. Brain 118: 597–605
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Hoke CH Jr, Vaughn DW, Johnson RT, Nisalak A, Intralawan P, Poolsuppasit S, Chongswasdi V, Burke DS, Titsyakorn U (1991) The 31st International Conference on Antmicrobial Agents and Chemotheraty (American Society for Microbiology), Chicago
  Google Scholar
• Hoke CH Jr, Vaughn DW, Nisalak A, Intralawan P, Poolsuppasit S, Jongsawas V, Titsyakorn U, Johnson RT (1992) Effect of high-dose dexamethasone on the outcome of acute encephalitis due to Japanese encephalitis virus. J Infect Dis 165: 631–637
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Huang CH (1982) Studies of Japanese encephalitis in China. Adv Virus Res 27: 71–101
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Huang CH, Wong C (1963) Relation of the peripheral multiplication of Japanese B encephalitis virus to the pathogenesis of the infection in mice. Acta Virol 7: 322–330
  Google Scholar
• Huang CR, Chang WN, Lui CC, Wu HS, Liou CW (1997) Neuroimages of Japanese encephalitis: report of three patients. Chung-Hua I Hsueh Tsa Chih Taipei (Chinese Medical Journal) 60 (2): 105–108
  CAS Google Scholar
• Huggins JW, Robins RK, Canonico P (1984) Synergistic antiviral effects of ribavirin and the C-nucleoside analogs tiazofurin and selenazofurin against togaviruses, bunyaviruses, and arenaviruses. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 26: 476–480
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Huong VTQ, Ha DQ, Deubel V (1993) Genetic Study of Japanese Encephalitis Viruses from Vietnam. Am J Trop Med Hyg 49 (5): 538–544
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Huy BV, Tu HC, Luan TV, Lindqvist R (1994) Early mental and neurological sequelae after Japanese B encephalitis. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 25: 549–553
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Igarashi A, Buei K, Ueba N, Yoshida M, Ito S, Nakamura H, Sasao F, Fukai K (1981) Isolation of viruses from female Culex tritaeniorhynchus in.Aedes albopicius cell cultures. Am J Trop Med Hyg 30 (2): 449–460
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Igarashi A, Tanaka M, Morita K, Takasu T, Ahmed A, Akram DS, Waqar MA (1994) Detection of West Nile and Japanese encephalitis viral genome sequences in cerebrospinal fluid from acute encephalitis cases in Karachi, Pakistan. Microbiol Immunol 38 (10): 827–830
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Innis BL, Nisalak A, Nimmannitya S, Kusalerdchariya S, Chongswasdi V, Suntayakorn S, Puttisri P, Hoke CH Jr (1989) An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to characterize dengue infections where dengue and Japanese encephalitis co-circulate. Am J Trop Med Hyg 40 (4): 418–427
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Jia LL, Zheng A, Yu YX (1992) Study on the immune mechanism of JE attenuated live vaccine (SA14–14–2 strain) in immune inhibited mice. Chinese J Immunol Microbiol 12: 364–364
  Google Scholar
• Johnson RT, Burke DS, Elwell M, Leake CJ, Nisalak A, Hoke CH Jr, Lorsomrudee W (1985) Japanese encephalitis: immunocytochemical studies of viral antigen and inflammatory cells in fatal cases. Ann Neurol 18: 567–573
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Johnston LJ, Halliday GM, King NJ (2000) Langerhans cells migrate to local lymph nodes following cutaneous infection with an arbovirus. J Invest Dennatol 114 (3): 560–568
  CAS Google Scholar
• Jordan I, Briese T, Fischer N, Lau JY, Lipkin WI (2000) Ribavirin inhibits West Nile virus replication and cytopathic effect in neural cells. J Infect Dis 182: 1214–1217
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Kedarnath N, Prasad SR, Dandawate CN, Koshy AA, George S, Ghosh SN (1984) Isolation of Japanese encephalitis & West Nile viruses from peripheral blood of encephalitis patients. Indian J Med Res 79: 1–7
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Kelkar SD (1982) Protection against Japanese encephalitis virus in infant mice by Concanavalin A. Indian J Med Res 76: 47–52
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Kimura K, Dosaka A, Hashimoto Y, Yasunaga T, Uchino M, Ando M (1997) Single-photon emission CT findings in acute Japanese encephalitis. Am J Neuroradiol 18 (3): 465–469
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Kimura Kuroda J, Yasui K (1988) Protection of mice against Japanese encephalitis virus by passive administration with monoclonal antibodies. J Immunol 141: 3606–3610
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Kitaoka M (1972) Shift of age distribution of cases of Japanese encephalitis in Japan during the period 1950 to 1967. In: Hammon W, Kitaoka M, Downs WG (eds) Immunization for Japanese Encephalitis, Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam, pp 285–291
  Google Scholar
• Kono R, Kim KH (1969) Comparative epidemiological features of Japanese Encephalitis in the Republic of Korea, China (Taiwan) and Japan. Bull WHO 40: 263–277
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Kumar R, Agarwal SP, Wakhlu I, Mishra KL (1991) Japanese encephalitis-an encephalomyelitis. Indian Pediatr 28: 1525–1528
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Kumar R, Mathur A, Kumar A, Sharma S, Chakraborty S, Chaturvedi UC (1990) Clinical features and prognostic indicators of Japanese encephalitis in children in Lucknow (India). Indian J Med Res 91: 321–327
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Kumar R, Mathur A, Singh KB, Sitholey P, Prasad M, Shukla R, Agarwal SP, Arockiasamy J (1993) Clinical sequelae of Japanese encephalitis in children. Indian J Med Res 97: 9–13
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Kumar S, Misra UK, Kalita J, Salwani V, Gupta RK, Gujral R (1997) MRI in Japanese encephalitis. Neuroradiology 39 (3): 180–184
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Leake CJ, Burke DS, Nisalak A, Hoke CH Jr (1986) Isolation of Japanese encephalitis virus from clinical specimens using a continuous mosquito cell line. Am J Trop Med Hyg 35 (5): 1045–1050
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Li ZS, Hong SF, Gong NL (1988) Immunohistochemical study on Japanese B encephalitis. Chin Med J 101: 768–771
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Libraty DH, Nisalak A, Endy TP, Suntayakorn S, Vaughn DW, Innis BL (2000) Annual Meeting of the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Houston, Texas
  Google Scholar
• Lincoln AF, Siverson SE (1952) Acute phase of Japanese B encephalitis. Two hundred and one cases in American Soldiers, Korea. 1950. JAMA 150 (4): 268–272
  CAS Google Scholar
• Liou ML, Hsu CY (1998) Japanese encephalitis virus is transported across the cerebral blood vessels by endocytosis in mouse brain. Cell Tissue Res 293(3): 389 394
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Liu YF, Teng CL, Liu K (1957) Cerebral cysticercosis as a factor aggravating Japanese B encephalitis. Chin Med J 75: 1010
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Luby JP (1995) St Louis encephalitis, Rocio encephalitis and West Nile fever. In: Porterfield JS (ed) Exotic viral infections. Chapman and Hall, London, pp 183–202
  Google Scholar
• Mathur A, Khanna N, Chaturvedi UC (1992) Breakdown of blood-brain barrier by virus-induced cytokine during Japanese encephalitis virus infection. Int J Exp Pathol 73: 603–6611
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• McIntosh BM, Jupp PG, Dos Santos I, Meenehan GM (1976) Epidemics of West Nile and Sindbis viruses in South Africa with Culex (culex) univittatus Theobold as vector. South African J Sci 72: 295–300
  Google Scholar
• McKhann GM, Cornblath DR, Griffin JW, Ho TW, Li CY, Jiang Z, Wu HS. Zhaori MD, Liu Y, Jou LP, Liu TC, Gao CY, Mao YJ, Blaser MJ, Mishu B, Asbury AK (1993) Acute motor axonal neuropathy: a frequent cause of acute flaccid paralysis in China. Ann Neurol 33: 333–342
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• McMinn PC (1997) The molecular basis of virulence of the encephalitogenic flaviviruses. J Gen Virol 78: 2711–2722
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Misra UK, Kalita J (1997a) Anterior horn cells are also involved in Japanese encephalitis. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 96: 114–117
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Misra UK, Kalita J (1997b) Movement disorders in Japanese encephalitis. J Neurol 244 (5): 299–303
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Misra UK, Kalita J (1998) A comparative study of Japanese and herpes simplex encephalitides. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol 38 (1): 41–46
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Misra UK, Kalita J, Jain SK, Mathur A (1994) Radiological and neurophysiological changes in Japanese encephalitis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 57: 1484–1487
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Miyake M (1964) The pathology of Japanese encephalitis: A review. Bull WHO 30: 153–160
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Monath TP, Cropp CB, Harrison AK (1983) Mode of entry of a neurotropic arbovirus into the central nervous system. Reinvestigation of an old controversy. Lab Invest 48 (4): 399–410
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Mukherhi AK, Bisws SK (1976) Histopathological studies of brains (and other viscera) from cases of JE virus encephalitis during 1973 epidemic at Bankura. Indian J Med Res 64: 1143–1149
  Google Scholar
• Myint KS, Raengsakulrach B, Young GD, Gettayacamin M, Ferguson LM, Innis BL, Hoke CH Jr, Vaughn DW (1999) Production of lethal infection that resembles fatal human disease by intranasal inoculation of macaques with Japanese encephalitis virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60 (3): 338–342
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Nathanson N, Cole GA (1970) Fatal Japanese encephalitis virus infection in immunosuppressed spider monkeys. Clin Exp Immunol 6: 161–166
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Newman W, Southam CM (1954) Virus treatment in advanced cancer. A pathological study of fifty-seven cases. Cancer 7: 106–118
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Ni H, Barrett ADT (1996) Molecular differences between wild-type Japanese encephalitis virus strains of high and low mouse neuroinvasiveness. J Gen Virol 77: 1449–1455
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Nir Y, Beemer A, Goldwasser RA (1965) West Nile Virus infection in mice following exposure to a viral aerosol. Br J Exp Pathol 46 (4): 443–449
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Nur YA, Groen J, Heuvelmans H, Tuynman W, Copra C, Osterhaus AD (1999) An outbreak of West Nile fever among migrants in Kisangani, Democratic Republic of Congo. Am J Trop Med Hyg 61 (6): 885–888
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Okhuysen PC, Crane JK, Pappas J (1993) St. Louis encephalitis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Clin Infect Dis 17: 140–141
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Paul WS, Moore PS, Karabatsos N, Flood SP, Yamada S, Jackson T, Tsai TF (1993) Outbreak of Japanese Encephalitis on the Island of Saipan, 1990. J Infect Dis 167: 1053–1058
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Poneprasert B (1989) Japanese encephalitis in children in northern Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 20 (4): 599–603
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Pradhan S, Gupta RK, Singh MB, Mathur A (2000) Biphasic illness pattern due to early relapse in Japanese-B virus encephalitis. J Neurol Sci 183: 13–18
  Google Scholar
• Pruzanski W, Altman R (1962) Encephalitis due to West Nile fever virus. World Neurology 3: 524–527
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Raengsakulrach B, Nisalak A, Gettayacamin M, Thirawuth V, Young GD, Myint KS, Ferguson LM, Hoke CH Jr, Innis BL, Vaughn DW (1999) An intranasal challenge model for testing Japanese encephalitis vaccines in rhesus monkeys. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60 (3): 329–337
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Rapoport SI (1976) Blood-brain barrier in physiology and medicine. Raven Press, New York
  Google Scholar
• Ravi V, Desai AS, Shenoy PK, Satishchandra P, Chandramuki A, Gouriedevi M (1993) Persistence of Japanese encephalitis virus in the human nervous system. J Med Virol 40: 326–329
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Ravi V, Parida S, Desai A, Chandramuki A, Gouriedevi M. Grau GE (1997) Correlation of tumor necrosis factor levels in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid with clinical outcome in Japanese encephalitis patients. J Med Virol 51 (2): 132–136
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Ravi V, Taly AB, Sankar SK, Shenoy PK, Desai A, Nagaraja D, Gouriedevi M, Chandramuki A (1994) Association of Japanese encephalitis virus infection with Guillain-Barre syndrome in endemic areas of South India. Acta Neurol Scand 90: 67–72
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Richter RW, Shimojyo S (1961) Neurologic sequelae of Japanese B encephalitis. Neurology 11: 553–559
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Sabin AB (1947) Epidemic encephalitis in military personnel. Isolation of Japanese B virus on Okinawa in 1945, serologic diagnosis, clinical manifestations, epidemiologic aspects and use of mouse brain vaccine. JAMA l33 (5): 28l - 293
  Google Scholar
• Sampson BA, Ambrosi C, Charlot A, Reiber K, Veress JF, Annbrustmacher V (2000) The pathology of human West Nile virus infection. Hum Pathol 31: 527–531
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Saxena SK, Singh A, Mathur A (2000) Antiviral effect of nitric oxide during Japanese encephalitis virus infection. Int J Exp Pathol 81 (2): 165–172
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Schneider RJ, Firestone MH, Edelman R, Chieowanich P, Pornpibul R (1974) Clinical sequelae after Japanese encephalitis: A one year follow-up study in Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 5 (4): 560–568
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Shankar SK, Rao TV, Mruthyunjayanna BP, Gouriedevi M, Deshpande DH (1983) Autopsy study of brains during an epidemic of Japanese encephalitis in Karnataka. Indian J Med Res 78: 431–440
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Sharma S, Mathur A, Prakash V, Kulshreshtha R, Kumar R, Chaturvedi UC (1991) Japanese encephalitis virus latency in peripheral blood lymphocytes and recurrence of infection in children. Clin Exp Immunol 85: 85–89
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Shen J, SS TT, Schrieber L, King NJ (1997) Early E-selectin, VCAM-1, ICAM-1, and late major histocompatibility complex antigen induction on human endothelial cells by flavivirus and comodulation of adhesion molecule expression by immune cytokines. J Virol 71 (12): 9323–9332
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Shieh WJ, Guarner J, Layton M, Fine A, Miller J, Nash D, Campbell GL, Roehrig JT, Gubler DJ, Zaki SR (2000) The role of pathology in an investigation of an outbreak of West Nile encephalitis in New York, 1999. Emerg Infect Dis 6 (4): 370–372
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Shiraki H (1970) Encephalitides due to arboviruses: Japanese encephalitis. In: Debre R, Celers J (eds) Clinical Virology: The Evaluation and Management of Human Viral Infections. W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, pp 155–175
  Google Scholar
• Shoji H, Murakami T, Murai I, Kida H, Sato Y, Kojima K, Abe T, Okudera T (1990) A follow-up study by CT and MRI in 3 cases of Japanese encephalitis. Neuroradiology 32: 215–219
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Shorvon S (1994) Status Epilepticus: its Clinical Features and Treatment in Children and Adults. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
  Google Scholar
• Simpson TW, Meiklejohn G (1947) Sequelae of Japanese B encephalitis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 27: 727–730
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Singh A, Kulshreshtha R, Mathur A (2000) Secretion of the chemokine interleukin-8 during Japanese encephalitis virus infection. J Med Microbiol 49 (7): 607–612
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Solomon T (1997) Viral Encephalitis in Southeast Asia. Neurological Infections and Epidemiology 2: 191–199
  Google Scholar
• Solomon T (2000) Japanese encephalitis. In: Gilman S, Goldstein GW, Waxman SG (eds) Neurobase, Vol. 4. Arbor Publishing, San Diego
  Google Scholar
• Solomon T (2002) Viral haemorrhagic fevers. In: Cook G, Zumlar A (eds) Manson’s tropical diseases, Saunders, London
  Google Scholar
• Solomon T, Cardosa MJ (2000) Emerging arboviral encephalitis. BMJ 321: 1484–1485
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Solomon T, Dung NM, Kneen R, Gainsborough M, Vaughn DW, Khanh VT (2000a) Japanese encephalitis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 68: 405–415
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Solomon T, Dung NM, Vaugh DW, Kneen R, Thao LTT, Raengsakulrach B, Day NPJ, Farrar J, Myint KSA, Nisalak A, White NJ (2000b) Neurological manifestations of dengue infection. Lancet 355: 1053–1059
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Solomon T, Dung NM, Vaugh DW, Kneen R, Thao LTT, Raengsakulrach B, Day NPJ, Farrar J, Myint KSA, Nisalak A, White NJ (2000b) Neurological manifestations of dengue infection. Lancet 355: 1053–1059
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Solomon T, Kneen R, Dung NM, Khanh VC, Thuy TT, Ha DQ, Day NP, Nisalak A, Vaughn DW, White NJ (1998a) Poliomyelitis-like illness due to Japanese encephalitis virus. Lancet 351 (9109): 1094–1097
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Solomon T, Thao LTT, Dung NM, Hung NT, Kneen R. Thuy TTN, Ha DQ, Vaughn DW, Day NPJ, White NJ (1996) 7th International Congress for Infectious Diseases, Hong Kong
  Google Scholar
• Solomon T, Thao LTT, Dung NM, Kneen R, Hung NT, Nisalak A, Vaughn DW, Farrar J, Hien TT, White NJ, Cardosa MJ (1998b) Rapid diagnosis of Japanese encephalitis by using an immunoglobulin M dot enzyme immunoassay. J Clin Microbiol 36 (7): 2030–2034
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Southam CM, Moore AE (1954) Induced virus infection in man by Egypt isolates of West Nile Virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 3: 19–50
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Southam CM, Moore AE (1952) Clinical studies of viruses as antineoplastic agents with particular reference to Egypt 101 virus. Cancer 5: 1025–1034
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Spigland I, Jasinska-Klingberg W, Hofsbi E, Goldblum N (1958) Clinical and laboratory observations in an outbreak of West Nile fever in Israel. Harefua (Jerusalem) 54: 275–281
  CAS Google Scholar
• Sreenivasan V, Ng KL, Ng ML (1993) Brefeldin-A affects West Nile virus replication in vero cells but not C6/36 cells. J Virol Methods 45: 1–17
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Sunnara Y, Touch S (1995) Japanese encephalitis in the kingdom of Cambodia. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 26 (Suppl. 3): 22–23
  Google Scholar
• Takegami T, Simamura E, Hirai K, Koyama J (1998) Inhibitory effect of furanonaphthoquinone derivatives on the replication of Japanese encephalitis virus. Antiviral Res 37 (1): 37–45
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Tardei G, Ruta S, Chitu V, Rossi C, Tsai TF, Cernescu C (2000) Evaluation of immunoglobulin M ( IgM) and IgG enzyme immunoassays in serologic diagnosis of West Nile Virus infection. J Clin Microbiol 38: 2232–2239
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Taylor R, Work TH, Harlbut HS, Rizk F (1956) A study of the ecology of West Nile virus in Egypt. Am J Trop Med Hyg 5: 579–620
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Treiman DM (1995) Electroclinical features of status epilepticus. J Clin Neurophysiol 12: 343–362
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Tsai TF (2000) New initiatives for the control of Japanese encephalitis by vaccination: minutes of a WHO/CVI meeting, Bangkok, Thailand, 13–15 October 1998. Vaccine 18 Suppl 2: 1–25
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Tsai TF, Popovici F, Cernescu C, Campbell GL, Nedelcu NI (1998) West Nile encephalitis epidemic in southeastern Romania. Lancet 352:767–771
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Umrigar MD, Pavri KM (1977) Comparative biological studies on Indian strains of West Nile virus isolated from different sources. Indian J Med Res 65 (5): 596–602
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Vaughn DW, Hoke CH Jr (1992) The epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis: prospects for prevention. Epidemiol Rev 14: 197–221
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Wu SJ, Grouard-Vogel G, Sun W, Mascola JR, Brachtel E, Putvatana R, Louder MK, Filgueira L, Marovich MA, Wong HK, Blauvelt A, Murphy GS, Robb ML, Innis BL, Birx DL, Hayes CG, Frankel SS (2000) Human skin Langerhans cells are targets of dengue virus infection. Nature Med 6 (7): 816–820
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Yu WX, Wang JF, Zheng GM, Li HM (1985) Response of normal and athymic mice to infection by virulent and attenuated Japanese encephalitis virus. Chinese J Virol 1: 203–209
  Google Scholar
• Zhang MJ, Wang MJ, Jiang SZ, Ma WY (1989) Passive protection of mice, goats, and monkeys against Japanese encephalitis with monoclonal antibodies. J Med Virol 29: 133–138
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Zimmerman HM (1946) The pathology of Japanese B encephalitis. Am J Pathol 22: 965–991
  Google Scholar