Retroviral Mutagenesis of Cellular Oncogenes: A Review with Insights into the Mechanisms of Insertional Activation (original) (raw)

• Adhya S, Gottesman M (1982) Promoter occlusion: transcription through a promoter may inhibit activity. Cell 29: 939–944
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Adler HT, Reynolds PJ, Kelley CM, Sefton BM (1988) Transcriptional activation of Ick by retrovirus promoter insertion between two lymphoid-specific promoters. J Virol 62: 4113–4122
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Arrigo S, Yun M, Beemon K (1987) _cis-_Acting elements within the gag genes of avian retroviruses. Mol Cell Biol 7: 388–397
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Bacon LD, Smith E, Crittenden LB, Havenstein GB (1990) Association of the slow feathering (K) and an endogenous viral (ev21) gene on the Z chromosome of chickens. Poult Sci 67(2): 191–197
  Google Scholar
• Barklis E, Mulligan RC, Jaenisch R (1986) Chromosomal position or virus mutation permits retrovirus expression in embryonal carcinoma cells. Cell 47: 391–399
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Bartholomew C, Morishita K, Askew D, Buchberg A, Jenkins NA, Copeland NG, Ihle JN (1989) Retroviral insertions in the CB-1 /Fim-3 common site of integration active expression of the _Evi-_1 gene. Oncogene 4: 529–534
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Bear SE, Bellacosa A, Lazo PA etal. (1989) Provirus insertion in _Tpl-_1, an_Ets-_1 related oncogene, is associated with tumor progression in Moloney murine leukemia virus-induced rat thymic lymphomas. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86: 7495–7499
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Ben-David Y, Giddens EB, Bernstein A (1990) Identification and mapping of a common proviral integration site Fli-1 in erythroleukemia cells induced by Friend murine leukemia virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87:1332–1336
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Ben-David Y, Prideaux VR, Chow V, Benchimol S, Bernstein A (1988) Inactivation of the p53 oncogene by internal deletion or retroviral integration in erythroleukemic cell lines induced by Friend leukemia virus. Oncogene 3:179–185
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Berkhout B, Silverman RH, Jeang K-T (1989) Tat _trans-_activates the human immunodeficiency virus through a nascent RNA target. Cell 59:273–282
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Boiocchi M, Doketti R, Maestro R, Feriotto G, Rizzo S, DRe V, Soriego F (1990) A coordinated proto-oncogene expression characterizes MCF 247 murine leukemia virus-induced T-cell lymphomas irrespectively of proviral insertion affecting myc loci. Leuk Res 14: 549–558
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Bordereaux D, Fichelson S, Sola B, Tambourin PE, Gisselbrecht S (1987) Frequent involvement of the fim-3 region in Friend murine leukemia virus-induced mouse myeloblastic leukemias. J Virol 61:4043–4045
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Bowerman B, Brown PO, Bishop JM, Varmus HE (1989) A nucleoprotein complex mediates the integration of retroviral DNA. Genes Dev 3: 469–478
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Breuer ML, Cuypers HT, Berns A (1989) Evidence for the involvement of _pirn-_2, a new common insertion site, in progression of lymphomas. EMBO J 8: 743–747
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Brown PO, Bowerman B, Varmus HE, Bishop JM (1987) Correct integration of retroviral DNA in vitro. Cell 49: 347–356
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Buchberg AM, Bedigian HG, Taylor BA et al. (1988) Localization of_Evi-2_ to chromosome 11: linkage to other proto-oncogene and growth factor loci using interspecific backcross mice. Oncogene Res 2:149–165
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Buchberg AM, Bedigan HG, Jenkins NA, Copeland NG (1990) Evi-2, a common integration site involved in murine myeloid lekemogenesis. Mol Cell Biol 10: 4658–4666
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Burt, DW, Reith AD, Brammar WJ (1984) A retroviral provirus closely associated with the Ren-2 gene of DBA/2 mice. Nucleic Acids Res 12:8579–8593
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Chen SJ, Holbrook, NJ, Mitchell KF, Vallone CA, Greengard JS, Crabtree GR, Lin Y (1985) A viral long terminal repeat in the interleukin-2 gene of a cell line that constitutively produces interleukin-2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82: 7284–7288
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Chow V, Ben-David Y, Bernstein A, Benchimol S, Mowat M (1987) Multistage Friend erythroleukemia: independent origin of tumor clones with normal or rearranged p53 cellular oncogenes. J Virol 61:2777–2781
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Clurman BE, Hayward, WS (1988) Insertional activation of proto-oncogenes previously identified as viral oncogenes. In: Klein G. (ed) Cellular oncogene activation. Dekker, New York pp 55–94
  Google Scholar
• Clurman, BE, Hayward, WS (1989) Multiple proto-oncogene activations in avian leukosis virus-induced lymphomas: evidence for stage-specific events. Mol Cell Biol 9: 2657–2664
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Coffin JM (1990) Retroviridae and their replication. In: Fields BN et al. (eds) Virology. Raven, New York, pp 1437–1500
  Google Scholar
• Cohen JB, Unger T, Rechavi G, Camaani E, Givol D (1983) Rearrangement of the oncogene c_-mos_ in mouse myeloma NSI and hybridomas. Nature 306: 797–799
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Collart KL, Aurigemma R, Smith RE, Kawai S, Robinson HL (1990) Infrequent involvement of c_-fos_ in avian leukosis virus-induced nephroblastoma. J Virol 64: 3541–3544
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Copeland NG, Hutchison KW, Jenkins NA (1983) Excision of the DBA ecotropic provirus in dilute coat-color revertants of mice occurs by homologous recombination involving the viral LTRs. Cell 33: 379–387
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Corcoran LM, Adams JM, Dunn AR, Cory S (1984) Murine T lymphomas in which the cellular myc oncogene has been activated by retroviral insertion. Cell 37:113–122
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Cullen, BR, Lomedico PT, Ju G (1984) Transcriptional interference in avian retroviruses— implications for the promoter insertion model of leukaemogenesis. Nature 307: 241–245
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Cuypers HTM, Selter G, Quint W et al. (1984) Murine leukemia virus-induced T-cell lymphomagenesis: integration of proviruses in a distinct chromosomal region. Cell 37:141–150
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Cuypers HTM, Selten GC, Zijlstra M, de Goede RE, Melief CJ.Berns AJ (1986) Tumor progression in murine leukemia virus-induced T-cell lymphomas: monitoring clonal selections with viral and cellular probes J Virol 60: 230–241
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Dhar R, McClements WL, Enquist LW, Vande Woude GF (1980) Nucleotide sequences of integrated Moloney sarcoma provirus long terminal repeats and their host and viral junctions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 77: 3937–3941
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Dickson C, Smith R, Brookes S, Peters G (1988) Tumorigenesis by mouse mammary tumor virus: proviral activation of a cellular gene in the common integration region int-2. Cell 37: 529–536
  Google Scholar
• Dickson C, Smith R, Brookes S, Peters G (1990) Proviral insertions within the int-2 gene can generate multiple anomalous transcripts but leave the protein-coding domain intact. J Virol 64: 784–793
  Google Scholar
• Donehower LA, Varmus HE (1984) A mutant murine leukemia virus with a single missense codon in pol is defective in a function affecting integration. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81: 6461–6465
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Dreyfus F, Sola B, Fichelson S, Varlet P, Charon M, Tambourin P, Wendling F, Gisselbrecht S (1990) Rearrangements of the _Pim-1, c_-myc, and p53 genes in Friend helper virus-induced mouse erythroleukemias. Leukemia 4: 590–594
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Duhrsen U, Stahl J, Gough NM (1990) In vivo transformation of factor-dependent hemopoietic cells: role of intracisternal A-particle transposition for growth factor gene activation. EMBO J 9:1087–1096
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Economou-Pachnis A, Lohse MA, Furano AV, Tsichlis PN (1985) Insertion of long interspersed repeated elements at the Igh (immunoglobulin heavy chain) and _MM-_2 (Moloney leukemia virus integration 2) loci of rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82: 2857–2861
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Eisenmann DM, Dollard C, Winston F (1989) SPT15, the gene encoding the yeast TATA binding factor TFIID, is required for normal transcription initiation in vivo. Cell 58:1183–1191
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Emerman M, Temin HM (1984) Genes with promoters in retrovirus vectors can be independently suppressed by an epigenetic mechanism. Cell 39: 459–467
  CAS Google Scholar
• Emerman M, Temin HM (1986) Comparison of promoter suppression in avian and murine retrovirus vectors. Nucleic Acids Res 14: 9381–9396
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Fan H (1990) Influences of the long terminal repeats on retrovirus pathogenicity. Semin virol 1:165–174
  Google Scholar
• Finlay CA, Hinds PW, Levine AJ (1989) The p53 proto-oncogene can act as a suppressor of transformation. Cell 57:1083–1093
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Forrest D, Onions D, Lees G, Neil JC (1987) Altered structure and expression of c_-myc_ in feline T-cell tumours. Virology 158:194–205
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Frankel WN Potter TA, Rajan TV (1989a) Effect of proviral insertion on transcription of the murine B2m b gene. J Virol 63: 2623–2628
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Frankel WN, Stoye JP, Taylor BA, Coffin JM (1989b) Genetic analysis of endogenous xenotropic murine leukemia viruses: association with two common mouse mutations and the viral restriction locus _Fv-_1 J Virol 63:1763–1774
  CAS Google Scholar
• Fujiwara T, Craigie R (1989) Integration of mini-retroviral DNA:a cell-free reaction for biochemical analysis of retroviral integration. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86: 3065–3069
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Fujiwara T, Mizuuchi K (1988) Retroviral DNA integration: structure of an integration intermediate. Cell 54: 497–504
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Fung Y-KT, Fadly AM, Crittenden LB, Kung HJ (1981) On the mechanism of retrovirus-induced avian lymphoid leukosis: deletion and integration of the proviruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 78: 3418–3422
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Fung Y-KT, Crittenden LB, Kung HJ (1982) Orientation and position of avian leukosis virus DNA relative to the cellular oncogene c_-myc_ in B-lymphoma tumors of highly susceptible 1515X72 chickens. J Virol 44: 742–746
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Fung, Y-KT, Lewis WG, Crittenden LB, Kung HJ (1983) Activation of the cellular oncogene c-erbB by LTR insertion: molecular basis for induction of erythroblastosis by avian leukosis virus. Cell 33: 357–368
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Gallahan D, Callahan R (1987) Mammary tumorigenesis in feral mice: identification of a new int locus in mouse mammary tumor virus (Czech ll)-induced mammary tumors. J Virol 61: 66–74
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Garcia M, Wellinger R, Vessaz A, Digglemann H (1986) A new site of integration for mouse mammary tumor virus proviral DNA common to Balb/cf(C3H) mammary and kidney adenocarcinomas. EMBO J 5:127–134
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Gattoni-Celli S, Hsiao W-LW, Weinstein IB (1983) Rearranged c_-mos_ locus in a MOPC21 murine myeloma cell line and its persistence in hybridomas. Nature 306: 795–796
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Gisselbercht S, Fichelson S, Sola B et al. (1987) Frequent c-fms activation by proviral insertion in mouse myeloblasts leukaemias. Nature 329:259–261
  Google Scholar
• Gonda TJ, Cory S, Sobieszczuk P, Holtzman D, Adams JM (1987) Generation of altered transcripts by retroviral insertion in the c_-myb_ gene in two murine monocytic leukemias. J Virol 61: 2754–2763
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Goodenow MM, Hayward WS (1987) 5’ Long terminal repeats of myc- associated proviruses appear structurally intact but are functionally impaired in tumors induced by avian leukosis viruses. J Virol 61:2489–2498
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Grandgenett DP, Mumm SR (1990) Unraveling retrovirus integration. Cell 60: 3–4
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Gray DA, McGrath CM, Jones RF, Morris VL (1986) A common mouse mammary tumor virus integration site in chemically induced precancerous mammary hyperplasias. Virology 148: 360–368
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Hanecak R, Pattengale PK, Fan H (1988) Addition or substitution of simian virus 40 enhancer sequences into the Moloney murine leukemia virus (M-MuLV) long terminal repeat yields infectious M-MuLV with altered biological properties. J Virol 62: 2427–2436
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Hayward WS, Neel BG Astrin, SM (1981) Activation of a cellular one gene by promoter insertion in ALV-induced lymphoid leukosis. Nature 290: 475–480
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Herman SA, Coffin JM (1986) Differential transcription from the long terminal repeats of integrated avain leukosis virus DNA. J Virol 60: 497–505
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Hicks GG, Mowat M (1988) Integration of Friend murine leukemia virus into both alleles of the p53 oncogene in an erythroleukemic cell line. J Virol 62: 4752–4755
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Hirano A, Wong T (1988) Functional interaction between transcriptional elements in the long terminal repeat of reticuloendotheliosis virus: cooperative DNA binding of promoter-and enhancer-specific factors. Mol Cell Biol 8: 5232–5244
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Hirschman JE, Durbin KJ, Winston F (1988) Genetic evidence for promoter competition in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol 8: 4608–4615
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Horowitz M, Luria S, Rechavi G, Givol D (1984) Mechanism of activation of the mouse c-mos oncogene by the LTR of an intracisternal A-particle gene. EMBO J 3: 2937–2941
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Huang CC, Hay, N, Bishop, JM (1986) The role of RNA molecules in transduction of the proto-oncogene c-fps. Cell 44: 935–940
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Hughes, SH, Mutschler A, Bishop JM, Varmus HE (1981) A Rous sarcoma virus provirus is flanked by short direct repeats of a cellular DNA sequence present in only one copy prior to integration. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 78: 4299–4303
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Ihle JN, Smith-White B, Sisson B et al. (1989) Activation of the c-H-ras proto-oncogene by retrovirus insertion and chromosomal rearrangement in Moloney leukemia virus-induced T-cell leukemia. J Virol 63: 2959–2966
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Isfort R, Witter RL, Kung HJ (1987) c_-myc_ Activation in an unusual retrovirus-induced avian T-lymphoma resembling Marek’s disease: proviral insertion of 5’ of exon one enhances the expression of an intron promoter. Oncogene Res 2: 81–94
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Jenkins NA, Copeland NG, Taylor BA, Lee BK (1981) Dilute (cf) coat colour mutation of DBA/2J mice is assoicated with the site of integration of an ecotropic MuLV genome. Nature 293: 370–374
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Kanter MR, Smith RE, Hayward WS (1988) Rapid induction of B-cell lymphomas:insertional activation of c-myb by avian leukosis virus. J Virol 62: 1423–1432
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Katzir N, Arman E, Cohen D, Givol D, Rechavi G (1987) Common origin of transmissible venereal tumors (TVT) in dogs. Oncogene 1:445–448
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Katzir N, Rechavi G, Cohen JB, Unger T, Simoni F, Segal S, Cohen D, Givol D (1985) “Retrotransposon” insertion into the cellular oncogene c-myc in canine transmissible veneral tumor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82: 1054–1058
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• King W, Patel MD, Lobel LI, Goff SP, Nguyen-Huu MC (1985) Insertion mutagenesis of embryonal carcinoma cells by retroviruses. Science 228: 554–558
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Koehne CF, Lazo PA, Alves K, Lee JS, Tsichlis PN, O’Donnell PV (1989) The Mlvi-1 locus involved in the induction of rat T-cell lymphomas and the pvM /mis 1 locus are identical. J Virol 63: 2366–2369
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Kratochwil K, von der Mark K, Kollar EJ et al. (1989) Retrovirus-induced insertional mutation in Mov 13 mice affects collagen I expression in a tissue-specific manner. Cell 57: 807–816
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Kuehn MR, Bradley A, Robertson EJ, Evans MJ (1987) A potential animal model for Lesch-Nyhan syndrome through introduction of HPRT mutations into mice. Nature 326: 295–298
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Laimins LA, Tsichlis P, Khoury G (1984) Multiple enhancer domains in the 3’terminus of the Praguestrain of Rous sarcoma virus. Nucleic Acids Res 12: 6427–6442
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Lazo PA, Lee JS, Tsichlis PN (1990) Long-distance activation of the myc protooncogene by provirus insertion in Mlvi-1 or Mlvi-4 in a rat T-cell lymphomas. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87: 170–173
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Levesque KS, Bonham L, Levy LS (1980) flvi-1 A common integration domain of feline leukemia virus in naturally occurring lymphomas of a particular type. J Virol 64: 3455–3462
  Google Scholar
• Levy LS, Gardner MB, Casey JW (1984) Isolation of a feline leukemia provirus containing the oncogene myc from a feline lymphosarcoma. Nature 308: 853–856
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Li Y, Holland, CA, Hartley JW, Hopkins N (1984) Viral integration near c-myc in 10–20% of MCF 247-induced AKR lymphomas. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81:6808–6811.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Linial M, Groudine M (1965) Transcription of three c_-myc_ exons is enhanced in chicken bursal lymphoma cell lines. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82: 53–57
  Google Scholar
• Linial M, Gunderson N, Groudine M (1985) Enhanced transcription of c-myc in bursal lymphoma cellsrequires continuous protein synthesis. Science 230:1126–1132
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Loh TP, Sievert, LL, Scott RW (1990) Evidence for a stem cell-specific repressor of Moloney murine leukemia virus expression in embryonal carcinoma cells. Mol Cell Biol 10: 4045–4057
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Majors JE, Varmus HE (1981) Learning about the replication of retroviruses from a single cloned provirus of mouse mammary tumor virus. ICN-UCLA Symposium. Mol Cell Biol 18: 241–253
  Google Scholar
• Matthews EA, Vasmel WL, Schoenmakers HJ, Melief CJ (1989) Retrovirally induced murine B-cell tumors rarely show proviral integration in sites common T-cell tumors. Int J Cancer 43: 1120–1125
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Miles BD, Robinson HL (1985) High-frequency transduction of c-erbB in avian leukosis virus-induced erythroblastosis J Virol 54:295–303
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Miura T, Shibuya M, Tsujimoto H, Fukasawa M, Hayami M (1989) Molecular cloning of a feline leukemia provirus integrated adjacent to the c_-myc_ gene in a feline T-cell leukemia cell line and the unique structure of its long terminal repeat. Virology 169: 458–461
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Mooslehner K, Karls U, Harbers K (1990) Retroviral integration sites in transgenic Mo mice frequently map in the vicinity of transcribed DNA regions. J Virol 64: 3056–3058
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Moreau-Gachelin F, Tavitian A, Tambourin P (1988) _Spi-_1 is a putative oncogene in virally induced murine erythroleakaemias. Nature 331: 277–280
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Moreau-Gachelin F, Ray D, Mattei MG, Tambourin P, Tavitian A (1989) The putative oncogene _Spi-_1: murine chromosomal localization and transcriptional activation in murine acute eryth-roleukemias. Oncogene 4: 1449–1456
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Moreau-Gachelin F, Ray D, de Both NJ, van der Feltz MJ, Tambourin P, Tavitian A (1990)_Spi-_1 oncogene activation in Rauscher and Friend murine virus-induced acute erythroleukemias. Leukemia 4: 20–23
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Morishita K, Parker DS, Mueenski ML, Jenkins NA, Copeland NG, Ihle JN (1988) Retroviral activation of a novel gene encoding a zinc finger protein in IL-3-dependent myeloid leukemia cell lines. Cell 54: 831–840
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Morse B, Rotherg PG, South VJ, Spandorfer JM, Astrin SM (1988) Insertional mutagenesis of the myc locus by a LINE-1 sequence in a human breast carcinoma. Nature 333: 87–88
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Mueenski ML, Taylor BA, Copeland NG, Jenkins NA (1988a) Chromosomal location of ew-1, a common site of ectropic viral integration in AKXD murine myeloid tumors. Oncogene Res 2: 219–233
  Google Scholar
• Mueenski ML, Taylor BA, Ihle JN et al. (1988b) Identification of a common ecotropic viral integration site ew-1 in the DNA of AKXD murine myeloid tumors. Mol Cell Biol 8: 301–308
  Google Scholar
• Mullins Jl, Brody DS, Binari RCJr, Cotter SM (1984) Viral transduction of c_-myc_ gene in naturally occurring feline leukaemias. Nature 308: 851–858
  Google Scholar
• Mushinski JF, Potter M, Bauer SR, Reddy EP (1983) DNA rearrangement and altered RNA expression of the c-myb oncogene in mouse plasmacytoid lymphosarcomas. Science 220: 795–798
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Neel BG, Hayward WS, Robinson HL, Fang J, Astrin SM (1981) Avian leukosis virus-induced tumors have common proviral integration sites and synthesize discrete new RNAs: oncogenesis by promoter insertion. Cell 23: 323–334
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Neel BG, Gasic GP, Rogler CE et al. (1982) Molecular analysis of the c_-myc_ locus normal tissue and in avian leukosis virus-induced lymphomas. J Virol 44:158–166
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Neil JC, Hughes D, McFarlane D et al. (1984) Transduction and rearrangement of the myc gene by feline leukemia virus in naturally occurring T-cell leukaemias. Nature 308:814–820.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Nilsen TW, Maroney PA, Goodwin RG et al. (1985)c-erbB Activation in ALV-induced erythroblastosis: novel RNA processing and promoter insertion result in expression of an amino-truncated EGF receptor. Cell 41:719–726
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Noori-Daloii MR, Swift RA, Kung HJ, Crittenden LB, Witter RL (1981) Specific integration of REV proviruses in avian bursal lymphomas. Nature 294: 574–576
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Norton PA, Coffin JM (1987) Characterization of Rous sarcoma virus sequences essential for viral gene expression. J Virol 61: 1171–1179
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Nottenburg C, Varmus HE (1986) Features of the Chicken c_-myc_ gene that influence the structure of c_-myc_ RNA in normal cells and bursal lymphomas. Mol Cell Biol 6: 2800–2806
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Nusse R (1986) The activation of cellular oncogenes by retroviral insertion. Trends Gene 2: 224–247
  Google Scholar
• Nusse R, Varmus HE (1982) Many tumors induced by the mouse mammary tumor virus contain a provirus integrated in the same region of the host genome. Cell 31: 991–109
  Google Scholar
• Nusse R, van Ooyen A, Rijsewijk F, van Lohuizen M, Schuuring E, van’t Veer L (1985) Retroviral insertional mutagenesis in murine mammary cancer. Proc R Soc Lond 226: 3–13
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Nusse R, Theunissen H, Wagenaar E, Rijsewijk F, Gennissen A, Otte A, Schuuring E, van Ooyen A (1990) The Wnt-q (int-1) oncogene promoter and its mechanism of activation by insertion of proviral DNA of the mouse mammary tumour virus. Mol Cell Biol 10: 4170–4179
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• O’Donnell PV, Fleissner E, Lonial H, Koehne CF, Reicin A (1985) Early clonality and high-frequency proviral integration into the c_-myc_ locus in AKR leukemias. J Virol 55: 500–503
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Paul R, Schuetze S, Kozak SL, Kabat D (1989) A common site for immortalizing proviral integrations in Friend erythroleukemia: molecular cloning and characterization. J Virol 63: 4958–4961
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Payne GS, Courtneidge SA, Crittenden LB, Fadly AM, Bishop JM, Varmus HE (1981) Analysis of avian leukosis virus DNA and RNA in bursal tumors: viral gene expression is not required for maintenance of the tumor state. Cell 23: 311–322
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Payne GS, Bishop JM, Varmus HE (1982) Multiple arrangements of viral DNA and an activated host oncogene in bursal lymphomas. Nature 295: 209–214
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Pear WS, Nelson SF, Axelson H, Wahlstròm G, Bazin H, Klein G, Sumegi J (1988) Aberrant class switching juxtaposes c_-myc_ with a middle repetitive element (LINE) and an IgH intron in two spontaneously arising rat immunocytomas.
  Google Scholar
• Pecenka V, Dvorak M, Karafiàt V, Sloncovà E, Hlozànek I, Tràvnicek M, Riman J (1988) Avian nephroblastomas induced by a retrovirus (MAV-2) lacking oncogene: II. Search for common sites of proviral integration in tumour DNA. Folia Biol (Praha) 34:147–169
  CAS Google Scholar
• Peters G, Brookes S, Smith R, Dickson C (1983) Tumorigenesis by mouse mammary tumor virus: evidence for a common region for provirus integration in mammary tumors. Cell 33: 369–377
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Peters G, Brookes S, Placzek M, Schuermann M, Michalides R, Dickson C (1989a) A putative int domain for mouse mammary tumor virus on mouse chromosome 7 is a 5’ extension of _int-_2. J Virol 63: 1448–1450
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Peters G, Brookes S, Smith R, Placzek M, Dickson C (1989b) The mouse homolog of the hst/k-FGF gene is adjacent to _int-_2 and is activated by proviral insertion in some virally induced mammary tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86: 5678–5682
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Pizer E, Humphries EH (1989) RAV-1 insertional mutagenesis: disruption of the c-myb locus and development of avian B-cell lymphomas. J Virol 63:1630–1640
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Poirier Y, Kozak C, Jolicoeur P (1988) Identification of a common helper provirus integration site in Abelson murine leukemia virus-induced lymphoma DNA. J Virol 62: 3985–3992
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Quinn TP, Grandgenett DP (1988) Genetic evidence that the avian retrovirus DNA endonuclease domain of pol is necessary for viral integration. J Virol 62: 2307–2312
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Raines MA, Lewis WG, Crittenden LB, Kung HJ (1985) c-erbB Activation in avian leukosis virus-induced erythroblastosis: clustered integration sites and the arrangement of provirus in the c-erbB alleles. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82: 2287–2291
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Raines MA, Maihle NJ, Moscovici C, Crittenden L, Kung HJ (1988) Mechanism of c-erbB transduction: newly released transducing viruses retain poly(A) tracts of erbB transcripts and encode C-terminally intact erbB proteins. J Virol 62: 2437–2443
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Reicin A, Yang J-Q, Marcu KB, Fleissner E, Koehne CF, O’Donnell PV (1986) Deregulation of the c_-myc_ oncogene in virus-induced thymic lymphomas of AKR/J mice. Mol Cell Biol 6:4088–4092
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Robinson HL, Gagnon GC (1986) Patterns of proviral insertion and deletion in avian leukosis virus-induced lymphomas. J Virol 57: 28–36
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Roelink H, Wagenaar E, Lopes da Silva S, Nusse R (1990) Wnt-3, a gene activated by proviral insertion in mouse mammary tumors, is homologous to_int-1/Wnt-1_ and is normally expressed in mouse embryos and adult brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87: 4519–4523
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Rohdewohld H, Weiher H, Reik, W, Jaenisch R, Breindl M (1987) Retrovirus integration and chromatin structure: Moloney murine leukemia provial integration sites map near DNase l-hypersensitive sites. J Virol 61:336–343
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Rosson D, Dugan D, Reddy EP (1987) Aberrant splicing events that are induced by proviral integration: implications for myb oncogene activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84: 3137–3175
  Google Scholar
• Roth MJ, Tanese N, Goff SP (1988) Gene product of Moloney leukemia virus required for proviral integration is a DNA binding protein. J Mol Biol 203:131–139
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Schnieke A, Harbers K, Jaenisch R (1983) Embryonic lethal mutation in mice induced by retrovirus insertion into the (I) collagen gene. Nature 304:315–320.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Schubach W, Groudine M (1984) Alteration of c_-myc_ chromatin structure by avian leukosis virus integration. Nature 307: 702–708
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Schwartzberg PJ, Colicelli J, Goff SP (1984) Construction and analysis of deletion mutations in the pol gene of Moloney murine leukemia virus: a new viral function required for productive infection. Cell 37: 1043–1052
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Selten G, Cuypers HT, Zijlstra M, Melief C, Berns A (1984) Involvement of c-myc in MuLV-induced T cell lymphomas in mice:frequency and mechanisms of infection. EMBO J 3: 3215–3222
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Selten G, Cuypers HT, Berns A (1985) Proviral activation of the putative oncogene _pirn-_1 MuLV induced T-cell lymphomas. EMBO J 4:1793–1798
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Seperack PK, Strobel MC, Corrow DJ, Jenkins NA, Copeland NG (1988) Somatic and germ-line reverse mutation rates of the retrovirus-induced dilute coat-color mutation of DBA mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85: 189–192
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Setoguchi M, Higuchi Y, Yoshida S, Nasu N, Miyazaki Y, Akizuki S, Yamamoto S (1989) Insertional activation of N-myc by endogeneous Moloney-like murine retrovirus sequences in macrophage cell lines derived from myeloma cell line-macrophage hybrids. Mol Cell Biol 9:4515–4522
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Sharp PA, Marciniak RA (1989) HIV TAR: an RNA enhancer? Cell 59: 229–230
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Shaw G, Kamen R (1986) A conserved AU sequence from the 3’ untranslated region of GM-CSF mRNA mediates selective mRNA degradation. Cell 46: 659–667
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Shen-Ong GLC, Potter M, Mushinski JF, Lavu S, Reddy EP (1984) Activation of the c_-myb_ locus by viral insertional mutagenesis in plasmacytoid lymphosarcomas. Science 226:1077–1080
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Shen-Ong GLC, Morse, HC III, Potter M, Mushinski JF (1986) Two modes of_c-myb_ activation in virus-induced mouse myeloid tumors. Mol Cell Biol 6: 380–392
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Shih C-C, Stoye JP, Coffin JM (1988) Highly preferred targets for retrovirus integration. Cell 53: 531–537
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Shih C-K, Linial M, Goodenow, MM, Hayward WS (1984) Nucleotide sequence 5’ of the chicken c_-myc_ coding region. Localization of a noncoding exon that is absent from myc transcripts in most avian leukosis virus-induced lymphomas. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81: 4697–4701
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Shimotono K, Mizutani S, Temin HM (1980) Sequence of retrovirus provirus resembles that of bacterial transposable elements. Nature 285: 550–554
  Google Scholar
• Silver J, Kozak C (1986) Common proviral integration region on mouse chromosome 7 in lymphomas and myelogenous leukemias induced by Friend murine leukemia virus. J Virol 57: 526–533
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Simon MC, Smith RE, Hayward WS (1984) Mechanisms of oncogenesis by subgroup F avian leukosis viruses. J Virol 52:1–8
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Simon MC, Neckameyer WS, Hayward WS, Smith RE (1987) Genetic determinants of neoplastic diseases induced by a subgroup F avian leukosis virus. J Virol 61:1203–1212
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Sola B, Simon D, Mattei M-G et al. (1988) _Firn-1, Firn- 2/c_-fms, and _Firn-_3, three common integration sites of Friend murine leukemia virus in myeloblastic leukemias, map to mouse chromosomes 13, 18, and 3, respectively. J Virol 52: 1–8
  Google Scholar
• Soret J, Dambrine G, Perbal B (1989) Induction of nephroblastoma by myeloblastosis-associated virus type 1: state of proviral DNAs in tumor cells. J Virol 63: 1803–1807
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Southgate C, Zapp ML, Green MR (1990) Activation of transcription by HIV-1_tat_ protein tethered to nascent RNA through another protein. Nature 345: 640–642
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Spence SE, Gilbert DJ, Swing DA, Copeland NG, Jenkins NA (1989) Spontaneous germ line virus infection and retroviral insertional mutagenesis in eighteen transgenic Srev lines of mice. Mol Cell Biol 9: 177–184
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Stavenhagen JB, Robins DM (1988) An ancient provirus has imposed androgen regulation on the adjacent mouse sex-limited protein gene. Cell 55:247–254
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Steffen D (1984) Proviruses are adjacent to c-myc in some murine leukemia virus-induced lymphomas. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81: 2097–2101
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Stewart MA, Forrest D, McFarlane R, Onions D, Wilkie N, Neil JC (1986) Conservation of the c-myc coding sequence in transduced feline y-myc genes. Virology 154:121–134
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Stocking C, Loliger C, Kawai M, Suciu S, Gough N, Osertag W (1988) Identification of genes involved in growth autonomy of hematopoietic cells by analysis of factor-independent mutants. Cell 53: 869–879
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Stoye JP, Fenner S, Greenoak GE, Moran C, Coffin JM (1988) Role of endogenous retroviruses as mutagens: the hairless mutation of mice. Cell 54: 383–391
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Swanstrom R, Parker RC, Varmus HE, Bishop JM (1983) Transduction of a cellular oncogene: the genesis of Rous sarcoma virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80: 2519–2523
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Swift RA, Shaller E, Witter RL, Kung HJ (1985) Insertional activation of c-myc by reticuloendotheliosis virus in chicken B lymphoma: nonrandom distribution and orientation of the proviurses. J Virol 54: 869–872
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Swift RA, Boerkoel C, Ridgway A, Fujita DJ, Dodgson JB, Kung HJ (1987) B-lymphoma induction by reticuloendotheliosis virus: characterization of a mutated chicken syncytical virus provirus involved in c-myc activation. J Virol 61: 2084–2090
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Taketo M, Shaffer DJ, (1989) Deletions in a recombinant retrovirus genome associated with its expression in embryonal carcinoma cells. J Virol 63: 4431–4433
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Terry R Solits DA, Katzman M, Cobrinik D, Leis J, Skalka AM (1988) Properties of avian sarcoma-leukosis virus pp32-related _pol-e_ndonucleases produced in E coli. J Virol 62:2358–2365
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Trusko SP, Hoffman EK, George DL (1989) Transcriptional activation of cKi-nas proto-oncogene resulting from retroviral promoter insertion. Nucl Acid Res 17: 9259–9265
  CAS Google Scholar
• Tsichlis PN, Strauss PG, Fu Hu L (1983) A common region for proviral DNA integration in MoMuLV-induced rat thymic lymphomas. Nature 302: 445–449
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Tsichlis PN, Strauss PG, Lohse MA (1985) Concerted DNA rearrangements in Moloney murine leukemia virus-induced thymomas: a potential synergistic relationship in oncogenesis. J Virol 56: 258–267
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Tsichlis PN, Shepherd BM, Bear SE (1989) Activation of the_Mlvi-1/mis-1/prt-_1 locus in Moloney murine leukemia virus-induced T-cell lymphomas. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86: 5487–5491
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Tsichlis PN, Lee JS, Bear SE et al. (1990) Activation of multiple genes by provirus integration in the Mlvi-4 locus in T-cell lymphomas induced by Moloney murine leukemia virus. J Virol 64: 2236–2244
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Tsukamoto AS, Grosschedl R, Guzman RC, ParslowT, Varmus HE (1988) Expression of the /ni-1 gene in transgenic mice is associated with mammary gland hyperplasia and adenocarcinomas in male and female mice. Cell 55: 619–2625
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• van Lohuizen M, Verbeek S, Krimpenfort P et al. (1989) Predisposition to lymphomagenesis in _pim-_1 transgenic mice: cooperation with c-myc and N-myc in murine leukemia virus-induced tumors. Cell 56: 673–682
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Varmus H, Brown P (1989) Retroviruses. I: Berg DE, Howe MM Mobile DNA American Society for Microbiology, Washington DC, pp 53–108
  Google Scholar
• Varmus HE, Quintrell N, Ortiz S (1981) Retroviruses as mutagens: insertion and excision of a nontransforming provirus alter expression of a resident transforming provirus. Cell 25: 23–26
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Vijaya S, Steffen DL, Robinson HL (1986) Acceptor sites for retroviral integrations map near DNase-l hypersensitive sites in chromatin. J Virol 60: 683–692
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Vijaya S, Steffen DL, Kozak C, Robinson HL (1987) _Dsi-_1 a region with frequent proviral insertions in Moloney murine leukemia virus-induced rat thymomas. J Virol 61:1164–1170
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Villemur R, Monczak Y, Rassart E, Kozak C, Jolicoeur P (1987) Identification of a new common provirus integration site in Gross passage A murine leukemia virus-induced mouse thymoma DNA. Mol Cell Biol 7: 512–522
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Villeneuve L, Rassart E, Jolicoeur P, Graham M, Adams JM (1986) Proviral integration site_mis-_1 in rat thymomas corresponds to the pvt-1 translocation breakpoint in murine plasmacytomas. Mol Cell Biol 6: 1834–1837
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Voronova AF, Sefton BM (1986) Expression of a new tyrosine protein kinase is stimulated by retrovirus promoter insertion. Nature 319: 682–685
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Weinstein Y, Cleveland JL, Askew DS, Rapp UR, Ihle JN (1987) Insertion and truncation of c_-myb_ by murine leukemia virus in a myeloid cell line derived from, cultures of normal hematopoietic cells. J Virol 61:2339–2343
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Westaway D, Payne G, Varmus HE (1984) Proviral deletions and oncogene base-substitutions in insertionally mutagenized c_-myc_ alleles may contribute to the progression of avian bursal tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81: 843–847
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Westaway D, Papkoff J, Moscovici C, Varmus HE (1986) Identification of a provirally activated c-ha-ras oncogene in an avian nephroblastoma via a novel procedure: cDNA cloning of a chimaeric viral-host transcript. EMBO J 5: 301–309
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Wolf D, Rotter V (1984) Inactivation of p53 gene expression by an insertion of Moloney murine leukemia virus-like DNA sequences. Mol Cell Biol 4:1402–1410
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Wolf D, Harris N, Rotter V (1984) Reconstitution of p53 expression in a nonproducer Ab-MuLV-transformed cell line by transfection of a functional p53 gene. Cell 38:119–126
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar