The Ligands and Receptors of the Lymphotoxin System (original) (raw)
Abe Y, Miyake M, Horiuchi A, Kimura S, Hitsumoto Y (1991) Expression of membrane-associated lymphotoxin/tumor necrosis factor-β on human lymphokine-activated killer cells. Jpn J Cancer Res82: 23–26 CAS Google Scholar
Abe Y, Horiuchi A, Osuka Y, Kimura S,.Granger GA, Gatanaga T (1992) Studies of membrane-associated and soluble (secreted) lymphotoxin in human lymphokine-activated T-killer cells in vitro. Lymphokine Cytokine Res11: 115–121 CAS Google Scholar
Aderka D, Engelmann H, Hornik V, Skornick Y, Levo Y, Wallach D, Kushtai G (1991) Increased serum levels of soluble receptors for tumor necrosis factor in cancer patients. Cancer Res51: 5602–5607 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Aderka D, Engelmann H, Maor Y, Brakebusch C, Wallach D(1992) Stabilization of the bioactivity of tumor necrosis factor by its soluble receptors. J Exp Med175: 323–329 Google Scholar
Aderka D, Wysenbeek A, Engelmann H, Cope AP, Brennan F, Molad Y, Hornik V, Levo Y, Maini RN, Feldmann M et al. (1993)Correlation between serum levels of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor and disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum36: 1111–1120 Google Scholar
Aggarwal BB, Moffat B, Harkins RN (1984) Lymphotoxin. Production by a lymphoblastoid cell line, purification, and initial characterization. J Biol Chem259: 686–691 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Alderson MR, Armitage RJ, Maraskovsky E, Tough TW, Roux E, Schooley K, Ramsdell F, Lynch DH (1993) Fas transduces activation signals in normal human T lymphocytes. J Exp Med178: 2231–2235 Google Scholar
Alexander RB, Nelson WG, Coffey DS (1987) Synergistic enhancement by tumor necrosis factor of in vitro cytotoxicity from chemotherapeutic drugs targeted at DNA topoisomerase 11.Cancer Res47: 2403–2406 CAS Google Scholar
Allen RC, Armitage RJ, Conley ME, Rosenblatt H, Jenkins NA, Copeland NG, Bedell MA, Edelhoff S, Disteche CM, Simoneaux DK et al. (1993) CD40 ligand gene defects responsible for X-linked hyper- IgM syndrome. Science259: 990–993 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Alvarez-Mon M, Garcia-Suarez J, Prieto A, Manzano L, Reyes E, Lorences C, Peraile G, Jorda J, Durantez A (1993) Heterogeneous proliferative effect of tumor necrosis factor-a and lymphotoxin on mitogen-activated B cells from B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Am J Hematol43: 81–85 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Ames R, Holskin B, Mitcho M, Shalloway D, Chen M (1990) Induction of sensitivity to the cytotoxic action of TNF α by adenovirus E1A is independent of transformation and transcriptional activation. J Virol64: 4115–4122 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Andersson U, Adolf G, Dohlsten M, Moller G, Sjogren HO (1989) Characterization of individual tumor necrosis factor a-and p-producing cells after polyclonal T cell activation, J Immunol Methods123: 233–240 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Andrews JS, Berger AE, Ware CF (1990) Characterization of the receptor for tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and lymphotoxin (LT) on human T lymphocytes. TNF and LT differ in their receptor binding properties and the induction of MHC class I proteins on a human CD4+ T cell hybridoma (published erratum appears in J Immunol, 1990, 144(12): 4906). J Immunol144: 2582–2591 CAS Google Scholar
Androlewicz MJ, Browning JL, Ware CF (1992) Lymphotoxin is expressed as a heteromeric complex with a distinct 33-kDa glycoprotein on the surface of an activated human T cell hybridoma, J Biol Chem267: 2542–2547 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Armitage RJ, Fanslow WC, Strockbine Lf Sato TA, Clifford KN, Macduff BM, Anderson DM, Gimpel SD, Davis-Smith T, Maliszewski CR et al. (1992) Molecular and biological characterisation of a murine ligand for CD40. Nature357: 80–82 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Aruffo A, Farrington M, Hollenbaugh D, Li X, Milatovich A, Nonoyama S, Bajorath J, Grosmaire LS, Stenkamp R, Neubauer M et al. (1993) The CD40 ligand, gp39, is defective in activated T cells from patients with X-linked hyper-IgM syndrome. Cell72: 291–300 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Ashkenazi A, Marsters SA, Capon DJ, Chamow SM, Figari IS, Pennica D, Goeddel DV, Palladino MA, Smith DH (1991) Protection against endotoxic shock by a tumor necrosis factor receptor immunoadhesin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA88: 10535–10539 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Aversa G, Punnonen J, de Vries JE (1993) The 26-kD transmembrane form of tumor necrosis factor a on activated CD4+ T cell clones provides a costimulatory signal for human B cell activation. J Exp Med177: 1575–1585 Google Scholar
Baens M, Chaffanet M, Cassiman JJ, van den Berghe H, Marynen P (1993) Construction and evaluation of a hnc DNA library of human 12p transcribed sequences derived from a somatic cell hybrid. Genomics16: 214–218 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Baker E, Chen LZ, Smith CA, Callen DF, Goodwin R, Sutherland GR (1991) Chromosomal location of the human tumor necrosis factor receptor genes. Cytogenet Cell Genet57: 117–118 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Banchereau J, Bazan JF, Blanchard D, Briere F, Galizzi JP, Vankooten C, Liu YJ, Rousset F, Saeland S (1994) The CD40 antigen and its ligand. Annu Rev Immunol12: 881–922 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Banner DW, D’Arcy A, Janes W, Gentz R, Schoenfeld HJ, Broger C, Loetscher H, Lesslauer W (1993) Crystal structure of the soluble human 55 kd TNF receptor-human TNF β complex: implications for TNF receptor activation. Cell73: 431–445 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Barbara JA, Smith WB, Gamble JR, Van Ostade X, Vandenabeele P, Tavernier J, Fiers W, Vadas MA, Lopez AF (1994) Dissociation of TNF-α cytotoxic and proinflammatory activities by p55 receptor- and p75 receptor-selective TNF-a mutants. EM BO J13: 843–850 CAS Google Scholar
Barna BP, Barnett GH, Jacobs BS, Estes ML (1993) Divergent responses of human astrocytoma and non-neoplastic astrocytes to tumor necrosis factor a involve the 55 kDa tumor necrosis factor receptor. J Neuroimmunol43: 185–190 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Baum PR, Gayle RB, Ramsdell F, Srinivasan S, Sorensen RA, Watson ML, Seldin MF, Baker E, Sutherland GR, Clifford KN et al. (1994) Molecular characterization of murine and human 0X40/0X40 Ligand systems: identification of a human OX40 Ligand as the HTLV-1-regulated protein gp34. EMBO J13: 3992–4001 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Bazan JF (1993) Emerging families of cytokines and receptors. Curr Biol3: 603–606 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Benjamin D, Kofler G, Tschachler E (1992) Human B-cell TNF-β microheterogeneity. Lymphokine Cytokine Res11: 45–54 CAS Google Scholar
Berke G (1994) The binding and lysis of target cells by cytotoxic lymphocytes: molecular and cellular aspects. Annu Rev Immunol12: 735–773 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Beutler B (1990) Regulation of cachectin biosynthesis occurs at multiple levels. Prog Clin Biol Res349: 229 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Beutler B, Brown T (1993) Polymorphism of the mouse TNF-a locus: sequence studies of the 3’-untranslated region and first intron. Gene129: 279–283 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Beutler B, vanHuffel CO 994) Unraveling function in the TNF ligand and receptor families. Science 264: 667–668 Google Scholar
Beyaert R, Fiers W (1994) Molecular mechanisms of tumor necrosis factor-induced cytotoxicity. FEBS Lett340: 9–16 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Beyaert R, Heyninck K, De Valck D, Boeykens F, van Roy F, Fiers W (1993a) Enhancement of tumor necrosis factor cytotoxicity by lithium chloride is associated with increased inositol phosphate accumulation. J Immunol151: 291–300 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Bayaert R, Vanhaesebroeck B, Heyninck K, Boone E, De Valck D, Schulze-Osthoff K, Haegeman G, van Roy F, Fiers W (1993b) Sensitization of tumor cells to tumor necrosis factor action by the protein kinase inhibitor staurosporine. Cancer Res53: 2623–2630 Google Scholar
Boss J, Laster S, Gooding L (1991) Sensitivity to tumour necrosis factor-mediated cytolysis is unrelated to manganous superoxide dismutase messenger RNA levels among transformed mouse fibroblasts. Endocrinology73: 309–315 CAS Google Scholar
Boussiotis VA, Nadler LM, Strominger JL, Goldfeld AE (1994) Tumor necrosis factor is an autocrine growth factor for normal human B cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA91: 283–288 Google Scholar
Brakebusch C, Nophar Y, Kemper O, Engelmann H, Wallach D (1992) Cytoplasmic truncation of the p55 tumour necrosis factor (TNF) receptor abolishes signalling, but not induced shedding of the receptor. EMBO J11: 943–950 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Brockhaus M, Bar-Khayim Y, Gunwicz S, Frensdorff A, Haran N (1992) Plasma tumor r necrosis factor soluble receptors in chronic renal failure. Kidney Int42: 663–667 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Browning JL. Ribolini A (1989) Studies on the differing effects of tumor necrosis factor and lymphotoxin on the growth of several human tumor lines. J Immunol143: 1859–1867 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Browning JL, Androlewics MJ, Ware CF (1991) Lymphotoxin and an associated 33-kDa glycoprotein are expressed on the surface of an activated human T cell hybridoma. J Immunol147: 1230–1237 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Browning JL, Ngam-ek A, Lawton P.De Marinis J, Tizard R.Chow EP, Hession C.O’Brine-Greco. B, Foley SF. Ware CF (1993) Lymphotoxin. a novel member of the TmF family that forms a heteromeric complex with lymphotoxin on the cell surface. Cell72: 847–856 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Browning JL. Douglas I, Ngam-ek A, Bourdon P. Ehrenfels B, Miatkowski K. Zafari M. Yampaglia A, Lawton P, Meier W, Benjamin C, Hession C (1995) Characterization of surface lymphotoxin forms: use of specific monoclonal antibodies and soluble receptors. J Immunol (in press) Google Scholar
Callard RE, Armitage RJ,.Fanslow WC, Spriggs MK (1993) CD40 ligand and its role in X-linked hyper-IgM syndrome. Immunol Today14: 559–564 Google Scholar
Camerini D, Walz G, Loenen WA, Borst J, Seed B(1991) The T cell activation antigen CD27 is a member of the nerve growth factor/tumor necrosis factor receptor gene family. J Immunol147: 3165–3169 Google Scholar
Cheng J. Zhou T, Liu C, Shapiro JP, Brauer MJ. Kiefer MC, Barr PJ. Mountz JD (1994) Protection from Fas-mediated apoptosis by a soluble form of the Fas molecule. Science263: 1759–1762 Google Scholar
Coffman FD, Green LM, Godwin A, Ware CF (1989a) Cytotoxity mediated by tumor necrosis factor in variant subclones of the ME-180 cervical carcinoma line: modulation by specific inhibitors of DNA topoisomerase II. J Cell Blochem39: 95–105 CAS Google Scholar
Collins T, Lapierre LA, Fiers W, Strominger JL, Pober JS (1986) Recombinant human tumor necrosis factor increases mRNA levels and surface expression of HLA-A. B antigens in vascular endothelial cells and dermal fibroblasts in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA83: 446-–450 Google Scholar
Cope AP, Aderka D, Doherty M,.Engelmann H,.Gibbons D, Jones AC, Brennan FM, Maini RN, Wallach D, Feldmann M (1992) Increased levels of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors in the sera and synovial fluid of patients with rheumatic diseases. Arthritis Rheum335: 160–1169 Google Scholar
Crowe PD, Van Arsdale TL, Goodwin RG, Ware CF (1993) Specific induction of 80-kDa tumor necrosis factor receptor shedding in T lymphocytes involves the cytoplasmic domain and phosphorylation. J Immunol151: 6882–6890 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Crowe PD Van Arsdale TL, Walter BN, Dahms KM, Ware CF (1994a) Production of lymphotoxin (LT) and a soluble dimeric form of its receptor using the baculovirus expression system. J Immunol Methods168: 79–89 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Crowe PD, Van Arsdale TL, Walter BN. Ware CF, Hession C, Ehrenfels B, Browning JL, Din WS, Goodwin RG Smith CA (1994b) A lymphotoxinn-β-specific receptor. Science264: 707–710 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Crowe PD, Walter BN, Mohler KM, Otten-Evans C, Black RA, Ware CF (1995) A metalloprotease inhibitor blocks shedding of the 80 kDa TNF receptor and TNF processing in T lymphocytes. J Exp Med (in press) Google Scholar
Crump WL, Owen-Schaub LB, Grimm EA (1990) Molecular identification of the human tumor necrosis factor receptor on interleukin-2-stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes. Cell Immunol131: 150–158 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Darzynkiewicz Z, Williamson B, Carswell EA, Old LJ (1984) Cell cycle-specific effects of tumor necrosis factor. Cancer Res44: 83–90 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Davidson WF, Dumont FJ, Bedigian HG, Fowlkes BJ, Morse HC (1986) Phenotypic, functional, and molecular genetic comparisons of the abnormal lymphoid cells of C3H-lpr/lpr and C3H-gld/gld mice. J Immunol136: 4075–4084 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Davies AM (1994) Neurobiology. Tracking neurotrophin function (news; comment). Nature368: 193–194 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Deleuran BW, Chu CQ, Field M, Brennan FM, Mitchell T, Feldmann M, Maini RN (1992) Localization of tumor necrosis factor receptors in the synovial tissue and cartilage-pannus junction in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Implications for local actions of tumor necrosis factor α Arthritis Rheum35: 1170–1178 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Derre J, Kemper O, Cherif D, Nophar Y, Berger R, Wallach D (1991) The gene for the type 1 tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNF-R1) is localized on band 12p13. Hum Genet87: 213–233 Google Scholar
De Togni P, Goellner J, Ruddle NH, Streeter PR, Fick A, Mariathasan S, Smith SC, Carlson R, Shornick LP, Strauss-Schoenberger J, Russell JH, Karr R, Chaplin DD (1994) Abnormal development of peripheral lymphoid organs in mice deficient in lymphotoxin. Science264: 703–706 PubMed Google Scholar
De Valck D, Beyaert R, van Roy F, Fiers W (1993) Tumor necrosis factor cytotoxicity is associated with phospholipase D activation. Eur J Biochem212: 491–497 PubMed Google Scholar
Di Santo JP, Bonnefoy JY, Gauchat JF, Fischer A, de Saint Basile G (1993) CD40 ligand mutations in x-linked immunodeficiency with hyper-lgM. Nature361: 541–543 Google Scholar
Di Stefano PS, Johnson EM Jr (1988) Identification of a truncated form of the nerve growth factor receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA85: 270–274 Google Scholar
Duerksen-Hughes P, Wold WS, Gooding LR (1989) Adenovirus E1A renders infected cells sensitive to cytolysis by tumor necrosis factor. J Immunol143: 4193–4200 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Durkop H, Latza U, Hummel M, Eitelbach F, Seed B, Stein H (1992) Molecular cloning and expression of a new member of the nerve growth factor receptor family that is characteristic for Hodgkin’s disease. Cell68: 421–427 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Eck MJ, Sprang SR (1989) The structure of tumor necrosis factor-α at 2.6 A resolution. Implications for for receptor binding. J Biol Chem264: 17595–17605 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Eck MJ, Beutler B, Kuo G, Merryweather JP, Sprang SR (1988) Crystallization of trimeric recombinant human tumor necrosis factor (cachectin). J Biol Chem263: 12816–12819 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Eck MJ, Ultsch M, Rinderknecht E, de Vos AM, Sprang SR (1992) The structure of human lymphotoxin (tumor necrosis factor-β) at 1.9-A resolution. J Biol Chem267: 2119–2122 CAS Google Scholar
Engelmann H, Holtmann H, Brakebusch C, Avni YS, Sarov I, Nophar Y, Hadas E, Leitner O, Wallach D (1990a) Antibodies to a soluble form of a tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor have TNF-like activity. J Biol Chem265: 14497–14504 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Engelmann H, Novick D, Wallach D (1990b) Two tumor necrosis factor-binding proteins purified from human urine. Evidence for immunological cross-reactivity with cell surface tumor necrosis factor receptors. J Biol Chem265: 1531–1536 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Erikstein BK, Smeland EB, Blomhoff HK, Funderud S, Prydz K, Lesslauer W(Espevik T (1991) Independent regulation of 55-kDa and 75-kDa tumor necrosis factor receptors during activation of human peripheral blood B lymphocytes. Eur J Immunol21: 1033–1037 CAS Google Scholar
Espevik T, Brockhaus M, Loetscher H, Nonstad U, Shalaby R (1990) Characterization of binding and biological effects of monoclonal antibodies against a human tumor necrosis factor receptor. J Exp Med171: 415–426 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
EstrovZ, Kurzrock R, Pocsike, Pathak S, Kantarjian HM, Zipf TF, Harris D, Talpaz M, Aggarwal BB (1993) Lymphotoxin is an autocrine growth factor for Epstein-Barr virus-infected B cell lines. J Exp Med177: 763–774 Google Scholar
Farrah T, Smith CA (1992) Emerging cytokine family (letter). Nature358: 26 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Farrington M, Grosmaire LS, Nonoyama S, Fischer SH, Hollenbaugh D, Ledbetter JA, Noelle RJ, Aruffo A, Ochs HD (1994) CD40 ligand expression is defective in a subset of patients with common variable immunodeficiency. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA91: 1099–1103 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Fashena SJ, Tang WL, Sarr T, Ruddle NH (1990) The murine lymphotoxin gene promoter. Characterization and negative regulation. J Immunol145: 177–183 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Fukushima K, Watanabe H, Takeo K, Nomura M, Asahi T, Yamashita K (1993) N-linked sugar chain structure of recombinant human lymphotoxin produced by CHO cells: the functional role of carbohydrate as to its lectin-like character and clearance velocity. Arch Biochem Biophys304: 144–153 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Gatanaga T, Hwang CD, Kohr W, Cappuccini F, Lucci JA, Jeffes EW, Lentz R, Tomich J, Yamamoto RS, Granger GA (1990) Purification and characterization of an inhibitor (soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor) for tumor necrosis factor and lymphotoxin obtained from the serum ultrafiltrates of human cancer patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA87: 8781–8784 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Godfried MH, Van der Poll T, Jansen J, Romijin JA, Schattenkerk JK, Endert E, van Deventer SJ, Sauerwein HP (1993) Soluble receptors for tumour necrosis factor: a putative marker of disease progression in HIV infection. AIDS7: 33–36 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Goh C, Porter A (1991) Structural and functional domains in human tumour necrosis factors. Protein Eng4: 385–389 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Goh CR (1993) Protein engineering of tumor necrosis factor-β and its applications in cancer, septicemia and cachexia. Ann Acad Med Singapore22: 651 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Goh CR, Loh CS Porter AG (1991) Aspartic acid 50 and tyrosine 108 are essential for receptor binding and cytotoxic activity of tumour necrosis factor β (lymphotoxin). Protein Eng4: 785–791 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Golstein P, Ojcius DM, Young JD (1991) Cell death mechanisms and the immune system. Immunol Rev121: 29–65 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Gooding LR (1992) Virus proteins that counteract host immune defenses. Cell71: 5–7 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Gooding LR, Sofola IO, Tollefson AE, Duerksen-Hughes P, Wold WS (1990) The adenovirus E3-14.7K protein is a general inhibitor of tumor necrosis factor-mediated cytolysis. J Immunol145: 3080–3086 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Goodwin RG, Alderson MR, Smith CA, Armitage RJ, Van den Bos T, Jerzy R, Tough TW, Schoenborn MA, Davis-Smith T, Hennen K et al. (1993a) Molecular and biological characterization of a ligand for CD27 defines a new family of cytokines with homology to tumor necrosis factor. Cell73: 447–456 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Goodwin RG, Din WS, Davis-Smith T, Anderson DM, Gimpel SD, Sato TA, Maliszewski CR, Brannan CI, Copeland NG, Jenkins NA et al. (1993b) Molecular cloning of a ligand for the inducible T cell gene 4- 1BB: a member of an emerging family of cytokines with homology to tumor necrosis factor. Eur J Immunol23: 2631–2641 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Goppelt-Struebe M, Rehfeldt W (1992) Glucocorticoids inhibit TNF α-induced cytosolic phospholipase A2 activity. Biochim Biophys Acta1127: 163–167 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Granger GA, Williams TW (1968) Lymphocyte cytotoxicity in vitro: activation and release of a cytotoxic factor. Nature218: 1253–1254 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Gray P, Aggarwal B, Benton C, Bringman T, Henzel W, Jarrett J, Leung D, Moffat B, Ng P, Svedersky L, Palladino M, Nedwin G (1984) Cloning and expression of the cDNA for human lyphotoxin: a Symphokine with tumor necrosis activity. Nature312: 721–724 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Greenblatt MS, Elias L (1992) The type B receptor for tumor necrosis factor-α mediates DNA fragmentation in HL-60 and U937 cells and differentiation in HL-60 cells. Blood80: 1339–1346 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Gullberg U, Lantz M, Lindvall L, Olsson I, Himmler A (1992) Involvement of an AsnA/al cleavage site in the production of a soluble form of a human tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor. Site-directed mutagenesis of a putative cleavage site in the p55 TNF receptor chain. Eur J Cell Biol58: 307–312 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Hains JM, Aggarwal BB (1989) Characterization of recombinant human lymphotoxin (tumor necrosis factor-β) produced by a mammalian cell line. Arch Biochem Biophys274: 417–425 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Heller R, Song K, Fan N, Chang D (1992) The p70 tumor necrosis factor receptor mediates cytotoxicity. Cell70: 47–56 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Heller RA, Song K, Onasch MA, Fischer WH, Chang D, Ringold GM (1990) Complementary DNA cloning of a receptor for tumor necrosis factor and demonstration of a shed form of the receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA87: 6151–6155 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Hennet T, Bertoni G, Richter C, Peterhans E (1993) Expression of BCL-2 protein enhances the survival of mouse fibrosarcoid cells in TNF-mediated cytotoxicity. Cancer Res53: 1456–1460 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Hepburn A, Demolle D, Boeynaems JM, Fiers W, Dumont JE (1988) Rapid phosphorylation of a 27 kDa protein induced by tumor necrosis factor. FEBS Lett227: 175–178 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Heusel JW, Wesselschmidt RL, Shresta S, Russell JH, Ley TJ (1994) Cytotoxic lymphocytes require granzyme B for the rapid induction of DNA fragmentation and apoptosis in allogeneic target cells. Cell76: 977–987 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Higuchi M, Aggarwal BB (1992) Modulation of two forms of tumor necrosis factor receptors and their cellular response by soluble receptors and their monoclonal antibodies. J Biol Chem267: 20892–20899 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Higuchi M, Aggarwal BB (1993) Okadaic acid induces down-modulation and shedding of tumor necrosis factor receptors. Comparison with another tumor promoter, phorbol ester. J Biol Chem268: 5624–5631 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Higuchi M, Aggarwal BB (1994) TNF induces internalization of the p60 receptor and shedding of the p80 receptor. J Immunol152: 3550–3558 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Hirahara H, Ogawa M, Kimura M, Liai T, Tsuchida M, Hanawa H, Watanabe H, Abo T (1994) Glucocorticoid independence of acute thymic involution induced by lymphotoxin and estrogen. Cell Immunol153: 401–411 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Hoeck WG, Ramesha CS, Chang DJ, Fan N, Heller RA (1993) Cytoplasmic phospholipase A2 activity and gene expression are stimulated by tumor necrosis factor: dexamethasone blocks the induced synthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA90: 4475–4479 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Hohmann H, Remy R, Aigners L, Brockhaus M, van Loon APG (1992) Protein kinases negatively affect nuclear factor-kB activation by tumor necrosis factor-α at two different stages in promyelocytic HL60 cells. J Biol Chem267: 2065–2072 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Hohmann HP, Brockhaus M, Baeuerle PA, Remy R, Kolbeck R, van Loon AP (1990a) Expression of the types A and B tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptors is independently regulated, and both receptors mediate activation of the transcription factor NF-kB. TNF α is not needed for induction of a biological effect via TNF receptors. J Biol Chem265: 22409–122417 Google Scholar
Hohmann HP, Remy R, Poschl B, van Loon AP (1990b) Tumor necrosis factors-α and -β bind to the same two types of tumor necrosis factor receptors and maximally activate the transcription factor NF-KB at low receptor occupancy and within minutes after receptor binding. J Biol Chem265: 15183–15188 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Hollenbaugh D, Grosmaire L, Kullas C, Chaluphny N, Braesch-Andersen S, Noelle R, Stamenkovic I, Ledbetter J, Aruffo A (1992) The human T cell antigen gp39, a member of the TNF gene family, is a ligand for the CD40 receptor: expression of a soluble form of gp39 with B cell co-stimulatory activity. EMBO J11: 4313–4321 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Hwang C, Gatanaga M, Granger GA, Gatanaga T (1993) Mechanism of release of soluble forms of tumor necrosis factor/lymphotoxin receptor by phorbol myristate acetate-stimulated human THP-1 cells in vitro. J Immunol151: 5631–5638 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Ikegami H, Kawaguchi Y, Ueda H, Fukuda M, Takakawa K, Fujioka Y, Fujisawa T, Uchida K, Ogihara T (1993) MHC-linked diabetogenic gene of the NOD mouse: molecular mapping of the 3’ boundary of the diabetogenic region. Biochem Biophys Res Commun192: 677–682 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Imamura K, Sherman ML, Spriggs D, Kufe D (1988) Effect of tumor necrosis factor on GTP binding and GTPase activity in HL-60 and L929 cells. J Biol Chem263: 10247–10253 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Itoh N, Nagata S (1993) A novel protein domain required for apoptosis: mutational analysis of human Fas antigen. J Biol Chem268: 10932–10937 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Itoh N, Yonehara S, Ishii A, Yonehara M, Mizushima S, Sameshima M, Hase A, Seto Y, Nagata S (1991) The polypeptide encoded by the cDNA for human cell surface antigen Fas can mediate apoptosis. Cell66: 233–243 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Itoh N, Tsujimoto Y, Nagata S (1993) Effect of bcl-2 on Fas antigen-mediated cell death. J Immunol151: 621–627 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Jacob CO (1992) Tumor necrosis factor a in autoimmunity: pretty girl or old witch? Immunol Today13: 122–125 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Jacob CO, Hwang F (1992) Definition of microsatellite size variants for Tnfa and Hsp70 in autoimmune and nonautoimmune mouse strains. Immunogenetics36: 182–188 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Jacob CO, McDevitt HO (1991a) Genetic predisposition to autoimmune diseases: the contribution of the major histocompatibility complex. In: Talal N (ed) Molecular autoimmunity. Academic, New York, P7 Google Scholar
Jacob CO, McDevitt HO (1991b) Interferon gamma and tumor necrosis factor in autoimmune disease models: implications for immunoregulation and genetic susceptibility. In: Talal N (ed) Molecular autoimmunity. Academic, New York, p 107 Google Scholar
Jacob CO, Tashman NB (1993) Disruption in the AU motif of the mouse TNF-a3’ UTR correlates with reduced TNF production by macrophages in vitro. Nucleic Acids Res21: 2761–2766 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Janssen O, Gillis S, Kabelitz D (1990) In vitro transformation by Epstein-Barr virus induces a switch in growth factor and anti-IgM responsiveness in a human leukemic B cell clone. Eur J Immunol20: 7–14 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Jones EY, Stuart Dl, Walker NP (1989) Structure of tumour necrosis factor. Nature338: 225–228 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Jones EY, Stuart Dl, Walker NP (1992) Crystal structure of TNF, Immunol Ser56: 93–127 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Jongeneel CV, Briant L, Udalova IA, Sevin A, Nedospasov SA, Cambon-Thomsen A (1991) Extensive genetic polymorphism in the human tumor necrosis factor region and relation to extended HLA haplotypes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA88: 9717–9721 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Josimovic-Alasevic O, Durkop H, Schwarting R, Backe E, Stein H, Diamantstein T (1989) Ki-1 (CD30) antigen is released by Ki-1 -positive tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. I. Partial characterization of soluble Ki-1 antigen and detection of the antigen in cell culture supernatants and in serum by an enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay. Eur J Immunol19: 157–162 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Kagan BL, Baldwin RL, Munoz D, Wisnieski BJ (1992) Formation of ion-permeable channels by tumor necrosis factor-α Science255: 1427–1430 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Kehrl JH, Alvarez-Mon M, Delsing GA, Fauci AS (1987) Lymphotoxin is an important T cell-derived growth factor for human B cells. Science238: 1144–1146 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Kim MY, Linardic C, Obeid L, Hannun Y (1991) Identification of sphingomyelin turnover as an effector mechanism for the action of tumor necrosis factor a and gamma-interferon. Specific role in cell differentiation. J Biol Chem266: 484–489 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Kohno T, Brewer MT, Baker SL, Schwartz PE, King MW, Hale KK, Squires CH, Thompson RC, Kagi D, Vignaux F, Ledermann B, Burki K, Depraetere V, Nagata S, Hengartner H, Golstein P (1994) Fas and perforin pathways as major mechanisms of T cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Science265: 528–530 Google Scholar
Kuramoto T, Mashimo T, Koike R, Miyawaki S, Yamada J, Miyasaka M, Serikawa T (1994) The alymphoplasia (aly) mutation co-segrates with the intercellular adhesion molecule-2 (ICAM+2) on mouse chromosome II. International Immunol6: 991–994 CAS Google Scholar
Vannice JL (1990) A second tumor necrosis factor receptor gene product can shed a naturally occurring tumor necrosis factor inhibitor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA87: 8831–8335 Google Scholar
Kolanus W, Romeo C, Seed B (1993) T cell activation by clustered tyrosine kinases. Cell74: 171–183 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Kolesnick R, Golde DW (1994) The sphingomyelin pathway in tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1 signaling. Cell77: 325–328 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Korthauer U, Graf D, Mages HW, Briere F, Padayachee M, Malcolm S, Ugazio AG, Notarangelo LD, Levinsky RJ, Kroczek RA (1993) Defective expression of T-cell CD40 ligand causes X-linked immunodeficiency with hyper-lgM. Nature361: 539–541 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Kriegler M, Perez C, DeFay K, Albert I, Lu SD (1988) A novel form of TNF/cachectin is a cell surface cytotoxic transmembrane protein: ramifications for the complex physiology of TNF. Cell53: 45–53 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Kruppa G, Thoma B, Machleidt T, Wiegmann K, Kronke M (1992) Inhibition of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-mediated NF-KB activation by selective blockade of the human 55-kDa TNF receptor. J Immunol148: 3152–3157 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Kumar S, Baglioni C (1991) Protection from tumor necrosis factor-mediated cytolysis by overexpression of plasminogen activator inhibitor type-2. J Biol Chem266: 20960–20964 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Kusumi A, Abo T, Masuda T, Sugiura K, Seki S, Ohteki T, Okuyama R, Kumagai K (1992) Lymphotoxin activates hepatic T cells and simultanously induces profound thymic atrophy. Immunology77: 177–184 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Kwon BS, Weissman SM (1989) cDNA sequences of two inducible T-cell genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA86: 1963–1967 Google Scholar
Lantz M, Gullberg U, Nilsson E, Olsson I (1990) Characterization in vitro of a human tumor necrosis factor-binding protein. A soluble form of a tumor necrosis factor receptor. J Clin Invest86: 1342–1396 Google Scholar
Lantz M, Lindvall L, Pantazis P, Olsson I (1991) Lymphotoxin produced by human B- and T-cell lines appears in two distinct forms. Mol Immunol28: 9–16 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Laster SM, Wood JG, Gooding LR (1988) Tumor necrosis factor can induce both apoptic and necrotic forms of cell lysis. J Immunol141: 2629–2634 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Latza U, Durkop H, Schnittger S, Ringeling J, Eitelbach F, Hummel M, Fonatsch C, Stein H (1994) The human 0X40 homolog: cDNA structure, expression and chromosomal assignment of the ACT35 antigen. Eur J Immunol24: 677–683 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Lederman S, Yellin MJ, Cleary AM, Pernis A, Inghirami G, Cohn LE, Covey LR, Lee JJ, Rothman P, Chess L (1994) T-BAM/CD40-L on helper T lymphocytes augments lymphokine-induced B cell Ig isotype switch recombination and rescues B cells from programmed cell death. J Immunol152: 2163–2171 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Leithauser F, Dhein J, Mechtersheimer G, Koretz K, Bruderlein S, Henne C, Schmidt A, Debatin KM, Krammer PH, Moller P (1993) Constitutive and induced expression of APO-1, a new member of the nerve growth factor/tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, in normal and neoplastic cells. Lab Invest69: 415–429 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Lichtenstein A, Gera JF, Andrews J, Berenson J, Ware CF (1991) Inhibitors of ADP-ribose polymerase decrease the resistance of HER2/neu-expressing cancer cells to the cytotoxic effects of tumor necrosis factor. J Immunol146: 2052–2058 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Liu AY, Miskovsky EP, Stanhope PE, Siliciano RF (1992) Production of transmembrane and secreted forms of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α by HIV-1-specific CD4+ cytolytic T lymphocyte clones. Evidence for a TNF-a-independent cytolytic mechanism. J Immunol148: 3789–3798 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Liu J, Mathias S, Yang Z, Kolesnick RN (1994) Renaturation and tumor necrosis factor-a stimulation of α 97-kDa ceramide-activated protein kinase. J Biol Chem269: 3047–3052 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Loenen WA, de Vries E, Gravestein LA, Hintzen RQ, van Lier RA, Borst J (1992a) The CD27 membrane receptor, a lymphocyte-specific member of the nerve growth factor receptor family, gives rise to a soluble form by protein processing that does not involve receptor endocytosis. Eur J Immunol22: 447–455 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Loenen WA, Gravestein LA, Beumer S, Melief CJ, Hagemeijer A, Borst J (1992b) Genomic organization and chromosomal localization of the human CD27 gene. J Immunol149: 3937–3943 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Loetscher H, Pan Y, Lahm H, Gentz R, Brockhaus M, Tabuchi H, Lesslauer W (1990) Molecular cloning and expression of the human 55 kd tumor necrosis factor receptor. Cell61: 351–359 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Loetscher H, Gentz R, Zulauf M, Lustig A, Tabuchi H, Schlaeger EJ, Brockhaus M, Gallati H, Manneberg M, Lesslauer W (1991) Recombinant 55-kDa tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor. Stoichiometry of binding to TNF α and TNF ß and inhibition of TNF activity. J Biol Chem266: 18324–18329 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Loetscher H, Stueber D, Banner D, Mackay F, Lesslauer W (1993) Human tumor necrosis factor a (TNF-a) mutants with exclusive specificity for the 55-kDa or 75-kDa TNF receptors. J Biol Chem268: 26350–26357 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Lucas R, Magez S, De Leys R, Fransen L, Scheerlinck JP, Rampelberg M, Sablon E, De Baetselier P (1994) Mapping the lectin-like activity of tumor necrosis factor. Science263: 814–817 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Macchia D, Almerigogna F, Parronchi P, Ravina A, Maggi E, Romagnani S (1993) Membrane tumour necrosis factor-α is involved in the polyclonal B-cell activation induced by HIV-infected human T cells. Nature363: 464–466 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Mackay F, Loetscher H, Stueber D, Gehr G, Lesslauer W (1993) Tumor necrosis factor a (TNF-a)- induced cell adhesion to human endothelial cells is under dominant control of one TNF receptor type, TNF-R55. J Exp Med177: 1277–1286 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Mallett S, Fossum S, Barclay AN (1990) Characterization of the MRC 0X40 antigen of activated CD4 positive T lymphocytes—a molecule related to nerve growth factor receptor. EMBO J9: 1063–1068 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Marx J (1993) Cell communication failure leads to immune disorder. Science259: 896–897 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Massung RF, Esposito JJ, Liu LI, Qi J, Utterback TR, Knight JC, Aubin L, Yuran TE, Parsons JM, Loparev VN et al. (1993) Potential virulence determinants in terminal regions of variola smallpox virus genome. Nature366: 748–751 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Massung RF, Liu L, Qi J, Knight JC, Yuran TE, Kerlavage AR, Parsons JM, Venter JC, Esposito JJ Analysis of the complete genome of smallpox variola major virus strain Bangladesh-1975. Virology201: 215–240 Google Scholar
Mathias S, Dressier KA, Kolesnick RN (1991) Characterization of a ceramide-activated protein kinase: stimulation by tumor necrosis factor α. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA88: 10009–10013 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
McDonald NQ, Hendrickson WA (1993) A structural superfamily of growth factors containing a cysteine knot motif. Cell73: 421–424 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
McDonald NQ, Lapatto R, Murrary-Rust J, Gunning J, Wlodawer A, Blundell TL (1991) New protein fold revealed by a 2.3-A resolution crystal structure of nerve growth factor. Nature354: 411–414 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Melani C, Silvani A, Parmiani G, Colombo MP (1993) Lymphotoxin gene expression by melanocytes and melanoma cell lines and persistence of unspliced mRNA. FEBS Lett335: 114–118 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Messer G, Spengler U, Jung MC, Honold G, Blomer K, Pape GR, Riethmuller G, Weiss EH (1991) Polymorphic structure of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) locus: an Ncol polymorphism in the first intron of the human TNF-(3 gene correlates with a variant amino acid in position 26 and a reduced level of TNF-β production. J Exp Med173: 209–219 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Milatovich A, Song K, Heller RA, Francke U (1991) Tumor necrosis factor receptor genes, TNFR1 and TNFR2, on human chromosomes 12 and 1. Somat Cell Mol Genet17: 519–523 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Millet I, Ruddle NH (to be published) Differential regulation of lymphotoxin (LT), lymphotoxin-β (LT-β) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) in murine T cell clones activated through the T cell receptor. J Immunol Google Scholar
Miyawaki S, Nakamura Y, Suzuka H, Koba M, Yasumizu R, Ikehara S, Shibata Y (1994) A new mutation, aly, that induces a generalized lack of lymph nodes accompanied by immunodeficiency in mice. Eur J Immunol24: 429–434 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Naume B, Shalaby R, Lesslauer W, Espevik T (1991) Involvement of the 55- and 75-kDa tumor necrosis factor receptors in the generation of lymphokine-activated killer cell activity and proliferation of natural killer cells. J Immunol146: 3045–3048 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Nophar Y, Kemper O, Brakebusch C, Englemann H, Zwang R, Aderka D, Holtmann H, Wallach D (1990) Soluble forms of tumor necrosis factor receptors (TNF-Rs). The cDNA for the type I TNF-R, cloned using amino acid sequence data of its soluble form, encodes both the cell surface and a soluble form of the receptor. EMBO J9: 3269–3278 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Olsson L, Lantz M, Nilsson E, Peetre C, Thysell H, Grubb A, Adolf G (1989) Isolation and characterization of a tumor necrosis factor binding protein from urine. Eur J Haematol42: 270–275 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Osborn L, Hession C, Tizard R, Vassallo C, Luhowskyj S, Chi-Rosso G, Lobb R (1989) Direct expression cloning of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, a cytokine-induced endothelial protein that binds to lymphocytes. Cell59: 1203–1211 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Ostergaard HL, Clark WR (1989) Evidence for multiple lytic pathways used by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. J. Immunol143: 2120–2126 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Peitsch MC, Jongeneel CV (1993) A 3-D model for the CD40 ligand predicts that it is compact trimer similar to the tumor necrosis factors. Int Immunol5: 233–238 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Pennica D, Nedwin GE, Hayflick JS, Seeburg PH, Derynck R, Palladino MA, Kohr WJ, Aggarwal BB, Goeddel DV (1984) Human tumour necrosis factor: precursor structure, expression and homology to lymphotoxin. Nature312: 724–729 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Pennica D, Kohr W, Fendly B, Shire S, Raab H, Borchardt P, Lewis M, Goeddel D (1992a) Characterization of a recombinant extracellular domain of the type 1 tumor necrosis factor receptor: evidence for tumor necrosis factor-α induced receptor aggregation. Biochemistry31: 1134–1141 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Pennica D, Lam VT, Mize NK, Weber RF, Lewis M, Fendly BM, Lipari MT, Goeddel DV (1992b) Biochemical properties of the 75-kDa tumor necrosis factor receptor. Characterization of ligand binding, internalization, and receptor phosphorylation. J Biol Chem267: 21172–21178 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Pennica D, Lam VT, Weber RF, Kohr WJ, Basa LJ, Spellman MW, Ashkenazi A, Shire SJ, Goeddel DV (1993) Biochemical characterization of the extracellular domain of the 75-kilodalton tumor necrosis factor receptor. Biochemistry32: 3131–3138 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Peppel K, Crawford D, Beutler B (1991) A tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-IgG heavy chain chimeric protein as a bivalent antagonist of TNF activity. J Exp Med174: 1483–1489 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Peppel K, Poltorak A, Melhado I, Jirik F, Beutler B (1993) Expression of a TNF inhibitor in transgenic mice. J Immunol151: 5699–5703 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Perez C, Albert I, DeFay K, Zachariades N, Gooding L, Kriegler M (1990) A nonsecretable cell surface mutant of tumor necrosis fator (TNF) kills by cell-to-cell contact. Cell63: 251–258 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Pfeffer K, Matsuyama T, Kundig TM, Wakeham A, Kishihara K, Shahinian A, Wiegmann K, Ohashi PS, Kronke M, Mak TW (1993) Mice deficient for the 55 kd tumor necrosis factor receptor are resistant to endotoxic shock, yet succumb to L. monocytogenes infection. Cell73: 457–467 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Podack ER, Hengartner H, Lichtenheld MG (1991) A central role of perforin in cytolysis? Annu Rev Immunol9: 129–157 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Porteu F, Hieblot C (1994) Tumor necrosis factor induces a selective shedding of its p75 receptor from human neutrophils. J Biol Chem269: 2834–2840 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Porteu F, Nathan C (1990) Shedding of tumor necrosis factor receptors by activated human neutrophils. J Exp Med172: 599–607 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Powell MB, Mitchell D, Lederman J, Buckmeier J, Zamvil SS, Graham M, Ruddle NH, Steinman L (1990) Lymphotoxin and tumor necrosis factor-a production by myelin basic protein-specific T cell clones correlates with encephalitogenicity. Int Immunol2: 539–544 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Rabizadeh S, Oh J, Zhong LT, Yang J, Bitler CM, Butcher LL, Bredesen DE (1993) Induction of apoptosis by the low-affinity NGF receptor. Science261: 345–348 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Ratner A, Clark WR (1993) Role of TNF-a in CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte-mediated lysis. J Immunol150: 4303–4314 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Reid T, Ramesha C, Ringold G (1991) Resistance to killing by tumor necrosis factor in an adipocyte cell line caused by a defect in arachidonic acid biosynthesis. J Biol Chem266: 16580–16586 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Robinet E, Branellec D, Termijtelen AM, Blay JY, Gay F, Chouaib S (1990) Evidence for tumor necrosis factor-α involvement in the optimal induction of class I allospecific cytotoxic T cells. J Immunol144: 4555–4561 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Rogers S, Wells R, Rechsteiner M (1986) Amino acid sequences common to rapidly degraded proteins: the PEST hypothesis, Science234: 364–368 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Rothe J, Lesslauer W, Lotscher H, Lang Y, Koebel P, Kontgen F, Althage A, Zinkernagel R, Steinmetz M, Bluethmann H (1993) Mice lacking the tumour necrosis factor receptor I are resistant to TNF- mediated toxicity but highly susceptible to infection by Listeria monocytogenes. Nature364: 798–802 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Rouvier E, Luciani MF, Golstein P (1993) Fas involvement in Ca(2+)-independent T cell-mediated cytotoxicity. J Exp Med177: 195–200 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Ruddle NH (1992) Tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and lymphotoxin (TNF-β). Curr Opin Immunol4: 327–332 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Ruddle NH, Homer R (1988) The role of lymphotoxin in inflammation. Proc Allergy40: 162 CAS Google Scholar
Ruddle NH, Waksman BH (1968) Cytotoxicity mediated by soluble antigen and lymphocytes in delayed hypersensitivity. I. Characterization of the phenomenon. J Exp Med128: 1237–1254 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Ruddle NH, Bergman CM, McGrath KM, Lingenheld EG, Grunnet ML, Padula SJ, Clark RB (1990) An antibody to lymphotoxin and tumor necrosis factor prevents transfer of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. J Exp Med172: 1193–1200 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Ryffel B, Mihatsch MJ (1993) TNF receptor distribution in human tissues. Int Rev Exp Pathol 34 Pt B: 149–156 Google Scholar
Ryffel B, Brockhaus M, Durmuller U, Gudat F (1991) Tumor necrosis factor receptors in lymphoid tissues and lymphomas. Am J Pathol139: 7–15 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Schaerer E, Tschopp J (1993) Cytolytic T cells keep their secrets.Curr Biol3: 167–169 CAS Google Scholar
Schall TJ, Lewis M, Koller KJ, Lee A, Rice GC, Wong GH, Gatanaga T, Granger GA, Lentz R, Raab H (1990) Molecular cloning and expression of a receptor for human tumor necrosis factor. Cell61: 361–370 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Scheurich P, Thoma B, Ucer U, Pfizenmaier K (1987) Immunoregulatory activity of recombinant human tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α: induction of TNF receptors on human T cells and TNF-α-mediated enhancement of T cell responses. J Immunol138: 1786–1790 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Schlessinger J, Ullrich A (1992) Growth factor signaling by receptor tyrosine kinases. Neuron9: 383–391 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Schoerifeld HJ, Poeschi B, Frey JR, Loetscher H, Huriziker W, Lustig A, Zulauf M (1991) Efficient purification of recombinant human tumor necrosis factor ß from Escherichia coli yields biologically active protein with a trimeric structure that binds to both tumor necrosis factor receptors. J Biol Chem266: 3863–3869 Google Scholar
Schutze S, Berkovic D, Tomsing O, Unger C, Kronke M (1991) Tumor necrosis factor induces rapid production of 1’2’diaclyglycerol by a phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C. J Exp Med174: 975–988 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Schutze S, Potthoff K, Machleidt T, Berkovic D, Wiegmann K, Kronke M (1992) TNF activates NF-kB by phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C-induced “acidic” sphingomyelin breakdown. Cell71: 765–776 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Schwarz H, Tuckwell J, Lötz M (1993) A receptor induced by lymphocyte activation (ILA): a new member of the human nerve-growth-factor/tumor-necrosis-factor receptor family. Gene134: 295–298 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Sciavolino PJ, Lee TH, Vilcek J (1992) Overexpression of metallothionein confers resistance to the cytotoxic effect of TNF with cadmium in MCF-7 breast carcinoma cells. Lymphokine Cytokine Res11: 265–270 CAS Google Scholar
Selmaj K, Raine CS, Cannella B, Brosnan CF (1991) Identification of lymphotoxin and tumor necrosis factor in multiple sclerosis lesions. J Clin invest87: 949–954 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Seow H-F, Goh CR, Krishnan L, Porter AG (1989) Bacterial expression, facile purification and properties of recombinant human lymphotoxin (TNF-β). Biotechnology7: 363 CAS Google Scholar
Seregina TM, Mekshenkov Ml, Turetskaya RL, Nedospasov SA (1989) An autocrine growth factor constitutively produced by a human lymphoblastoid B-cell line is serologically related to lymphotoxin (TNF-β). Mol Immunol26: 339–342 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Shalaby MR, Espevik T, Rice GC, Ammann AJ, Figari IS, Ranges GE, Palladino MA Jr (1988) The involvement of human tumor necrosis factors-aand -β in the mixed lymphocyte reaction. J Immunol141: 499–503 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Sheehan KC, Ruddle NH, Schreiber RD (1989) Generation and characterization of hamster monoclonal antibodies that neutralize murine tumor necrosis factors. J Immunol142: 3884–3893 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Smith CA, Davis T, Anderson D, Solam L, Beckmann MP, Jerzy R, Dower SK, Cosman D, Goodwin RG (1990) A receptor for tumor necrosis factor defines an unusual family of cellular and viral proteins. Science248: 1019–1023 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Smith CA, Davis T, Wignall JM, Din WS, Farrah T, Upton C, McFadden G, Goodwin RG (1991) T2 open reading frame from the Shope fibroma virus encodes a soluble form of the TNF receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun176: 335–342 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Smith CA, Gruss HJ, Davis T, Anderson D, Farrah T, Baker E, Sutherland GR, Brannan CI, Copeland NG, Jenkins NA et al. (1993) CD30 antigen, a marker for Hodgkin’s lymphoma, is a receptor whose ligand defines an emerging family of cytokines with homology to TNF. Cell73: 1349–1360 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Smith CA, Farrah T, Goodwin RG (1994) The TNF receptor superfamily of cellular and viral proteins: activation, costimulation, and death. Cell76: 959–962 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Smith RA, Baglioni C (1987) The active form of tumor necrosis factor is a trimer. J Biol Chem262: 6951–6954 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Stamenkovic I, Clark EA, Seed B (1989) A B-lymphocyte activation molecule related to the nerve growth factor receptor and induced by cytokines in carcinomas. EMBO J8: 1403–1410 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Staunton DE, Marlin SD, Stratowa C, Dustin ML, Springer TA (1988) Primary structure of ICAM-1 demonstrates interaction between members of the immunoglobulin and integrin supergene families. Cell52: 925–933 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Suda T, Nagata S (1994) Purification and characterization of the Fas-ligand that induces apoptosis. J Exp Med179: 873–879 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Suda T, Takahashi T, Golstein P, Nagata S (1993) Molecular cloning and expression of the Fas ligand, a novel member of the tumor necrosis factor family. Cell75: 1169–1178 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Sugarman BJ, Aggarwal BB, Hass PE, Figari IS, Palladino MA Jr, Shepard HM (1985) Recombinant human tumor necrosis factor-a: effects on proliferation of normal and transformed cells in vitro. Science230: 943–945 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Takahashi T, Tanaka M, Brannan CI, Jankins NA, Copeland NG, Suda T, Nagata S (1994a) Generalized lymphoproliferative disease in mice, caused by a point mutation in the Fas ligand. Cell76: 969–976 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Takahashi T, Tanaka M, Inazawa J, Abe T, Suda T, Nagata S (1994) Human fas ligand: gene structure, chromosomal location and species specificity. Int Immunol6: 1567–1574 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Tartaglia LA, Goeddel DV (1992) Tumor necrosis factor receptor signaling. A dominant negative mutation suppresses the activation of the 55-kDa tumor necrosis factor receptor. J Biol Chem267: 4304–4307 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Tartaglia LA, Weber RF, Figari IS, Reynolds C, Palladino MA Jr, Goeddel DV (1991) The two different receptors for tumor necrosis factor mediate distinct cellular responses.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA88: 9292–9296 CAS Google Scholar
Tartaglia LA, Ayres TM, Wong GH, Goeddel DV (1993a) A novel domain within the 55 kd TNF receptor signals cell death. Cell74: 845–853 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Tartaglia LA, Goeddel DV, Reynolds C, Figari IS, Weber RF, Fendly BM, Palladino MA Jr (1993b) Stimulation of human T-cell proliferation by specific activation of the 75-kDa tumor necrosis factor receptor. J Immunol151: 4637–4641 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Tartaglia LA, Pannica D, Goeddel DV (1993c) Ligand passing: the 75-kDa tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor recruits TNF for signaling by the 55-kDa TNF receptor. J Biol Chem268: 18542–18548 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Tartaglia LA, Rothe M, Hu YF, Goeddel DV (1993d) Tumor necrosis factor’s cytotoxic activity is signaled by the p55 TNF receptor. Cell73: 213–216 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Tavernier J, Marmenout A, Bauden R, Hauquier G, Van Ostade X, Fiers W (1990) Analysis of the structure-function relationship of tumour necrosis factor. Human/mouse chimeric TNF proteins: general properties and epitope analysis. J Mol Biol211: 493–501 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Thoma B, Grell M, Pfizenmaier K, Scheurich P (1990) Identification of a 60-kD tumor necrosis factor (TNF receptor as the major signal transducing component in TNF responses. J Exp Med172: 1019–1023 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Ullrich A, Schlessinger J (1990) Signal transduction by receptors with tyrosine kinase activity. Cell61: 203–212 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Upton C, De Lange A, McFadden G (1987) Tumorigenic poxviruses: genomic organization and DNA sequence of the telomeric region of the shope fibroma virus genome. Virology160: 20–30 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Upton C, Macen J, Schreiber M, McFadden G (1991) Myxoma virus expresses a secreted protein with homology to the tumor necrosis factor receptor gene family that contributes to viral virulence. Virology184: 370–382 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Van Kooten C, Gaillard C, Galizzi J-P, Hermann P, Fossiez F, Banchereau J, Blanchard D (1994) B cells regulate expression of CD40 ligand on activated T cells by lowering mRNA level and through the release of soluble CD40. Eur J Immunol24: 787–792 PubMed Google Scholar
Van Ostade X, Vandenabeele P, Everaerdt B, Loetscher H, Gentz R, Brockhaus M, Lesslauer W, Tavernier J, Brouckaert P, Fiers W (1993) Human TNF mutants with selective activity on the p55 receptor. Nature361: 266–269 PubMed Google Scholar
Van Ostade X, Vandenabeele P, Tavernier J, Fiers W (1994) Human tumor necrosis factor mutants with preferential binding to and activity on either the R55 or R75 receptor. Eur J Biochem220: 771–779 PubMed Google Scholar
Van Zee KJ, Kohno T, Fischer E, Rock CS, Moldawer LL, Lowry SF (1992) Tumor necrosis factor soluble receptors circulate during experimental and clinical inflammation and can protect against excessive tumor necrosis factor a in vitro and in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA89: 4845–4849 PubMed Google Scholar
Van Arsdale TL, Ware CF (1994) TNF receptor signal transduction: ligand-dependent stimulation of a serine protein kinase activity associated with TNFR60. J Immunol153: 3043–3050 Google Scholar
Vandenabeele P, Declercq W, Vercammen D, Van de Craen M, Grooten J, Loetscher H, Brockhaus M, Lesslauer W, Fiers W (1992) Functional Characterization of the human tumor necrosis factor receptor p75 in a transfected rat/mouse T cell hybridoma. J Exp Med176: 1015–1024 CAS Google Scholar
Vanhaesebroeck B, Reed JC, De Valck D, Grooten J, Miyashita T, Tanakla S, Beyaert R, van Roy F, Fiers W (1993) Effect of bcl-2 proto-oncogene expression on cellular sensitivity to tumor necrosis factor- mediated cytotoxicity. Oncogene8: 1075–1081 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Vietor I, Schwenger P, Li W, Schlessinger J, Vilcek J (1993) Tumor necrosis factor-induced activation and increased tyrosine phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase in human fibroblasts. J Biol Chem268: 18994–18999 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Wallach D (1984) Preparations of lymphotoxin induce resistance to their own cytotoxic effect. J Immunol132: 2464–2469 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Ware CF, Harris PC, Granger GA (1981) Mechanisms of lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity. II. biochemical and serologic identification of a precursor lymphotoxin form (pre-LT) produced by MLC- sensitized human T lymphocytes in vitro. J Immunol126: 1927–1933 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Ware CF, Andrews JS, Shamansky LM, Grayson MH (1990) Regulation of the CTL lytic pathway by tumor necrosis factor. In: Lotze MT, Finn OJ (eds) Cellular immunity and the immunotherapy of cancer. Wiley-Liss, New York, pp 121–128 Google Scholar
Ware CF, Crowe PD, Van Arsdale TL, Andrews JL, Grayson MH, Jerzy R, Smith CA, Goodwin RG (1991) Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor expression in T lymphocytes. Differential regulation of the type I TNF receptor during activation of resting and effector T cells. J Immunol147: 4229–4238 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Ware CF, Crowe PD, Grayson MH, Androlewicz MJ, Browning JL (1992) Expression of surface lymphotoxin and tumor necrosis factor on activated T,B, and natural killer cells. J Immunol149: 3881–3888 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Watanabe-Fukunaga R, Brannari C, Copeland N, Jenkins N, Nagata S (1992) Lymphoproliferation disorder in mice explained by defects in Fas antigen that mediates apoptosis. Nature356: 314–317 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Wiegmann K, Schutze S, Kampen E, Himmler A, MachleidtT, Kronke M (1992) Human 55-kDa receptor for tumor necrosis factor coupled to signal transduction cascades. J Biol Chem267: 17997–18001 CAS Google Scholar
Williamson BD, Carswell EA, Rubin BY, Prendergast JS, Old LJ (1983) Human tumor necrosis factor produced by human B-cell lines: synergistic cytotoxic interaction with human interferon. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA80: 5397–5401 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Wingfield P, Pain RH, Craig S (1987) Tumour necrosis factor is compact trimer. FEBS Lett211: 179–184 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Wold WS, Gooding LR (1991) Region E3 of adenovirus: a cassette of genes involved in host immunosurveillance and virus-cell interactions. Virology184: 1–8 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Wong GH, Goeddel DV (1994) Fas antigen and p55 TNF receptor signal apoptosis through distinct pathways. J Immunol152: 1751–1755 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Wong GH, Elwell JH, Oberley LW, Goeddel DV (1989) Manganous superoxide dismutase is essential for cellular resistance to cytotoxicity of tumor necrosis factor. Cell58: 923–931 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Yagita H, Nakata M, Kawasaki A, Shinkai Y, Okumura K (1992) Role of perforin in lymphocyte-mediated cytolysis. Adv Immunol51: 215–242 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Yasukawa M, Yakushijin Y, Hasegawa H, Miyake M, Hitsumoto Y, Kimura S, Takeuchi N, Fujita S (1993) Expression of perforin and membrane-bound lymphotoxin (TNF-p) in virus specific CD4 human cytotoxic T-cell clones. Blood81: 1527–1534 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Yellin MJ, Sippel K, Inghirami G, Covey LR, Lee JJ, Sinning J, Clark EA, Chess L, Lederman S (1994) CD40 molecules induce down-modulation and endocytosis of T cell surface T cell-B cell activating molecule/CD40-L. Potential role in regulating helper effector function. J Immunol152: 598–608 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Zhang XM, Weber I, Chen MJ (1992) Site-directed mutational analysis of human tumor necrosis factor- a receptor binding site and structure-functional relationship. J Biol Chem267: 24069–24075 PubMedCAS Google Scholar