How Does a Brain Build a Cognitive Code? (original) (raw)
References
Anderson, J. A., Silverstein, J. W., Ritz, S. A., & Jones, R. S. Distinctive features, categorical perception, and probability learning: Some applications of a neural model. Psychological Review, 1977, 84, 413–451. Article Google Scholar
Arbib, M. A. The metaphorical brain. New York: Wiley, 1972. Google Scholar
Atkinson, R. C., & Shiffrin, R. M. Human memory: A proposed system and its control processes. In K. W. Spence & J. T. Spence (Eds.), Advances in the psychology of learning and motivation research and theory (Vol. 2 ). New York: Academic Press, 1968. Google Scholar
Atkinson, R. C., & Shiffrin, R. M. The control of short-term memory. Scientific American, 1971, 225, 82–90. Article Google Scholar
Barlow, H. B., & Levick, W. R. Changes in the maintained discharge with adaptation level in the cat retina. Journal of Physiology, 1969, 202, 699–718. (a) Google Scholar
Barlow, H. B., & Levick, W. R. Three factors limiting the reliable detection of light by retinal ganglion cells of the cat. Journal of Physiology, 1969, 200, 1–24. (b) Google Scholar
Beck, J. Surface color perception. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1972. Google Scholar
Berger, T. W., & Thompson, R. F. Limbic system interrelations: Functional division among hippocampal-septal connections. Science, 1977, 197, 587–589. Article Google Scholar
Blakemore, C., & Cooper, G. F. Development of the brain depends on the visual environment. Nature, 1970, 228, 477–478. Article Google Scholar
Bloomfield, T. M. Behavioral contrast and the peak shift. In R. M. Gilbert & N. S. Sutherland (Eds.), Animal discrimination learning. New York: Academic Press, 1969. Google Scholar
Boring, E. G. A history of experimental psychology ( 2nd ed. ). New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1950. Google Scholar
Brown, J. L. Afterimages. In C. H. Graham (Ed.), Vision and visual perception. New York: Wiley, 1965. Google Scholar
Campbell, B. A. Interaction of aversive stimuli: Summation or inhibition? Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1968, 78, 181–190. Article Google Scholar
Campbell, B. A., & Kraeling, D. Response strength as a function of drive level and amount of drive reduction. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1953, 45, 97–101. Article Google Scholar
Campbell, F. W., & Howell, E. R. Monocular alternation: A method for the investigation of pattern vision. Journal of Physiology, 1972, 225, 19–21. Google Scholar
Campbell, L., & Garnett, W. The life of James Clerk Maxwell. London: Macmillan, 1882. Google Scholar
Cant, B. R., & Bickford, R. G. The effect of motivation on the contingent negative variation (CNV). Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 1967, 23, 594. Google Scholar
Carterette, E. C., & Friedman, M. P. (Eds.). Handbook of perception: Seeing (Vol. 5 ). New York: Academic Press, 1975. Google Scholar
Chapman, R. M., McCrary, J. W., & Chapman, J. A. Short-term memory: The “storage” component of human brain response predicts recall. Science, 1978, 202, 1211–1214. Article Google Scholar
Cohen, J. Very slow brain potentials relating to expectancy: The CNV. In E. Donchin & D. B. Lindsley (Eds.), Average evoked potentials. Washington, D.C.: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1969. Google Scholar
Cornsweet, T. N. Visual perception. New York: Academic Press, 1970. Google Scholar
Craik, F. I. M. & Lockhart, R. S. Levels of processing: A framework for memory research. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 1972, 11, 671–684. Article Google Scholar
Craik, F. I. M., & Tulving, E. Depth of processing and the retention of words in episodic memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 1975, 104, 268–294. Article Google Scholar
Creutzfeldt, O. D., & Northdurft, H. C. Representation of complex visual stimuli in the brain. Naturwissenschaften, 1978, 65, 307–318. Article Google Scholar
Daniels, J. D., & Pettigrew, J. D. Development of neuronal responses in the visual system of cats. In G. Gottlieb (Ed.), Neural and behavioral specificity (Vol. 3 ). New York: Academic Press, 1976. Google Scholar
Denny, M. R. Relaxation theory and experiments. In F. R. Brush (Ed.), Aversive conditioning and learning. Academic Press: New York, 1970. Google Scholar
Dickinson, A., Hall, G., & Mackintosh, N. J. Surprise and the attenuation of blocking. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 1976, 4, 313–322. Article Google Scholar
Donchin, E., Gerbrandt, L. A., Leifer, L., & Tucker, L. Is the contingent negative variation contingent on a motor response? Psychophysiology, 1972, 9, 178–188. Article Google Scholar
Donchin, E., Tueting, P., Ritter, W., Kutas, M., & Heffley, E. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 1975, 38, 1–13. Article Google Scholar
Duda, R. O., & Hart, P. E. Pattern classification and scene analysis. New York: Wiley, 1973. Google Scholar
Dunham, P. J. Punishment: Method and theory. Psychological Review, 1971, 78, 58–70. Article Google Scholar
Ellias, S. A., & Grossberg, S. Pattern formation, contrast control, and oscillations in the short term memory of shunting on-center off-surround networks. Biological Cybernetics, 1975, 20, 69–98. Article Google Scholar
Estes, W. K. Outline of a theory of punishment. In B. A. Campbell & R. M. Church (Eds.), Punishment and aversive behavior. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1969. Google Scholar
Estes, W. K., & Skinner, B. F. Some quantitative properties of anxiety. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1941, 29, 390–400. Article Google Scholar
Fender, D., & Julesz, B. Extension of Panum’s fusional area in binocularly stabilized vision. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 1967, 57, 819–830. Article Google Scholar
Foote, W. E., Manciewicz, R. J., & Mordes, J. P. Effect of midbrain raphe and lateral mesencephalic stimulation on spontaneous and evoked activity in the lateral geniculate of the cat. Experimental Brain Research, 1974, 19, 124–130. Article Google Scholar
Freeman, W. J. Mass action in the nervous system. New York: Academic Press, 1975. Google Scholar
Fukuda, Y., & Stone, J. Retinal distribution and central projections of X-, Y-, and W-cells of the cat’s retina. Journal of Neurophysiology, 1974, 37, 749–772. Google Scholar
Fuxe, K., Hökfelt, T., & Ungerstedt, U. Morphological and functional aspects of central monoamine neurons. International Review of Neurobiology, 1970, 13, 93–126. Article Google Scholar
Fuxe, K., & Ungerstedt, U. Histochemical, biochemical, and functional studies on central monoamine neurons after acute and chronic amphetamine administration. In E. Costa & S. Garattini (Eds.), Amphetamines and related compounds. New York: Raven Press, 1970. Google Scholar
Gardner, W. J., Licklider, J. C. R., & Weisz, A. Z. Suppression of pain by sound. Science, 1961, 132, 32–33. Article Google Scholar
Gazzaniga, M. S. The bisected brain. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1970. Google Scholar
Gibson, J. J. Adaptation with negative aftereffect. Psychological Review, 1937, 44, 222–244. Article Google Scholar
Graham, C. H. Visual form perception. In C. H. Graham (Ed.), Vision and visual perception. New York: Wiley, 1965. Google Scholar
Grossberg, S. The theory of embedding fields with applications to psychology and neurophysiology. New York: Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, 1964. Google Scholar
Grossberg, S. On learning and energy-entropy dependence in recurrent and nonrecurrent signed networks. Journal of Statistical Physics, 1969, 1, 319–350. (a) Article Google Scholar
Grossberg, S. On the serial learning of lists. Mathematical Biosciences, 1969, 4, 201–253. (b) Article Google Scholar
Grossberg, S. On the production and release of chemical transmitters and related topics in cellular control. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 1969, 22, 325–364. (c) Article Google Scholar
Grossberg, S. Neural pattern discrimination. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 1970, 27, 291–337. Article Google Scholar
Grossberg, S. On the dynamics of operant conditioning. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 1971, 33, 225–255. (a) Article Google Scholar
Grossberg, S. Pavlovian pattern learning by nonlinear neural networks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 1971, 68, 828–831. (b) Article Google Scholar
Grossberg, S. Neural expectation: Cerebellar and retinal analogs of cells fired by learnable or unlearned pattern classes. Kybernetik, 1972, 10, 49–57. (a) Article Google Scholar
Grossberg, S. A neural theory of punishment and avoidance. I. Qualitative theory. Mathematical Biosciences, 1972, 15, 39–67. (b) Article Google Scholar
Grossberg, S. A neural theory of punishment and avoidance, II. Quantitative theory. Mathematical Biosciences, 1972, 15, 253–285. (c) Article Google Scholar
Grossberg, S. Pattern learning by functional-differential neural networks with arbitrary path weights. In K. Schmitt (Ed.), Delay and functional-differential equations and their applications. New York: Academic Press, 1972. (d) Google Scholar
Grossberg, S. Contour enhancement, short-term memory, and constancies in reverberating neural networks. Studies in Applied Mathematics, 1973, 52, 217–257. Google Scholar
Grossberg, S. Classical and instrumental learning by neural networks. In R. Rosen & F. Snell (Eds.), Progress in theoretical biology (Vol. 3 ). New York: Academic Press, 1974. Google Scholar
Grossberg, S. A neural model of attention, reinforcement, and discrimination learning. International Review of Neurobiology, 1975, 18, 263–327. Article Google Scholar
Grossberg, S. Adaptive pattern classification and universal recoding, I: Parallel development and coding of neural feature detectors. Biological Cybernetics, 1976, 23, 121–134. (a) Article Google Scholar
Grossberg, S. Adaptive pattern classification and universal recording, II: Feedback, expectation, olfaction, and illusions. Biological Cybernetics, 1976, 23, 187–202. (b) Article Google Scholar
Grossberg, S. Pattern formation by the global limits of a nonlinear competitive interaction in n dimensions. Journal of Mathematical Biology, 1977, 4, 237–256. Article Google Scholar
Grossberg, S. Behavioral contrast in short-term memory: Serial binary memory models or parallel continuous memory models? Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 1978, 17, 199–219. (a) Article Google Scholar
Grossberg, S. Communication, memory, and development. In R. Rosen & F. Snell (Eds.), Progress in theoretical biology (Vol. 5). New York: Academic Press, 1978. (b) Google Scholar
Grossberg, S. Decisions, patterns, and oscillations in the dynamics of competitive systems with applications to Volterra-Lotka systems. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 1978, 73, 101–130. (c) Article Google Scholar
Grossberg, S. Do all neural models really look alike? A comment on Anderson, Silverstein, Ritz, and Jones. Psychological Review, 1978, 85, 592–596. (d) Article Google Scholar
Grossberg, S. A theory of human memory: Self-organization and performance of sensory-motor codes, maps, and plans. In R. Rosen & F. Snell (Eds.), Progress in theoretical biology (Vol. 5). New York: Academic Press, 1978. (e) Google Scholar
Grossberg, S., & Levine, D. S. Some developmental and attentional biases in the contrast enhancement and short term memory of recurrent neural networks. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 1975, 53, 341–380. Article Google Scholar
Grossberg, S., and Pepe, J. Schizophrenia: Possible dependence of associational span, bowing, and primacy vs. recency on spiking threshold. Behavioral Science, 1970, 15, 359–362. Article Google Scholar
Grossberg, S., & Pepe, J. Spiking threshold and over-arousal effects on serial learning. Journal of Statistical Physics, 1971, 3, 95–125. Article Google Scholar
Hebb, D. O. Drives and the CNS (conceptual nervous system). Psychological Review, 1955, 62, 243–254. Article Google Scholar
Helmholtz, H. von. Handbuch der physiologischen optik (1st. ed.). Hamburg, Leipzig: Voss, 1866. Google Scholar
Helmholtz, H. von. Physiological optics (Vol. 2 ) ( J. P. C. Southall, Ed.). New York: Dover, 1962. Google Scholar
Hilgard, E. R., & Bower, G. H. Theories of learning ( 4th ed. ). Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1975. Google Scholar
Hirsch, H. V. B., & Spinelli, D. N. Visual experience modifies distribution of horizontally and vertically oriented receptive fields in cats. Science, 1970, 168, 869–871. Article Google Scholar
Hubel, D. H., & Wiesel, T. N. Functional architecture of macaque monkey visual cortex. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (B), 1977, 198, 1–59. Article Google Scholar
Irwin, F. W. Intentional behavior and motivation: A cognitive theory. Philadelphia, Pa.: Lippincott, 1971. Google Scholar
Irwin, D. A., Rebert, C. S., McAdam, D. W., & Knott, J. R. Slow potential change (CNV) in the human EEG as a function of motivational variables. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 1966, 21, 412–413. Article Google Scholar
Jacobowitz, D. M. Effects of 6-hydroxydopa. In E. Usdin & H. S. Snyder (Eds.), Frontiers in catecholamine research. New York: Pergamon Press, 1973. Google Scholar
Juhasz, A. Über die komplementärge-färbten nachbilder. Zeitschrift fur Psychologie, 1920, 51, 233–263. Google Scholar
Julesz, B. Foundations of cyclopean perception. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1971. Google Scholar
Kamin, L. J. Predictability, surprise, attention, and conditioning. In B. A. Campbell & R. M. Church (Ed.), Punishment and aversive behavior. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1969. Google Scholar
Koenigsberger, L. Hermann von Helmholtz. (F. A. Welby, trans.). Oxford, England: Clarendon, 1906. Google Scholar
Ladisich, W., Volbehr, H., & Matussek, N. Paradoxical effect of amphetamine on hyperactive states in correlation with catecholamine metabolism in brain. In E. Costa & S. Garattini (Eds.), Amphetamines and related compounds. New York: Raven Press, 1970. Google Scholar
Land, E. H. The retinex theory of color vision. Scientific American, 1977, 237, 108–128. Article Google Scholar
Levine, D. S., & Grossberg, S. Visual illusions in neural networks: Line neutralization, tilt aftereffect, and angle expansion. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 1976, 61, 477–504. Article Google Scholar
Lindvall, O., & Björklund, A. The organization of the ascending catecholamine neuron systems in the rat brain as revealed by the glyoxylic acid fluorescence method. Acta Physiologia Scandinavia Supplement, 1974, 412, 1–48. Google Scholar
Low, M. D., Borda, R. P., Frost, J. D., & Kellaway, P. Surface negative slow potential shift associated with conditioning in man. Neurology, 1966, 16, 711–782. Google Scholar
Lynn, R. Attention, arousal, and the orientation reaction. New York: Pergamon Press, 1966. Google Scholar
Macchi, G., & Rinvik, E. Thalamo-telencephalic circuits: A neuroanatomical survey. In A. Rémond (Ed.), Handbook of electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology (Vol. 2, Pt. A). Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1976. Google Scholar
MacKay, D. M. Moving visual images produced by regular stationary patterns. Nature, 1957, 180, 849–850. Article Google Scholar
MacKay, D. M., & MacKay, V. What causes decay of pattern-contingent chromatic aftereffects? Vision Research, 1975, 15, 462–464. Article Google Scholar
Masterson, F. A. Is termination of a warning signal an effective reward for the rat? Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 1970, 72, 471–475. Article Google Scholar
McAdam, D. W. Increases in CNS excitability during negative cortical slow potentials in man. Electro-encephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 1969, 26, 216–219. Article Google Scholar
McAdam, D. W., Irwin, D. A., Rebert, C. S., & Knott, J. R. Conative control of the contingent negative variation. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 1966, 21, 194–195. Article Google Scholar
McAllister, W. R., & McAllister, D. E. Behavioral measurement of conditioned fear. In F. R. Brush (Ed.), Aversive conditioning and learning. New York: Academic Press, 1970. Google Scholar
McCollough, C. Color adaptation of edge-detectors in the human visual system. Science, 1965, 149, 1115–1116. Article Google Scholar
Montalvo, F. S. A neural network model of the McCollough effect. Biological Cybernetics, 1976, 25, 49–56. Google Scholar
Moruzzi, G., & Magoun, H. W. Brain stem reticular formation and activation of the EEG. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 1949, 1, 455–473. Google Scholar
Myers, A. K. Effects of continuous loud noise during instrumental shock-escape conditioning. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 1969, 68, 617–622. Article Google Scholar
Piaget, J. The origins of intelligence in children. New York: Norton, 1963. Google Scholar
Ratliff, F. Mach bands: Quantitative studies of neural networks in the retina. San Francisco: Holden-Day, 1965. Google Scholar
Rauschecker, J. P. J., Campbell, F. W., & Atkinson, J. Colour opponent neurones in the human visual system. Nature, 1973, 245, 42–45. Article Google Scholar
Remington, R. J. Analysis of sequential effects in choice reaction times. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1969, 2, 250–257. Article Google Scholar
Rescorla, R. A., & Wagner, A. R. A theory of Pavlovian conditioning: Variations in the effectiveness of reinforcement and nonreinforcement. In A. Black & W. F. Prokasy (Eds.), Classical conditioning II. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1972. Google Scholar
Ricklan, M. L-dopa and parkinsonism: A psychological assessment. Springfield, I11.: Charles C Thomas, 1973. Google Scholar
Robson, J. G. Receptive fields: Neural representation of the spatial and intensive attributes of the visual image. In E. C. Carterette & M. P. Friedman (Eds.), Handbook of perception (Vol. 5 ). New York: Academic Press, 1976. Google Scholar
Rohrbaugh, J., Donchin, E., & Eriksen, C. Decision making and the P300 component of the cortical evoked response. Perception & Psychophysics, 1974, 15, 368–374. Article Google Scholar
Schiller, P. H., & Malpeli, J. G. Functional specificity of lateral geniculate nucleus laminae of the rhesus monkey. Journal of Neurophysiology, 1978, 41, 788–797. Google Scholar
Schneider, W., & Shiffrin, R. M. Automatic and controlled information processing in vision. In D. LaBarge & S. J. Samuels (Eds.), Basic processes in reading: Perception and comprehension. Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum, 1976. Google Scholar
Seligman, M. E. P., Maier, S. F., & Solomon, R. L. Unpredictable and uncontrollable aversive events. In F. R. Brush (Ed.), Aversive conditioning and learning. New York: Academic Press, 1971. Google Scholar
Singer, W. Control of thalamic transmission by corticofugal and ascending reticular pathways in the visual system. Physiological Review, 1977, 57, 386–420. Google Scholar
Sluckin, W. Imprinting and early learning. London: Methuen, 1964. Google Scholar
Squires, K., Wickens, C., Squires, N., & Donchin, E. The effect of stimulus sequence on the waveform of the cortical event-related potential. Science, 1976, 193, 1142–1146. Article Google Scholar
Stein, L. Norepinephrine reward pathways: Role in self-stimulation, memory consolidation, and schizophrenia. In J. K. Cole & T. B. Sonderegger (Eds.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation (Vol. 22 ). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1974. Google Scholar
Stryker, M., & Sherk, H. Modification of cortical orientation selectivity in the cat by restricted visual experience: A reexamination. Science, 1975, 190, 904–905. Article Google Scholar
Tanji, J., & Evarts, E. V. Anticipatory activity of motor cortex neurons in relation to direction of an intended movement. Journal of Neurophysiology, 1976, 39, 1062–1068. Google Scholar
Thomas, G. B., Jr. Calculus and analytic geometry. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1968. Google Scholar
Trabasso, T., & Bower, G. H. Attention in learning: Theory and research. New York: Wiley, 1968. Google Scholar
Tsumoto, T., Creutzfeldt, O. D., & Legéndy, C. R. Functional organization of the corticofugal system from visual cortex to lateral geniculate nucleus in the cat. Experimental Brain Research, 1978, 32, 345–364. Article Google Scholar
Tsumoto, T., & Suzuki, D. A. Effects of frontal eye field stimulation upon activities of the lateral geniculate body of the cat. Experimental Brain Research, 1976, 25, 291–306. Article Google Scholar
Ungerstedt, U. Stereo toxic mapping of the monoamine pathways in the rat brain. Acta Physiologica Scandinavia, 1971, 82 (Supplement 367), 1–48. Google Scholar
Wagner, A. R. Frustrative nonreward: A variety of punishment. In B. A. Campbell & R. M. Church (Eds.), Punishment and aversive behavior. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1969. Google Scholar
Walter, W. G. Slow potential waves in the human brain associated with expectancy, attention, and decision. Arch. Psychiat. Nervenkr., 1964, 206, 309–322. Article Google Scholar
Wilson, H. A synaptic model for spatial frequency adaptation. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 1975, 50, 327–352. Article Google Scholar
Wurtz, R. H., & Goldberg, M. E. The role of the superior colliculus in visually evoked eye movement. In J. Dichgans & E. Bizzi (Eds.), Cerebral control of eye movement and motion perception. Basel, Switzerland: Karger, 1972. Google Scholar