Microstimulation of the supplementary motor area (SMA) in the awake monkey (original) (raw)
Summary
The supplementary motor area of three_Macaca fascicularis_ was mapped using intracortical microstimulation (ICMS). Both forelimb and hindlimb movements were evoked using currents of 30 μA or less. However, thresholds for evoking movements were higher than those in the primary motor cortex. Proximal motor effects predominated, but distal joint movements were also elicited. Forelimb points were clustered in mesial cortex of area 6, anterior to the precentral hindlimb and tail region. Distal joint effects were located deep in the cortex, intermingled with proximal effects. Hindlimb responses which were less spatially localized, were found both ventral to the forelimb area, in the dorsal bank of the cingulate sulcus, and in mesial cortex, well anterior to area 4. No movements of facial muscles were elicited.
Injections of HRP were made into the spinal cord at the cervical level in two animals and the lumbar level in the third one. An area of labelled cells was seen in mesial area 6 which corresponded closely to the region from which ICMS effects were elicited. No movements were evoked from the anterior portions of the fundal region of the cingulate sulcus which were also labelled.
Access this article
Subscribe and save
- Get 10 units per month
- Download Article/Chapter or eBook
- 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
- Cancel anytime Subscribe now
Buy Now
Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.
Instant access to the full article PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
- Asanuma H, Arnold AP (1975) Noxious effects of excessive currents used for intracortical microstimulation. Brain Res 96: 103–107
Google Scholar - Asanuma H, Arnold A, Zarzecki P (1976) Further study on the excitation of pyramidal tract cells by intracortical microstimulation. Exp Brain Res 26: 443–461
Google Scholar - Biber MP, Kneisley LW, LaVail JH (1978) Cortical neurons projecting to the cervical and lumbar enlargements of the spinal cord in young and adult Rhesus monkeys. Exp Neurol 59: 492–508
Google Scholar - Bonin G von (1944) Architecture of the precentral motor cortex and some adjacent areas. In: Bucy PC (ed) The precentral motor cortex and some adjacent areas. The University of Illinois Press, Urbana, Ill., pp 7–82
Google Scholar - Brinkman C, Porter R (1979) Supplementary motor area in the monkey. Activity of neurons during performance of a learned motor task. J Neurophysiol 42: 681–709
Google Scholar - Brodmann K (1903) Beiträge zur histologischen Lokalisation der Groβhirnrinde, 3. Mitteilung: Die Rindenfelder der niederen Affen. J Psychol Neurol (Lpz) 4: 177–226
Google Scholar - Bucy PC (1935) A comparative cytoarchitectonic study of the motor and premotor areas in the primate cortex. J Comp Neurol 62: 293–332
Google Scholar - Deecke L, Kornhuber HH (1978) An electrical sign of participation of the mesial ‘supplementary’ motor cortex in human voluntary finger movement. Brain Res 159: 473–476
Google Scholar - Humphrey DR (1979) On the cortical control of visually directed reaching. Contributions by nonprecentral motor areas. In: Talbott RE, Humphrey DR (eds) Posture and movement. Raven Press, New York, pp 51–112
Google Scholar - Jankowska E, Padel Y, Tanaka R (1975) The mode of activation of pyramidal tract cells by intracortical stimuli. J Physiol (Lond) 249: 617–636
Google Scholar - Künzle H (1978) An autoradiographic analysis of the efferent connections from ‘premotor’ and adjacent prefrontal regions (areas 6 and 9) in Macaca fascicularis. Brain Behav Evol 15: 185–234
Google Scholar - Matsumura M, Kubota K (1979) Cortical projection to hand-arm motor area from post-arcuate area in macaque monkey. A histological study of retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. Neurosci Lett 11: 241–246
Google Scholar - Mesulam MM (1978) Tetramethyl benzidine for horseradish peroxidase neurochemistry. A non-carcinogenic blue reaction-product with superior sensitivity for visualizing neural afferents and efferents. J Histochem Cytochem 26: 106–117
Google Scholar - Muakkassa KF, Strick PL (1979) Frontal lobe inputs to primate motor cortex. Evidence for four somatotopically organized ‘premotor’ areas. Brain Res 177: 176–182
Google Scholar - Murray EA, Coulter JD (1981) Organization of corticospinal neurons in the monkey. J Comp Neurol 195: 339–365
Google Scholar - Orgogozo JM, Larsen B (1979) Activation of the supplementary motor area during voluntary movement in man suggests it works as a supramotor area. Science 206: 847–850
Google Scholar - Palmer C, Schmidt EM, McIntosh JS (1981) Corticospinal and corticorubral projections from the supplementary motor area in the monkey. Brain Res 209: 305–314
Google Scholar - Penfield W, Welch K (1951) Supplementary motor area of the cerebral cortex. Arch Neurol Psychiat 66: 289–317
Google Scholar - Ranck JB (1975) Which elements are excited in electrical stimulation of mammalian central nervous system. A review. Brain Res 98: 417–440
Google Scholar - Roland PE, Larsen B, Lassen NA, Skinhøj E (1980) Supplementary motor area and other cortical areas in organization of voluntary movements in man. J Neurophysiol 43: 118–136
Google Scholar - Smith AM (1979) The activity of supplementary motor area neurons during a maintained precision grip. Brain Res 172: 315–327
Google Scholar - Stoney SD, Thompson WD, Asanuma H (1968) Excitation of pyramidal tract cells by intracortical microstimulation. Effective extent of stimulating current. J Neurophysiol 31: 659–669
Google Scholar - Talairach J, Bancaud J (1966) The supplementary motor area in man. Int J Neurol 5: 330–347
Google Scholar - Tanji J, Kurata K (1979) Neuronal activity in the cortical supplementary motor area related with distal and proximal forelimb movements. Neurosci Lett 12: 201–206
Google Scholar - Tanji J, Taniguchi K, Saga T (1980) Supplementary motor area. Neuronal response to motor instructions. J Neurophysiol 43: 60–68
Google Scholar - Vogt C, Vogt O (1919) Allgemeinere Ergebnisse unserer Hirnforschung. J Psychol Neurol (Lpz) 25: 279–439
Google Scholar - Wiesendanger M (1981) Organization of secondary motor areas of cerebral cortex. In: Brooks VB (ed) Handbook of physiology. The nervous system, II. Motor control. Physiological Society, Washington (in press)
Google Scholar - Wiesendanger M, Séguin JJ, Künzle H (1973) The supplementary motor area. A control system for posture? In: Stein RB, Pearson KB, Smith RS, Redford JB (eds) Control of posture and locomotion. Plenum Press, New York, pp 331–346
Google Scholar - Wise SP, Tanji J (1981) Supplementary and precentral motor cortex. Contrast in responsiveness to peripheral input in the hindlimb area of the unanesthetized monkey. J Comp Neurol 195: 433–451
Google Scholar - Woolsey CN, Settlage PH, Meyer DR, Spencer W, Hamuy TP, Travis AM (1952) Patterns of localization in precentral and ‘supplementary’ motor area. Res Publ Assoc Res Nerv Ment Dis 30: 238–264
Google Scholar
Author information
Author notes
- J. M. Macpherson
Present address: Neurological Sciences Institute, Good Samaritan Hospital, 1015 NW 22nd Ave., 97210, Portland, OR, USA
Authors and Affiliations
- Institut de Physiologie, Université de Fribourg, Pérolles, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
J. M. Macpherson, C. Marangoz, T. S. Miles & M. Wiesendanger
Authors
- J. M. Macpherson
You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar - C. Marangoz
You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar - T. S. Miles
You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar - M. Wiesendanger
You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar
Additional information
Supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (grant no. 3.752.80)
Postdoctoral fellow of the MRC Canada
Postdoctoral fellow of the European Science Foundation
On leave of absence from the Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
Postdoctoral fellow of the IBRO
On sabbatical leave from the Department of Physiology, University of Adelaide, South Australia
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Macpherson, J.M., Marangoz, C., Miles, T.S. et al. Microstimulation of the supplementary motor area (SMA) in the awake monkey.Exp Brain Res 45, 410–416 (1982). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01208601
- Received: 14 April 1981
- Issue Date: October 1982
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01208601