Partial androgen deficiency, depression and testosterone treatment in aging men (original) (raw)

• Araujo AB, O’Donnell AB, Brambilla DJ et al. Prevalence and incidence of androgen deficiency in middle-aged and older men: estimates from the Massachusetts Male Aging Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89: 5920–6.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Valenti G. The pathway of partial androgen deficiency of aging male. J Endocrinol Invest 2005; 28: 28–33.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Meikle AW, Bishop T, Stringham JD et al. Quantitating genetic and nongenetic factors that determine plasma sex steroid variation in normal male twins. Metabolism 1986; 35: 1090–5.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Turner HE, Wass JA. Gonadal function in men with chronic illness. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1997; 47: 379–403.
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• MacAdams MR, White RH, Chipps BE. Reduction of serum testosterone levels during chronic glucocorticoid therapy. Ann Intern Med 1986; 104: 648–51.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Vermeulen A, Kaufmann JM, Giagulli VA. Influence of some biological indexes on sex hormone-binding globulin and androgen levels in aging or obese males. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996; 81: 1821–6.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Travison TG, Araujo AB, Kupelian V et al. The relative contributions of aging, health, and lifestyle factors to serum testosterone decline in men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92: 549–55.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Gray PB, Yang CF, Pope HG Jr. Fathers have lower salivary testosterone levels than unmarried men and married non-fathers in Beijing, China. Proc Biol Sci 2006; 273: 333–9.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Harman SM, Metter EJ, Tobin JD et al. Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Longitudinal effects of aging on serum total and free testosterone levels in healthy men. Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86: 724–31.
  CAS Google Scholar
• Burris AS, Banks SM, Carter CS et al. A long-term prospective study of the physiological and behavioral effects of hormone replacement in untreated hypogonadal men. J Androl 1992; 13: 297–304.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Urban RJ, Bodenburg YH, Gilkison C et al. Testosterone administration to elderly men increases skeletal muscle strength and protein synthesis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 1995; 269: E820–6.
  CAS Google Scholar
• Tenover JS. Androgen administration to aging men. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 1994; 23: 877–92.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Itoh N, Tsukamoto T. Clinical aspects of partial androgen deficiency of aging male (PADAM). Clin Calcium 2003; 13: 1432–7.
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Abu EO, Horner A, Kusec V et al. The localization of androgen receptors in human bone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82: 3493–7.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Hibberts NA, Howell AE, Randall VA. Balding hair follicle dermal papilla cells contain higher levels of androgen receptors than those from non-balding scalp. J Endocrinol 1998; 156: 59–65.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Wang C, Alexander G, Berman N et al. Testosterone replacement therapy improves mood in hypogonadal men — a clinical research center study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996; 81: 3578–83.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Rubinow DR, Schmidt PJ. Androgens, Brain, and Behavior. Am J Psychiatry 1996; 153: 974–84.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Werner AA. The male climacteric. JAMA 1939; 112: 1441–3.
  Article Google Scholar
• Greenblatt RB, Nezhat C, Roesel RA et al. Update on the male and female climacteric. J Am Geriatr Soc 1979; 27: 481–90.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Wu CY, Yu TJ, Chen MJ. Age related testosterone level changes and male andropause syndrome. Chang Gung Med J 2000; 23: 348–53.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Morley JE, Charlton E, Patrick P et al. Validation of a screening questionnaire for androgen deficiency in aging males. Metabolism 2000; 49: 1239–42.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Sato Y, Kato S, Ohnishi S et al. Analysis of clinical manifestations and endocrinological aspects of patient having PADAM-like Symptoms. Nippon Hinyokika Gakkai Zasshi 2004; 95: 8–16.
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Alexander GM, Swerdloff RS, Wang C et al. Androgen behavior correlations in hypogonadal and eugonadal men: cognitive abilities. Horm Behav 1998; 33: 85–94.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Hochreiter WW, Ackermann DK, Brütsch HP. Andropause. Ther Umsch 2005; 62: 821–6.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Spetz AC, Palmefors L, Skobe RSP et al. Testosterone correlated to symptoms of partial androgen deficiency in aging men (PADAM) in an elderly Swedish population. Menopause 2007; 14: 973–1005.
  Article Google Scholar
• Werner AA. The male climacteric: report of 273 cases. JAMA 1946; 132: 188–94.
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Tancredi A, Reginster JY, Schleich F et al. Interest of the Androgen Deficiency in Aging Males (ADAM) questionnaire for the identification of hypogonadism in elderly community-dwelling male volunteers. Eur J Endocrinol 2004; 151: 355–60.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Delhez M, Hansenne M, Luyckx F et al. Que penser d’un test ADAM positif en l’absence d’hypogonadisme? Ann Endocrinol (Paris) 2001; 62: 177.
  Google Scholar
• Tan RS, Pu SJ. Is it andropause? Recognizing androgen deficiency in aging men. Postgrad Med 2004; 115: 62–6.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Tancredi A, Reginster JY, Luyckx F et al. No major month to month variation in free testosterone levels in aging males. Minor impact on the biological diagnosis of ‘andropause’. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2005; 30: 638–46.
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Nieschlag E, Swerdloff R, Behre HM et al. Investigation, treatment, and monitoring of late-onset hypogonadism in males: ISA, ISSAM, and EAU recommendations. Int J Androl 2005; 28: 125–7.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Vermeulen A. Hormonal cut-offs of partial androgen deficiency: a survey of androgen assays. J Endocrinol Invest 2005; 28: 28–31.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Valenti G, Bossoni S, Giustina A et al. Italian Study Group on Geriatric Endocrinology. Consensus document on substitution therapy with testosterone in hypoandrogenic elderly men. Aging Clin Exp Res 2002; 14: 439–64.
  Google Scholar
• Seidman SN, Walsh BT. Testosterone and depression in aging men. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 1999; 7: 18–33.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Barrett-Connor E, Von Mühlen DG, Kritz-Silverstein D. Bioavailable testosterone and depressed mood in older men: the Rancho Bernardo Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999; 84: 573–7.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Shores MM, Sloan KL, Matsumoto AM et al. Increased incidence of diagnosed depressive illness in hypogonadal older men. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2004; 61: 162–7.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• McIntyre RS, Mancini D, Eisfeld BS et al. Calculated bioavailable testosterone levels and depression in middle-aged men. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2006; 31: 1029–35.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Almeida OP, Waterreus A, Spry N et al. One year follow-up study of the association between chemical castration, sex hormones, beta-amyloid, memory and depression in men. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2004; 29: 1071–81.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Araujo AB, Durante R, Feldman HA et al. The relationship between depressive symptoms and male erectile dysfunction: cross-sectional results from the Massachusetts Male Aging Study. Psychosom Med 1998; 60: 458–65.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Moffat SD, Zonderman AB, Metter EJ et al. Longitudinal assessment of serum free testosterone concentration predicts memory performance and cognitive status in elderly men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87: 5001–7.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Mazur A. Biosocial models of deviant behaviour among male army veterans. Biol Psychol 1995; 41: 271–93.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Dabbs JM, Hopper CH, Jurkovic GJ. Testosterone and personality among college students and military veterans. Pers Individ Dif 1990; 11: 1263–9.
  Article Google Scholar
• Seidman SN, Spatz E, Rizzo C et al. Testosterone replacement therapy for hypogonadal men with major depressive disorder: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Clin Psychiatry 2001; 62: 406–12.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Schweiger U, Deuschle M, Weber B et al. Testosterone, gonadotropin, and cortisol secretion in male patient with major depression. Psychosom Med 1999; 61: 292–6.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Steiger A, von Bardeleben U, Wiedemann K et al. Sleep EEG and nocturnal secretion of testosterone and cortisol in patients with major endogenous depression during acute phase and after remission. J Psychiatr Res 1991; 25: 169–77.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Yoshida NM, Kumano H, Kuboki T. Does the Aging Males’ Symptoms scale assess major depressive disorder? A pilot study. Maturitas 2006; 53: 171–5.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Seidman SN, Araujo AB, Roose SP et al. Low testosterone levels in elderly men with dysthymic disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2002; 159: 456–9.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Janowsky JS. Thinking with your gonads: testosterone and cognition. Trends Cogn Sci 2006; 10: 77–82.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Robichaud M, Debonnel G. Oestrogen and testosterone modulate the firing activity of dorsal raphe nucleus serotonergic neurones in both male and female rats. J Neuroendocrinol 2005; 17: 179–85.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Sumner BE, Fink G. Testosterone as well as estrogen increase serotonin 2A receptor mRNA and binding site densities in the male rat brain. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 1998; 59: 205–14.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Fink G, Sumner B, Rosie R et al. Androgen actions on central serotonin neurotransmission: relevance for mood, mental state and memory. Behav Brain Res 1999; 105: 53–68.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Zitzmann M. Testosterone and the brain. Aging Male 2006; 9: 195–9.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Tan RS, Culberson JW. An integrative review on current evidence of testosterone replacement therapy for the andropause. Maturitas 2003; 45: 15–27.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Shemiza K, Kunnathur V, Liu B et al. Testosterone modulation of striatal dopamine output in orchiectomized mice. Synapse 2006; 60: 347–53.
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Riters LV, Eens M, Pinxten R et al. Seasonal changes in the densities of alpha(2) noradrenergic receptors are inversely related to changes in testosterone and the volumes of song control nuclei in male European starlings. J Comp Neurol 2002; 444: 63–74.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Janowsky JS. The role of androgens in cognition and brain aging in men. Neuroscience 2006; 138: 1015–20.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Goudsmit E, Feenstra MG, Swaab DF. Central monoamine metabolism in the male Brown-Norway rat in relation to aging and testosterone. Brain Res Bull 1990; 25: 755–63.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Knoll J, Miklya I, Knoll B et al. Sexual hormones terminate in the rat. The significantly enhanced catecholaminergic/serotoninergic tone in the brain characteristic to the post-weaning period. Life Sci 2000; 67: 765–73.
  CAS Google Scholar
• Brown-Séquard CE. Effects in man of subcutaneous injections of freshly prepared liquid from guinea pig and dog testes. CR Seances Soc Biol Ger 1889; 9: 415–9.
  Google Scholar
• Brown-Séquard CE. Note on the effects produced on man by subcutaneous injection of a liquid obtained from the testicles of animals. Lancet 1889; 2: 105–7.
  Article Google Scholar
• Wang C, Swerdloff RS, Iranmanessh A et al. Transdermal testosterone gel improves sexual function, mood, muscle strength and body composition parameters in hypogonadal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85: 2839–53.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Haren M, Chapman I, Coates P et al. Effect of 12 month oral testosterone on testosterone deficiency symptoms in symptomatic elderly males with low-normal gonadal status. Age Ageing 2005; 34: 125–30.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Haren MT, Wittert GA, Chapman IM et al. Effect of oral testosterone undecanoate on visuospatial cognition, mood and quality of life in elderly men with low-normal gonadal status. Maturitas 2005; 50: 124–33.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Daly RC, Su TP, Schmidt PJ et al. Neuroendocrine and behavioral effects of high-dose anabolic steroid administration in male normal volunteers. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2003; 28: 317–331.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Daly RC, Su TP, Schmidt PJ et al. Cerebrospinal fluid and behavioral changes after methyltestosterone administration: preliminary findings. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001; 58: 172–7.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Pope HG, Kouri EM, Hudson JI. Effects of supraphysiologic doses of testosterone on mood and aggression in normal men. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000; 57: 133–40.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Gray PB, Singh AB, Woodhouse LJ et al. Dose-dependent effects of testosterone on sexual function, mood, and visuospatial cognition in older men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90: 3838–46.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Shamlian NT, Cole MG. Androgen treatment of depressive symptoms in older men: a systematic review of feasibility and effectiveness. Can J Psychiatry 2006; 51: 295–9.
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Perry PJ, Yates WR, Williams RD et al. Testosterone therapy in late-life major depression in males. J Clin Psychiatry 2002; 63: 1096–101.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Seidman SN, Rabkin JG. Testosterone replacement therapy for hypogonadal men with SSRI-refractory depression. J Affect Disord 1998; 48: 157–61.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Pope HG Jr, Cohane GH, Kanayama G et al. Testosterone gel supplementation for men with refractory depression: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry 2003; 160: 105–11.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Orengo CA, Fullerton L, Kunik ME. Safety and efficacy of testosterone gel 1% augmentation in depressed men with partial response to antidepressant therapy. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2005; 18: 20–4.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Martinez-Mota L, Fernandez-Guasti A. Testosterone-dependent antidepressant-like effect of noradrenergic but not serotoninergic drugs. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2004; 78: 711–8.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Kenny AM, Fabregas G, Song C et al. Effects of testosterone on behavior, depression, and cognitive function in older men with mild cognitive loss. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2004; 59: 75–8.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Bhasin S, Cunningham GR, Hayes FJ et al. Testosterone therapy in adult men with androgen deficiency syndromes: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91: 1995–2010.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• American Society of Andrology (no authors listed). Testosterone replacement therapy for male aging: ASA Position Statement. ASA Statement. J Androl 2006; 27: 133–4.
  Google Scholar
• Hijazi RA, Cunningham GR. Andropause: is androgen replacement therapy indicated for the aging male? Annu Rev Med 2005; 56: 117–37.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Kaufman JM, Vermeulen A. The decline of androgen level in elderly men and its clinical and therapeutic implication. Endocr Rev 2005; 26: 833–76.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Vermeulen A. Andropause. Maturitas 2000; 34: 5–15.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Amory JK, Watts NB, Easley KA et al. Exogenous testosterone or testosterone with finasteride increases bone mineral density in older men with low serum testosterone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89: 503–10.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Alexandersen P, Christiansen C. The aging male: testosterone deficiency and testosterone replacement. An up-date. Atherosclerosis 2004; 173: 157–69.
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Marks LS, Mazer NA, Mostaghel E et al. Effect of testosterone replacement therapy on prostate tissue in men with late-onset hypogonadism: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2006; 296: 2351–61.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Rhoden EL, Morgentaler A. Influence of demographic factors and biochemical characteristics on the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) response to testosterone replacement therapy. Int J Impot Res 2006; 18: 201–5.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Katz A. Androgen replacement therapy in aging men. Nurse Pract 2004; 29: 58–64.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Liu PY, Yee B, Wishart SM et al. The short-term effects of high-dose testosterone on sleep, breathing, and function in older men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88: 3605–13.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Barrett-Connor E. Testosterone, HDL-cholesterol and cardiovascular disease. In Bhasin S, Gabelnick HC, Spieler JM, Swerdloff RS, Wang C, Kelly C, eds. Pharmacology, biology and clinical applications of androgens: current status and future prospects. New York: Wiley-Liss, 1996: 215–23.
  Google Scholar
• English KM, Mandour O, Steeds RP et al. Men with coronary artery disease have lower levels of androgens than men with normal coronary angiograms. Eur Heart J 2000; 21: 890–4.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Muller M, van den Beld AW, Bots ML et al. Endogenous sex hormones and progression of carotid atherosclerosis in elderly men. Circulation 2004; 109: 2074–9.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Hak AE, Witteman JC, de Jong FH et al. Low levels of endogenous androgens increase the risk of atherosclerosis in elderly men: the Rotterdam Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87: 3632–9.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Van den Beld AW, Bots ML, Janssen JA et al. Endogenous hormones and carotid atherosclerosis in elderly men. Am J Epidemiol 2003; 157: 25–31.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Hautanen A, Mänttäri M, Manninen V et al. Adrenal androgens and testosterone as coronary risk factors in the Helsinki Heart Study. Atherosclerosis 1994; 105: 191–200.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Wu FC, Von Eckardstein A. Androgens and coronary artery disease. Endocr Rev 2003; 24: 183–217.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Giannoulis MG, Jackson N, Shojaee-Moradie F et al. Effects of growth hormone and/or testosterone on very low density lipoprotein apolipoprotein B100 kinetics and plasma lipids in healthy elderly men: a randomised controlled trial. Growth Horm IGF Res 2006; 16: 308–17.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Snyder PJ, Peachey H, Berlin JA et al. Effect of transdermal testosterone treatment on serum lipid and apolipoprotein levels in men more than 65 years of age. Am J Med 2001; 111: 255–60.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Sih R, Morley JE, Kaiser FE et al. Testosterone replacement in older hypogonadal men: a 12-month randomized controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82: 1661–7.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Uyanik BS, Ari Z, Gümüs B et al. Beneficial effects of testosterone undecanoate on the lipoprotein profiles in healthy elderly men. A placebo controlled study. Jpn Heart J 1997; 38: 73–82.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Kenny AM, Prestwood KM, Gruman CA et al. Effects of transdermal testosterone on lipids and vascular reactivity in older men with low bioavailable testosterone levels. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2002; 57: M460–5.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Berg G, Schreier L, Geloso G et al. Impact on lipoprotein profile after long-term testosterone replacement in hypogonadal men. Horm Metab Res 2002; 34: 87–92.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Khaw KT, Barrett-Connor E. Endogenous sex hormones, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and other lipoprotein fractions in men. Arterioscler Thromb 1991; 11: 489–94.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Van Pottelbergh I, Braeckman L, De Bacquer D et al. Differential contribution of testosterone and estradiol in the determination of cholesterol and lipoprotein profile in healthy middle-aged men. Atherosclerosis 2003; 166: 95–102.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Svartberg J, von Mühlen D, Schirmer H et al. Association of endogenous testosterone with blood pressure and left ventricular mass in men. The Tromsø Study. Eur J Endocrinol 2004; 150: 65–71.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Khaw KT, Barrett-Connor E. Blood pressure and endogenous testosterone in men: an inverse relationship. J Hypertens 1988; 6: 329–32.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Rhoden EL, Morgentaler A. Risks of testosterone-replacement therapy and recommendations for monitoring. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 482–92.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Rolf C, Nieschlag E. Potential adverse effects of long-term testosterone therapy. Baillières Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998; 12: 521–34.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Ly LP, Jimenez M, Zhuang TN et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial of transdermal dihydrotestosterone gel on muscular strength, mobility, and quality of life in older men with partial androgen deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86: 4078–88.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Allan CA, McLachlan RI. Age-related changes in testosterone and the role of replacement therapy in older men. Clin Endocrinol 2004; 60: 653–70.
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Matsumoto AM. Andropause: clinical implications of the decline in serum testosterone levels with aging in men. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2002; 57: M76–99.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Shores MM, Sloan KL, Matsumoto AM et al. Increased incidence of diagnosed depressive illness in hypogonadal older men. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2004; 61: 162–7.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Ferrini RL, Barrett-Connor E. Sex hormones and age: a cross-sectional study of testosterone and estradiol and their bioavailable fractions in community-dwelling men. Am J Epidemiol 1998; 147: 750–4.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Thilers PP, MacDonald SW, Herlitz A. The association between endogenous free testosterone and cognitive performance: A population-based study in 35 to 90 year-old men and women. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2006; 31: 565–76.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Cherrier MM, Matsumoto AM, Amory JK et al. The role of aromatization in testosterone supplementation: effects on cognition in older men. Neurology 2005; 64: 290–6.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Cherrier MM, Asthana S, Plymate S et al. Testosterone supplementation improves spatial and verbal memory in healthy older men. Neurology 2001; 57: 80–8.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Kenny AM, Bellantonio S, Gruman CA et al. Effects of transdermal testosterone on cognitive function and health perception in older men with low bioavailable testosterone levels. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2002; 57: M321–5.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Seftel AD, Mack RJ, Secrest AR et al. Restorative increases in serum testosterone levels are significantly correlated to improvements in sexual functioning. J Androl 2004; 25: 963–72.
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Zhang XH, Morelli A, Luconi M et al. Testosterone regulates PDE5 expression and in vivo responsiveness to tadalafil in rat corpus cavernosum. Eur Urol 2005; 47: 409–16.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Morelli A, Filippi S, Mancina R et al. Androgens regulate phosphodiesterase type 5 expression and functional activity in corpora cavernosa. Endocrinology 2004; 145: 2253–63.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Sinha-Hikim I, Cornford M, Gaytan H et al. Effects of testosterone supplementation on skeletal muscle fiber hypertrophy and satellite cells in community-dwelling older men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91: 3024–33.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Bhasin S, Woodhouse L, Casaburi R et al. Older men are as responsive as young men to the anabolic effects of graded doses of testosterone on the skeletal muscle. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90: 678–88.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Page ST, Amory JK, Bowman FD et al. Exogenous testosterone (T) alone or with finasteride increases physical performance, grip strength, and lean body mass in older men with low serum T. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90: 1502–10.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Denti L. The PADAM syndrome and its clinical manifestations: the muscle mass. J Endocrinol Invest 2005; 28: 43–5.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar