Glutamate, excitotoxicity and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (original) (raw)
Shaw PJ (1994) Excitotoxicity and motor neurone disease: a review of the evidence. J Neurol Sci 124 [Suppl]: 6–13 PubMed Google Scholar
Rothstein JD (1995) Excitotoxic mechanisms in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Adv Neurol 68: 7–20 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Zeman S, Lloyd C, Meldrum B, Leigh PN (1994) Excitatory amino acids, free radicals and the pathogenesis of motor neuron disease. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 20: 219–231 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Brown RH (1995) Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: recent insights from genetics and transgenic mice. Cell 80: 687–692 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Olanow CW (1993) A radical hypothesis for neurodegeneration. Trends Neurosci 16: 439–444 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Coyle JT, Puttfarcken P (1993) Oxidative stress, glutamate and neurodegenerative disorders. Science 262: 689–695 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Smith RG, Hamilton S, Hofmann F, et al (1992) Serum antibodies to L-type calcium channels in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. N Engl J Med 327: 1721–1728 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Appel SH, Smith RG, Engelhardt JI, Stefani E (1993) Evidence for autoimmunity in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 118: 169–174 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Young AB, Penney JB, Dauth GW, Bromberg MB, Gilman S (1983) Glutamate or aspartate as a possible neurotransmitter of the cerebral corticofugal fibres in the monkey. Neurology 33: 1513–1516 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
O’Brien RJ, Fischbach GD (1986) Modulation of embryonic chick motor neuron glutamate sensitivity by interneurones and agonists. J Neurosci 6: 3290–3296 PubMed Google Scholar
Storm-Mathisen J, Otterson OP (1988) Localisation of excitatory amino acid transmitters. In: Lodge D (ed) Excitatory amino acids in health and disease. Wiley, Chichester, pp 107–143 Google Scholar
Hollmann M, Heinemann S (1994) Cloned glutamate receptors. Annu Rev Neurosci 17: 31–108 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Boulter J, Hollmann M, O’Shea-Greenfield A, et al (1990) Molecular cloning and functional expression of glutamate receptor subunit genes. Science 249: 1033–1037 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Keinanen K, Wisden W, Sommer B, et al (1990) A family of AMPA-selective glutamate receptors. Science 249: 556–560 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Nakanishi N, Shneider NA, Axel R (1990) A family of glutamate receptor genes: evidence for the formation of heteromultimeric receptors with distinct channel properties. Neuron 5: 569–581 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Egebjerg J, Bettler B, Hermans-Borgmeyer I, Heinemann S (1991) Cloning of a cDNA for a glutamate receptor subunit activated by kainate but not AMPA. Nature 351: 745–748 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Bettler B, Egebjerg J, Sharma G, et al (1992) Cloning of a putative glutamate receptor: a low-affinity kainate binding subunit. Neuron 8: 257–265 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Werner P, Voigt M, Keinanen K, et al (1991) Cloning of a putative high affinity kainate receptor expressed predominantly in hippocampal CA3 cells. Nature 351: 742–744 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Herb A, Burnashev N, Werner P, et al (1992) The KA-2 subunit of excitatory amino acid receptors shows widespread expression in brain and forms ion channels with distantly related subunits. Neuron 8: 775–785 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Yamazaki M, Mori H, Araki K, et al (1992) Cloning expression and modulation of a mouse NMDA receptor subunit. FEBS Lett 300: 39–45 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Meguro H, Mori H, Araki K et al (1992) Functional characterisation of a heteromeric NMDA receptor channel expressed from cloned cDNAs. Nature 357: 70–74 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Kutsuwada T, Kashiwabuchi N, Mori H, et al (1992) Molecular diversity of the NMDA receptor channel. Nature 358: 36–41 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Sommer B, Seeburg PH (1992) Glutamate receptor channels: novel properties and new clones. Trends Pharmacol Sci 13: 291–296 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Sommer B, Keinanen K, Verdoorn T, et al (1990) Flip and flop: a cell-specific functional switch in glutamate-operated channels in the CNS. Science 249: 1580–1585 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Burnashev N, Schoepfer R, Monyer H, et al (1992) Control by asparagine residues of calcium permeability and magnesium blockade of the NMDA receptor. Science 257: 1415–1419 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Hume RI, Dingledine R, Heinemann SF (1991) Identification of a site in glutamate receptor subunits that controls calcium permeability. Science 253: 1028–1031 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Pines G, Danbolt NC, Bjoras M, et al (1992) Cloning and expression of a rat brainl-glutamate transporter. Nature 360: 464–467 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Kanai Y, Hediger MA (1992) Primary structure and functional characterization of a high-affinity glutamate transporter. Nature 360: 467–471 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Storck T, Schulte S, Hofmann K, Stoffel W (1992) Structure, expression and functional analysis of a Na(+)-dependent glutamate/aspartate transporter from rat brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89: 10955–10959 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Rothstein JD, Martin L, Levey AI, et al (1994) Localization of neuronal and glial glutamate transporters. Neuron 13: 713–725 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Danbolt NC, Storm-Mathisen J, Kanner BI (1992) An [Na+−K+] coupledl-glutamate transporter purified from rat brain is localized in glial cell processes. Neuroscience 51: 295–310 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Fairman WA, Vandenberg RJ, Arriza JL, Kavanaugh MP, Amara SG (1995) An excitatory amino-acid transporter with properties of a ligand-gated chloride channel. Nature 375: 599–602 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Laake JH, Slyngstad TA, Haug F-MS, Ottersen OP (1995) Glutamine from glial cells is essential for the maintenance of the nerve terminal pool of glutamate: immunogold evidence from hippocampal slice cultures. J Neurochem 65: 871–881 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Lucas DR, Newhouse JP (1957) The toxic effect of sodiuml-glutamate on the inner layers of the retina. Arch Ophthalmol 58: 193–204 CAS Google Scholar
Olney JW (1978) Neurotoxicity of excitatory amino acids. In: McGeer EG, Olney JW, McGeer P (eds) Kainic acid as a tool in neurobiology. Raven, New York, pp 95–121 Google Scholar
Choi DW (1987) Tonic dependence of glutamate neurotoxicity in cortical cell culture. J Neurosci 7: 369–379 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Miller RJ, Murphy SN, Glaum SR (1989) Neuronal Ca2+ channels and their regulation by excitatory amino acids. Ann NY Acad Sci 568: 149–158 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Siesjö BK (1988) Historical overview. Calcium, ischemia and death of brain cells. Ann NY Acad Sci 522: 638–661 PubMed Google Scholar
Meldrum B, Garthwaite J (1990) Excitatory amino acid neurotoxicity and neurodegenerative disease. Trends Pharmacol Sci 11: 379–387 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Choi DW (1988) Glutamate neurotoxicity and diseases of the nervous system. Neuron 1: 623–634 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Prehn JHM, Lippert K, Krieglstein J (1995) Are NMDA or AMPA/kainate receptor antagonists more efficacious in the delayed treatment of excitotoxic neuronal injury. Eur J Pharmacol 292: 179–189 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Novelli A, Reilly JA, Lysko PG, Henneberry RC (1988) Glutamate becomes neurotoxic via the_N_-methyl-d-aspartate receptor when intracellular energy levels are reduced. Brain Res 451: 205–212 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Riepe MW, Hor N, Ludolph AC, Carpenter DO (1995) Failure of neuronal ion exchange, not potentiated excitation, causes excitotoxicity after inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation. Neuroscience 64: 91–97 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Beal MF (1993) Role of excitotoxicity in human neurological disease. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2: 657–662 Google Scholar
Murphy TH, Miyamoto M, Sastre A, Schnaar RL, Coyle JT (1989) Glutamate toxicity in a neuronal cell line involves inhibition of cystine transport leading to oxidative stress. Neuron 2: 1547–1558 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Meister A, Anderson ME (1983) Glutathione. Annu Rev Biochem 52: 711–760 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Lees GJ (1993) Contributory mechanisms in the causation of neurodegenerative disorders. Neuroscience 54: 287–322 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Pellegrini-Giampietro DE (1994) Free radicals and the pathogenesis of neuronal death: co-operative role of excitatory amino acids. In: Armstrong D (ed) Free radicals in diagnostic medicine. Plenum, New York, pp 59–71 Google Scholar
Whetsell WO, Schwartz R (1989) Prolonged exposure to submicromolar concentrations of quinolinic acid causes excitotoxic damage in organotypic cultures of rat corticostriatal system. Neurosci Lett 97: 271–275 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Susel Z, Engber TM, Kuo S, Chase TN (1991) Prolonged infusion of quinolinic acid into rat striatum as an excitotoxic model of neurodegenerative disease. Neurosci Lett 121: 234–238 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Rothstein JD, Lin L, Dykes-Hoberg M, Kuncl RW (1993) Chronic inhibition of glutamate uptake produces a model of slow neurotoxicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90: 6591–6595 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Monaghan DT, Bridge RJ, Cotman CW (1989) The excitatory amino acid receptors: their classes, pharmacology and distinct properties in the function of the central nervous system. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 29: 365–402 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Jakoi ER, Sombati S, Gerwin C, De-Lorenzo RJ (1992) Excitatory amino acid receptor activation produces a selective and long-lasting modulation of gene expression in hippocampal neurons. Brain Res 582: 282–290 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Reiter RJ (1995) Oxidative processes and antioxidative defense mechanisms in the aging brain. FASEB J 9: 526–533 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Shaw PJ, Ince PG, Johnson M, Perry EK, Candy JM (1991) The quantitative autoradiographic distribution of [3H]MK-801 binding sites in the normal human spinal cord. Brain Res 539: 164–168 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Williams TL, Ince PG, Oakley AE, Shaw PJ (1996) An immunocytochemical study of the distribution of AMPA selective glutamate receptor subunits in the normal human motor system. Neuroscience 74: 185–198 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Stewart GR, Olney JW, Pathikonda M, Snider WD (1991) Excitotoxicity in the embryonic chick spinal cord. Ann Neurol 30: 758–766 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Estevez AG, Stutzmann J-M, Barbeito L (1995) Protective effect of riluzole on excitatory amino acid-mediated neurotoxicity in motorneuron-enriched cultures. Eur J Pharmacol 280: 47–53 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Shaw PJ, Chinnery RM, Ince PG (1994) [3H]d-aspartate binding sites in the normal human spinal cord and changes in motor neuron disease: a quantitative autoradiographic study. Brain Res 655: 195–201 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Chinnery RM, Shaw PJ, Ince PG, Johnson M (1993) Autoradiographic distribution of binding sites for the non-NMDA receptor antagonist [3H]CNQX in the human motor cortex, brainstem and spinal cord. Brain Res 630: 75–81 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Shaw PJ, Ince PG, Matthews JNS, Johnson M, Candy JM (1994)_N_-Methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the spinal cord and motor cortex in motor neurone disease: a quantitative autoradiographic study using [3H]MK-801. Brain Res 637: 297–302 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Shaw PJ, Chinnery RM, Ince PG (1994) Non-NMDA receptors in motor neuron disease (MND): a quantitative autoradiographic study in spinal cord and motor cortex using [3H]CNQX and [3H]kainate. Brain Res 655: 186–194 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Williams TL, Day NC, Ince PG, et al (1997) Calcium permeable AMPA receptors: a molecular basis for selective vulnerability in motor neurone disease. Ann Neurol (in press)
Burnashev N, Monyer H, Seeberg PH, Sakmann B (1992) Divalent ion permeability of AMPA receptor channels is dominated by the edited form of a single subunit. Neuron 8: 189–198 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Bettler B, Mulle C (1995) Review: neurotransmitter receptors II. AMPA and kainate receptors. Neuropharmacology 34: 123–139 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Brorson JR, Manzolillo PA, Gibbons SJ, Miller RJ (1995) AMPA receptor desensitisation predicts the selective vulnerability of cerebellar Purkinje cells to excitotoxicity. J Neurosci 15: 4515–4524 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Ballerini L, Bracci E, Nistri A (1995) Desensitisation of AMPA receptors limits the amplitude of EPSP’s and the excitability of motoneurons of the rat isolated spinal cord. Eur J Neurosci 7: 1229–1234 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Traynelis SF, Hartley M, Heinemann SF (1995) Control of proton sensitivity of the NMDA receptor by RNA splicing and polyamines. Science 268: 873–876 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
McIlwain DL (1991) Nuclear and cell body size in spinal motor neurons. In: Rowland LP (ed) Advances in neurology, vol 56. Raven, New York, pp 67–74 Google Scholar
Lee MK, Cleveland DW (1996) Neuronal intermediate filaments. Annu Rev Neurosci 19: 187–217 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Shaw PJ, Chinnery RM, Thageson H, Borthwick G, Ince PG (1997) Immunocytochemical study of the distribution of the free radical scavenging enzymes Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1), Mn superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and catalase in the normal human spinal cord and in motor neuron disease. J Neurol Sci (in press)
Ince PG, Stout N, Shaw PJ, et al (1993) Parvalbumin and calbindin D-28k in the human motor system and in motor neuron disease. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 19: 291–299 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Mattson MP, Guthrie PB, Kater SB (1989) A role for Na+-dependent Ca++ extrusion in protection against neuronal excitototixicity. FASEB J 3: 2519–2526 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Plaitakis A, Constantakakis E, Smith J (1988) The neuroexcitotoxic amino acids glutamate and aspartate are altered in the spinal cord and brain in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Ann Neurol 24: 446–449 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Perry TL, Hansen S, Jones K (1987) Brain glutamate deficiency in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurology 37: 1845–1848 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Tsai G, Stauch-Slusher B, Sim L, et al (1991) Reductions in acidic amino acids and_N_-acetyl-aspartyl-glutamate (NAAG) in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis CNS. Brain Res 556: 151–156 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Rothstein JD, Tsai G, Kuncl RW, et al (1990) Abnormal excitatory amino acid metabolism in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Ann Neurol 28: 18–25 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Shaw PJ, Forrest V, Ince PG, Richardson JP, Wastell HJ (1995) CSF and plasma amino acid levels in motor neuron disease: elevation of CSF glutamate in a subset of patients. Neurodegeneration 4: 209–216 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Perry TL, Krieger C, Hansen S, Eisen A (1990) Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: amino acid levels in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. Ann Neurol 28: 12–17 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Ferrarese L, Pecora N, Frigo M, Appollonio I, Frattola L (1993) Assessment of reliability and biological significance of glutamate levels in cerebrospinal fluid. Ann Neurol 33: 316–319 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Couratier P, Hugon J, Sindou P, Vallat JM, Dumas M (1993) Cell culture evidence for neuronal degeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis being linked to AMPA/kainate receptors. Lancet 341: 265–268 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Plaitakis A, Caroscio JT (1987) Abnormal glutamate metabolism in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Ann Neurol 22: 575–579 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Iwasaki Y, Ikeda K, Kinoshita M (1992) Plasma amino acid levels in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 107: 219–222 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Rothstein JD, Martin LJ, Kuncl RW (1992) Decreased glutamate transport by the brain and spinal cord in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. N Engl J Med 326: 1464–1468 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Rothstein JD, Dykes-Hoberg M, Pardo CA, et al (1996) Knockout of glutamate transporters reveals a major role for astroglial transport in excitotoxicity and clearance of glutamate. Neuron 16: 675–686 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Rothstein JD, Van Kammen M, Levey AI, Martin LJ, Kuncl RW (1995) Selective loss of glial glutamate transporter GLT-1 in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Ann Neurol 38: 73–84 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Bristol LA, Rothstein JD (1996) Glutamate transporter gene expression in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis motor cortex. Ann Neurol 39: 676–679 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Volterra A, Trotti D, Tromba C, Floridi S, Racagni G (1994) Glutamate uptake inhibition by oxygen free radicals in rat cortical astrocytes. J Neurosci 14: 2924–2932 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Hugon J, Vallat JM (1990) Abnormal distribution of phosphorylated neurofilaments in neuronal degeneration induced by kainic acid. Neurosci Lett 119: 45–48 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Rothstein JD, Kuncl RW (1995) Neuroprotective strategies in a model of chronic glutamate-mediated motor neuron toxicity. J Neurochem 65: 643–651 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Spencer PS, Ludolph A, Dwivedi MP, Roy DN, Hugon J, Schaumburg HH (1986) Lathyrism: evidence for role of the neuroexcitatory amino acid BOAA. Lancet II: 1066–1070 Google Scholar
Striefler M, Cohn DF, Hirano A, Schujman E (1997) The central nervous system in a case of neurolathyrism. Neurology 27: 1176–1178 Google Scholar
Cohn DF, Streifler M (1981) Human neurolathyrism, a follow-up study of 200 patients. Arch Suisse Neurol Neurochir Psychiatr 128: 151–156. CAS Google Scholar
Hirano A, Llena JF, Streifler M, Cohn DF (1976) Anterior horn cell changes in a case neurolathyrism. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 35: 277–283 CAS Google Scholar
Spencer PS, Nunn PB, Hugon J, et al (1987) Guam amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-parkinsonism-dementia linked to a plant excitant neurotoxin. Science 237: 517–522 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Duncan MW, Steele JC, Kopin IJ, Markey SP (1990) 2-Amino-3-(methylamino)-propanoic acid (BMAA) in cycad flour: an unlikely cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and parkinsonism-dementia of Guam. Neurology 40: 767–772 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Spencer PS, Allen CN, Kisby CE, Ludolph AL, Ross SM, Roy DW (1991) Lathyrism and Western Pacific amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; etiology of short- and long-latency motor system disorders. In: Rowland LP (ed) Advances in neurology, vol 56. Raven, New York, pp 287–299 Google Scholar
Perl TM, Bedard L, Kosatsky T, Hockin JC, Todd ECD, Remis RS (1990) An outbreak of toxic encephalopathy caused by eating mussels contaminated with domoic acid. N Engl J Med 322: 1775–1780 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Teitelbaum JS, Zatorre RJ, Carpenter S, et al (1990) Neurotoxic sequelae of domoic acid intoxication due to the ingestion of contaminated mussels. J Engl J Med 322: 1781–1787 ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Kew JJM, Leigh PN, Playford ED, et al (1993) Cortical function in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. A positron emission tomography study. Brain 116: 655–680 PubMed Google Scholar
Eisen A, Pant B, Stewart H (1993) Cortical excitability in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a clue to pathogenesis. Can J Neurol Sci 20: 11–16 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Mills KR (1995) Motor neurone disease: studies of the corticospinal excitation of single motoneurons by magnetic brain stimulation. Brain 118: 971–982 PubMed Google Scholar
Bensimon G, Lacomblez L, Meininger V and the ALS/Riluzole study group (1994) A controlled trial of riluzole in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. N Engl J Med 330: 585–591 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Lacomblez L, Bensimon G, Leigh PN, et al (1996) Dose-ranging study of riluzole in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Lancet 347: 1425–1432 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Hubert JP, Delumeau JC, Glowinski J, Prémont J, Doble A (1994) Antagonism by riluzole of entry of calcium evoked by NMDA and veratridine in rat cultured granule cells: evidence for a dual mechanism of action. Br J Pharmacol 113: 261–267 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Malgouris C, Daniel M, Doble A (1994) Neuroprotective effects of riluzole on_N_-methyl-d-aspartate or veratridine-induced neurotoxicity in rat hippocampal slices. Neurosci Lett 177: 95–99 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Benoît E, Escande D (1991) Riluzole specifically blocks inactive Na+ channels in myelinated nerve fibers. Pflügers Arch 419: 603–607 PubMed Google Scholar
Debono MW, Canton T, Pradier L, Doble A, Blanchard JC (1993) Effects of riluzole on electrophysiological responses mediated by rat kainate and NMDA receptors expressed in xenopus oocytes. Eur J Pharmacol 235: 283–287 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Doble A, Hubert JP, Blanchard JC (1992) Pertussis toxin pretreatment abolishes the inhibitory effect of riluzole and carbachol ond-[3H] aspartate release from cultured cerebellar granule cells. Neurosci Lett 140: 251–254 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Girdlestone DA, Dupuy A, Roy-Contancin L, Escande D (1989) Riluzole antagonises excitatory amino acid evoked firing in rat facial motoneurons. Br J Pharmacol 97: 583P
Malgouris C, Bardot F, Daniel M, et al (1989) Riluzole, a novel antiglutamate prevents memory loss and hoppocampal neuronal damage in ischaemic gerbils. J Neurosci 9: 3720–3727 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Stutzmann J-M, Doble A (1994) Blockade of glutamatergic transmission and neuroprotection: the strange case of riluzole. In: Jolles G, Stutzmann JM (eds) Neurodegenerative diseases. Academic Press, New York, p 205 Google Scholar
Hebert T, Drapeau P, Pradier L, Dunn RJ (1994) Block of the rat brain 1A sodium channel α subunit by the neuroprotective drug riluzole. Mol Pharmacol 45: 1055–1060 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Rosen DR, Siddique T, Patterson D, et al (1993) Mutations in Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase are associated with familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Nature 362: 59–62 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
McCord JM, Fridovich I (1969) Superoxide dismutase. J Biol Chem 244: 6049–6055 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Halliwell B (1992) Reactive oxygen species and the central nervous system. J Neurochem 59: 1609–1623 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Gurney ME, Pu H, Chiu AY, et al (1994) Motor neuron degeneration in mice that express a human Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase mutation. Science 264: 1772–1775 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Ripps ME, Huntley GW, Hof PR, Morrison JH, Gordon JW (1995) Transgenic mice expressing an altered murine superoxide dismutase gene provide an animal model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92: 659–693 Google Scholar
Ikonomidou C, Qin Y, Labruyere J, Olney JW (1996) Motor neuron degeneration induced by excitotoxin agonists has features in common with those seen in the SOD transgenic mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 55: 211–224 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Gurney ME, Cutting FB, Zhai P, et al (1996) Benefit of vitamin E, riluzole and gabapentin in a transgenic model of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Ann Neurol 39: 147–158 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Shaw PJ, Ince PG, Falkous G, Mantle D (1995) Oxidative damage to protein in sporadic motor neuron disease spinal cord. Ann Neurol 38: 691–695 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Bowling AL, Schultz JB, Brown RH, Beal MF (1993) Superoxide dismutase activity, oxidative damage and mitochondrial energy metabolism in familial and sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurochem 61: 2322–2325 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Ince PG, Shaw PJ, Candy JM, et al (1994) Iron, selenium and glutathione peroxidase activity are elevated in sporadic motor neuron disease. Neurosci Lett 182: 87–90 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Bergeron C, Muntasser S, Somerville MJ, Weyer L, Percy ME (1994) Copper zinc superoxide dismutase mRNA levels are increased in sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis motor neurons. Brain Res 659: 272–276 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Markesbery WR, Ehmann WD, Candy JM, et al (1995) Neutron activation analysis of trace elements in motor neuron disease spinal cord. Neurodegeneration 4: 383–390 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Kurlander HM, Patten BM (1979) Metals in spinal cord tissue of patients dying of motor neuron disease. Ann Neurol 6: 21–24 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Sillevis-Smitt PAE, Mulder TPJ, Verspaget HW, Blaauwgeers HGT, Troost D, De Jong JMBV (1994) Metallothionein in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Biol Signals 3: 193–197 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Louwerse ES, Weverling GJ, Bussuyt PMM, Posthumus Meyjes FE, De Jong JMBV (1995) Randomized double-blind controlled trial of acetylcysteine in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Arch Neurol 52: 559–564 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Schor NF (1988) Inactivation of mammalian brain glutamine synthetase by oxygen radicals. Brain Res 456: 17–21 PubMedCAS Google Scholar