Oligodendrocytes: biology and pathology (original) (raw)
Aboul-Enein F, Rauschka H, Kornek B, Stadelmann C, Stefferl A, Bruck W, Lucchinetti C, Schmidbauer M, Jellinger K, Lassmann H (2003) Preferential loss of myelin-associated glycoprotein reflects hypoxia-like white matter damage in stroke and inflammatory brain diseases. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 62:25–33 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Ainger K, Avossa D, Morgan F, Hill SJ, Barry C, Barbarese E, Carson JH (1993) Transport and localization of exogenous myelin basic protein mRNA microinjected into oligodendrocytes. J Cell Biol 123:431–441 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Ainger K, Avossa D, Diana AS, Barry C, Barbarese E, Carson JH (1997) Transport and localization elements in myelin basic protein mRNA. J Cell Biol 138:1077–1087 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Alberdi E, Sánchez-Gómez MV, Torre I, Domercq M, Pérez-Samarín A, Pérez-Cerdá F, Matute C (2006) Activation of kainate receptors sensitizes oligodendrocytes to complement attack. J Neurosci 26:3220–3228 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Alonso G (2005) NG2 proteoglycan-expressing cells of the adult rat brain: possible involvement in the formation of glial scar astrocytes following stab wound. Glia 49:318–338 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Anderson SA, Eisenstat DD, Shi L, Rubenstein JL (1997) Interneuron migration from basal forebrain to neocortex: dependence on Dlx genes. Science 278:474–476 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Arnett HA, Fancy SPJ, Alberta JA, Zhao C, Plant SR, Kaing S, Raine CS, Rowitch DH, Franklin RJM, Stiles CD (2004) bHLH transcription factor olig1 is required to repair demyelinated lesions in the CNS. Science 306:2111–2115 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Barres BA (2008) The mystery and magic of glia: a perspective on their roles in health and disease. Neuron 60:430–440 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Barres BA, Raff MC (1993) Proliferation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells depends on electrical activity in axons. Nature 361:258–260 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Bauer J, Bradl M, Klein M, Leisser M, Deckwerth TL, Wekerle H, Lassmann H (2002) Endoplasmic reticulum stress in PLP-overexpressing transgenic rats: gray matter oligodendrocytes are more vulnerable than white matter oligodendrocytes. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 61:12–22 PubMed Google Scholar
Baumann N, Pham-Dinh D (2001) Biology of oligodendrocyte and myelin in the mammalian central nervous system. Physiol Rev 81:871–927 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Belachew S, Chittajallu R, Aguirre AA, Yuan X, Kirby M, Anderson S, Gallo V (2003) Postnatal NG2 proteoglycan-expressing progenitor cells are intrinsically multipotent and generate functional neurons. J Cell Biol 161:169–186 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Berger T, Frotscher M (1994) Distribution and morphological characteristics of oligodendrocytes in the rat hippocampus in situ and in vitro: an immunocytochemical study with the monoclonal Rip antibody. J Neurocytol 23:61–74 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Bergles DW, Roberts JD, Somogyi P, Jahr CE (2000) Glutamatergic synapses on oligodendrocyte precursor cells in the hippocampus. Nature 405:187–191 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Borrelli E, Langley OK, Ghandour MS, Delaunoy JP, Gombos G (1982) Immunocytology of carbonic anhydrase II in the central nervous system of jimpy mutant mice. Neurosci Lett 32:321–327 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Bradl M, Bauer J, Inomata T, Zielasek J, Nave KA, Toyka K, Lassmann H, Wekerle H (1999) Transgenic Lewis rats overexpressing the proteolipid protein gene: myelin degeneration and its effect on T cell-mediated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 97(6):595–606 CAS Google Scholar
Bramow S, Frischer JM, Sorensen PS, Lassmann H, Koch-Henriksen N, Laursen H (2009) Remyelinated plaques in progressive multiple sclerosis are susceptible to second hit active demyelination. Am Acad Neurol 61. Ann. Meeting, P03.058
Braughler JM, Duncan LA, Chase RL (1986) The involvement of iron in lipid peroxidation. J Biol Chem 261:10282–10289 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Brinkmann BG, Agarwal A, Sereda MW, Garratt AN, Müller T, Wende H, Stassart RM, Nawaz S, Humml C, Velanac V, Radyushkin K, Goebbels S, Fischer TM, Franklin RJ, Lai C, Ehrenreich H, Birchmeier C, Schwab MH, Nave KA (2008) Neuregulin-1/ErbB signaling serves distinct functions in myelination of the peripheral and central nervous system. Neuron 59:581–595 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Brogi A, Strazza M, Melli M, Costantino-Ceccarini E (1997) Induction of intracellular ceramide by interleukin-1 beta in oligodendrocytes. J Cell Biochem 66:532–541 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Brosnan CF, Stoner GL, Bloom BR, Wisniewski HM (1977) Studies on demyelination by activated lymphocytes in the rabbit eye. II. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated demyelination. J Immunol 118:2103–2110 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Brunner C, Lassmann H, Waehneldt TV, Matthieu JM, Linington C (1989) Differential ultrastructural localization of myelin basic protein, myelin/oligodendroglial glycoprotein, and 2′, 3′-cyclic nucleotide 3′-phosphodiesterase in the CNS of adult rats. J Neurochem 52:296–304 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Bugga L, Gadient RA, Kwan K, Stewart CL, Patterson PH (1998) Analysis of neuronal and glial phenotypes in brains of mice deficient in leukemia inhibitory factor. J Neurobiol 36:509–524 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Butt AM, Hamilton N, Hubbard P, Pugh M, Ibrahim M (2005) Synantocytes: the fifth element. J Anat 207:695–706 PubMed Google Scholar
Cai J, Qi Y, Hu X, Tan M, Liu Z, Zhang J, Li Q, Sander M, Qiu M (2005) Generation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells from mouse dorsal spinal cord independent of Nkx6 regulation and Shh signaling. Neuron 45:41–53 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Calver AR, Hall AC, Yu WP, Walsh FS, Heath JK, Betsholtz C, Richardson WD (1998) Oligodendrocyte population dynamics and the role of PDGF in vivo. Neuron 20:869–882 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Carelli V, Ross-Cisneros FN, Sadun AA (2002) Optic nerve degeneration and mitochondrial dysfunction: genetic and acquired optic neuropathies. Neurochem Int 40:573–584 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Carroll WM, Jennings AR, Ironside LJ (1998) Identification of the adult resting progenitor cell by autoradiographic tracking of oligodendrocytes precursors in experimental CNS demyelination. Brain 121:293–302 PubMed Google Scholar
Cassiani-Ingoni R, Coskaygan T, Xue H, Reichert-Scrivner SA, Wiendl H, Rao MS, Magnus T (2006) Cytoplasmic translocation of Olig2 in adult glial progenitors marks the generation of reactive astrocytes following autoimmune inflammation. Exp Neurol 201:349–358 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Cenci di Bello I, Dawson MRL, Levine JM, Reynolds R (1999) Generation of oligodendroglial progenitors in acute inflammatory demyelinating lesions of the rat brain stem is stimulated by demyelination rather than inflammation. J Neurocytol 28:365–381 Google Scholar
Chang A, Tourtelotte WW, Rudick RA, Trapp BD (2002) Premyelinating oligodendrocytes in chronic lesions of multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 346:165–200 PubMed Google Scholar
Charles P, Hernandez MP, Stankoff B, Aigrot MS, Colin C, Rougon G, Zalc B, Lubetzki C (2000) Negative regulation of central nervous system myelination by polysialylated-neural cell adhesion molecule. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:7585–7590 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Charles P, Reynolds R, Seilhean D, Rougon G, Aigrot MS, Niezgoda A, Zalc B, Lubetzki C (2002) Re-expression of PSA-NCAM by demyelinated axons: an inhibitor of remyelination in multiple sclerosis? Brain 125:1972–1979 PubMed Google Scholar
Cheepsunthorn P, Palmer C, Connor JR (1998) Cellular distribution of ferritin subunits in postnatal rat brain. J Comp Neurol 400:73–86 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Colello RJ, Pott U, Schwab ME (1994) The role of oligodendrocytes and myelin on axon maturation in the developing rat retinofugal pathway. J Neurosci 14:2594–2605 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Connor RR, Menzies SL (1996) Relationship of iron to oligodendrocytes and myelination. Glia 17:83–93 CASPubMed Google Scholar
de Castro F, Bribián A (2005) The molecular orchestra of the migration of oligodendrocyte precursors during development. Brain Res Rev 49:227–241 PubMed Google Scholar
Demerens C, Stankoff B, Logak M, Anglade P, Allinquant B, Couraud F, Zalc B, Lubetzki C (1996) Induction of myelination in the central nervous system by electrical activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:9887–9892 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Diemel LT, Copelman CA, Cuzner ML (1998) Macrophages in CNS remyelination: friend or foe? Neurochem Res 23:341–347 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Domercq M, Sanchez-Gomez MV, Sherwin C, Etxebarria E, Fern R, Matute C (2007) System xc- and glutamate transporter inhibition mediates microglial toxicity to oligodendrocytes. J Immunol 178:6549–6556 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Dougherty KD, Dreyfus CF, Black IB (2000) Brain-derived neurotrophic factor in astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia/macrophages after spinal cord injury. Neurobiol Dis 7:574–585 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Du Y, Dreyfus CF (2002) Oligodendrocytes as providers of growth factors. J Neurosci Res 68:647–654 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Dubois-Dalcq M, Niedieck B, Buyse M (1970) Action of anti-cerebroside sera on myelinated nervous tissue cultures. Pathol Eur 5:331–347 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Dupree JL, Girault JA, Popko B (1999) Axo-glial interactions regulate the localization of axonal paranodal proteins. J Cell Biochem 147:1145–1152 CAS Google Scholar
Edgar JM, McLaughlin M, Yool D, Zhang SC, Fowler JH, Montague P, Barrie JA, McCulloch MC, Duncan ID, Garbern J, Nave KA, Griffiths IR (2004) Oligodendroglial modulation of fast axonal transport in a mouse model of hereditary spastic paraplegia. J Cell Biol 166:121–131 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Fancy SPJ, Zhao C, Franklin RJM (2004) Increased expression of Nkx2.2 and Olig2 identifies reactive oligodendrocyte progenitor cells responding to demyelination in the adult CNS. Mol Cell Neurosci 27:247–254 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Filipovic R, Jakovcevski I, Zecevic N (2003) GRO-alpha and CXCR2 in the human fetal brain and multiple sclerosis lesions. Dev Neurosci 25:279–290 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Fitzner D, Schneider A, Kippert A, Möbius W, Willig KI, Hell SW, Bunt G, Gaus K, Simons M (2006) Myelin basic protein-dependent plasma membrane reorganization in the formation of myelin. EMBO J 25:5037–5048 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Fogarty M, Richardson WD, Kessaris N (2005) A subset of oligodendrocytes generated from radial glia in the dorsal spinal cord. Development 132:1951–1959 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Franklin RJM, Ffrench-Constant C (2008) Remyelination in the CNS: from biology to therapy. Nat Rev Neurosci 9:839–855 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Frischer JM, Bramow S, Dal-Bianco A, Lucchinetti C, Rauschka H, Schmidbauer M, Laursen H, Sorensen PS, Lassmann H (2009) The relation between inflammation and neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis brains. Brain 132:1175–1189 PubMed Google Scholar
Frost E, Kiernan BW, Faissner A, Ffrench-Constant C (2009) Regulation of oligodendrocyte precursor migration by extracellular matrix: evidence for substrate-specific inhibition of migration by tenascin-C. Dev Neurosci 18:266–273 Google Scholar
Garbern JY, Yool DA, Moore GJ, Wilds IB, Faulk MW, Klugmann M, Nave KA, Sistermans EA, van der Knaap MS, Bird TD, Shy ME, Kamholz JA, Griffiths IR (2002) Patients lacking the major CNS myelin protein, proteolipid protein 1, develop length-dependent axonal degeneration in the absence of demyelination and inflammation. Brain 125:551–561 PubMed Google Scholar
Genain CP, Cannella B, Hauser SL, Raine CS (1999) Identification of autoantibodies associated with myelin damage in multiple sclerosis. Nat Med 5:170–175 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Genoud S, Lappe-Siefke C, Goebbels S, Radtke F, Aguet M, Scherer SS, Suter U, Nave KA, Mantei N (2002) Notch1 control of oligodendrocyte differentiation in the spinal cord. J Cell Biol 158:709–718 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Gensert JM, Goldman JE (1997) Endogenous progenitors remyelinate demyelinated axons in the adult CNS. Neuron 19:197–203 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Glezer I, Lapointe A, Rivest S (2006) Innate immunity triggers oligodendrocyte progenitor reactivity and confines damages to brain injuries. FASEB J 20:750–752 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Goldbaum O, Jensen PH, Richter-Landsberg C (2008) The expression of tubulin polymerization promoting protein TPPP/p25alpha is developmentally regulated in cultured rat brain oligodendrocytes and affected by proteolytic stress. Glia 56:1736–1746 PubMed Google Scholar
Goldschmidt T, Antel J, König FB, Bruck W, Kuhlmann T (2009) Remyelination capacity of the MS brain decreases with disease chronicity. Neurology 72:1914–1921 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Griffiths I, Klugmann M, Anderson T, Yool D, Thomson C, Schwab MH, Schneider A, Zimmermann F, McCulloch M, Nadon N, Nave KA (1998) Axonal swellings and degeneration in mice lacking the major proteolipid of myelin. Science 280:1610–1613 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Groves AK, Barnett SC, Franklin RJM, Crang AJ, Mayer M, Blakemore WF, Noble M (1993) Repair of demyelinated lesions by transplantation of purified O-2A progenitor cells. Nature 362:453–455 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Gyllensten L, Malmfors T (2009) Myelination of the optic nerve, its dependence on visual function: a quantitative investigation in mice. J Embryol Exp Morphol 11:255–256 Google Scholar
Hirner A (1969) Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen zur formalen Genese der Balkenläsionen nach experimenteller Cyanvergiftung. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 13:350–368 CAS Google Scholar
Höftberger R, Aboul-Enein F, Bruck W, Lucchinetti C, Rodrigues M, Schmidbauer M, Jellinger K, Lassmann H (2004) Expression of major histocompatibility complex class I molecules on the different cell types in multiple sclerosis lesions. Brain Pathol 14:43–50 PubMed Google Scholar
Horiuchi M, Itoh A, Pleasure D, Itoh T (2006) MEK-ERK signaling is involved in interferon-gamma-induced death of oligodendroglial progenitor cells. J Biol Chem 281:20095–20106 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Huseby ES, Liggitt D, Brabb T, Schnabel B, Öhlen C, Goverman J (2001) A pathogenic role for myelin-specific CD8+ T cells in a model for multiple sclerosis. J Exp Med 194:669–676 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Ishibashi T, Dakin KA, Stevens B, Lee PR, Kozlov SV, Stewart CL, Fields RD (2006) Astrocytes promote myelination in response to electrical impulses. Neuron 49:823–832 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Itoyama Y, Sternberger NH, Webster HD, Quarles RH, Cohen SR, EP Richardson Jr (1980) Immunocytochemical observations on the distribution of myelin-associated glycoprotein and myelin basic protein in multiple sclerosis lesions. Ann Neurol 7:167–177 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Jabs R, Pivneva T, Hüttmann K, Wyczynski A, Nolte C, Kettenmann H, Steinhäuser C (2005) Synaptic transmission onto hippocampla glial cells with hGFAP promoter activity. J Cell Sci 118:3791–3803 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Jakovcevski I, Zecevic N (2005) Olig transcription factors are expressed in oligodendrocyte and neuronal cells in human fetal CNS. J Neurosci 25:10064–10073 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Jakovcevski I, Zecevic N (2005) Sequence of oligodendrocyte development in the human fetal telencephalon. Glia 49:480–491 PubMed Google Scholar
Jakovcevski I, Filipovic R, Mo Z, Rakic S, Zecevic N (2009) Oligodendrocyte development and the onset of myelination in the human fetal brain. Front Neuroanat 3:1–15 Google Scholar
Jana A, Pahan K (2007) Oxidative stress kills human primary oligodendrocytes via neutral sphingomyelinase: implications for multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2:184–193 PubMed Google Scholar
Jarjour AA, Manitt C, Moore SW, Thompson KM, Yuh SJ, Kennedy TE (2003) Netrin-1 is a chemorepellent for oligodendrocyte precursor cells in the embryonic spinal cord. J Neurosci 23:3735–3744 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Jurewicz A, Matysiak M, Tybor K, Kilianek L, Raine CS, Selmaj K (2005) Tumour necrosis factor-induced death of adult human oligodendrocytes is mediated by apoptosis inducing factor. Brain 128:2675–2688 PubMed Google Scholar
Juurlink BH (1997) Response of glial cells to ischemia: roles of reactive oxygen species and glutathione. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 21:151–166 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Kalsi AS, Greenwood K, Wilkin G, Butt AM (2004) Kir4.1 expression by astrocytes and oligodendrocytes in CNS white matter: a developmental study in the rat optic nerve. J Anat 204:475–485 PubMed Google Scholar
Kaplan MR, Meyer-Franke A, Lambert S, Bennett V, Duncan ID, Levinson SR, Barres BA (1997) Induction of sodium channel clustering by oligodendrocytes. Nature 386:724–728 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Kaplan MR, Cho MH, Ullian EM, Isom LL, Levinson SR, Barres BA (2001) Differential control of clustering of the sodium channels Na(v)1.2 and Na(v)1.6 at developing CNS nodes of Ranvier. Neuron 30:105–119 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Karadottir R, Cavelier P, Bergersen LH, Attwell D (2005) NMDA receptors are expressed in oligodendrocytes and activated in ischaemia. Nature 438:1162–1166 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Karadottir R, Hamilton NB, Bakiri Y, Attwell D (2009) Spiking and nonspiking classes of oligodendrocyte precursor glia in CNS white matter. Nat Neurosci 11:450–456 Google Scholar
Kassmann CM, Nave KA (2008) Oligodendroglial impact on axonal function and survival—a hypothesis. Curr Opin Neurol 21:235–241 PubMed Google Scholar
Kassmann CM, Lappe-Siefke C, Baes M, Brügger B, Mildner A, Werner HB, Natt O, Michaelis T, Prinz M, Frahm J, Nave KA (2009) Axonal loss and neuroinflammation caused by preoxisome-deficient oligodendrocytes. Nat Genet 39:969–976 Google Scholar
Keirstead HS, Blakemore WF (1997) Identification of post-mitotic oligodendrocytes incapable of remyelination within the demyelinated adult spinal cord. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 56:1191–1201 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Keirstead HS, Levine JM, Blakemore WF (1998) Response of the oligodendrocyte progenitor cell population (defined by NG2 labelling) to demyelination of the adult spinal cord. Glia 22:161–170 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Kessaris N, Fogarty M, Iannarelli P, Grist M, Wegner M, Richardson WD (2006) Competing waves ofl oligodendorcytes in the forebrain and postnatal elimination of an embryonic lineage. Nat Neurosci 9:173–179 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Kida E, Palminiello S, Golabek AA, Walus M, Wierzba-Bobrowicz T, Rabe A, Albertini G, Wisniewski KE (2006) Carbonic anhydrase II in the developing and adult human brain. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 65:664–674 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Kiernan BW, Gotz B, Faissner A, Ffrench-Constant C (1996) Tenascin-C inhibits oligodendrocyte precursor cell migration by both adhesion-dependent and adhesion-independent mechanisms. Mol Cell Neurosci 7:322–335 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Kim JY, Sun Q, Oglesbee M, Yoon SO (2003) The role of ErbB2 signaling in the onset of terminal differentiation of oligodendrocytes in vivo. J Neurosci 23:5561–5571 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Kirkpatrick LL, Witt AS, Payne HR, Shine HD, Brady ST (2001) Changes in microtubule stability and density in myelin-deficient shiverer mouse CNS axons. J Neurosci 21:2288–2297 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Kiss JZ, Wang C, Olive S, Rougon G, Lang J, Baetens D, Harry D, Pralong W–F (1994) Activity-dependent mobilization of the adhesion molecule polysialic NCAM to the cell surface of neurons and endocrine cells. EMBO J 13:5284–5292 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Kotter MR, Setzu A, Sim FJ, Van Rooijen N, Franklin RJM (2001) Macrophage depletion impairs oligodendrocyte remyelination following lysolecithin-induced demyelination. Glia 35:204–212 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Kotter MR, Li WW, Zhao C, Franklin RJM (2006) Myelin impairs CNS remyelination by inhibiting oligodendrocyte precursor cell differentiation. J Neurosci 26:328–332 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Kuhlmann T, Miron V, Cuo Q, Wegner C, Antel J, Brück W (2008) Differentiation block of oligodendroglial progenitor cells as a cause for remyelination failure in chronic multiple sclerosis. Brain 131:1749–1758 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Kukley M, Capetillo-Zarate E, Dietrich D (2007) Vesicular glutamate release from axons in white matter. Nat Neurosci 10:311–320 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Kuperman AS, Volpert WA, Okamoto M (1964) Release of adenine nucleotides from nerve axons. Nature 204:1000–1001 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Landmesser L, Dahm L, Tang JC, Rutishauser U (1990) Polysialic acid as a regulator of intramuscular nerve branching during embryonic development. Neuron 4:655–667 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Lappe-Siefke C, Goebbels S, Gravel M, Nicksch E, Lee J, Braun PE, Griffiths IR, Nave KA (2003) Disruption of CNP1 uncouples oligodendroglial functions in axonal support and myelination. Nat Genet 33:366–374 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Lassmann H (1983) Comparative neuropathology of chronic experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis. Springer Verlag
Lennon VA, Wingerchuck DN, Kryzer TJ, Pittock SJ, Lucchinetti CF, Fujihara K, Nakashima I, Weinshenker B (2004) A serum autoantibody marker of neuromyelitis potica: distinction from multiple sclerosis. Lancet 264:2106–2112 Google Scholar
Lennon VA, Kryzer TJ, Pittock SJ, Verkman AS, Hinson SR (2005) IgG marker of optic-spinal multiple sclerosis binds to the aquaporin-4 water channel. J Exp Med 202:473–477 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Levine JM, Reynolds R (1999) Activation and proliferation of endogenous oligodendrocyte precursor cells during ethidium bromide-induced demyelination. Exp Neurol 160:333–347 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Li S, Stys PK (2000) Mechanisms of ionotropic glutamate receptor-mediated excitotoxicity in isolated spinal cord white matter. J Neurosci 20:1190–1198 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Liedtke W, Edelmann W, Bieri PL, Chiu FC, Cowan NJ, Kucherlapati R, Raine CS (1996) GFAP is necessary for the integrity of CNS white matter architecture and long-term maintenance of myelination. Neuron 17:607–615 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Linington C, Bradl M, Lassmann H, Brunner C, Vass K (1988) Augmentation of demyelination in rat acute allergic encephalomyelitis by circulating mouse monoclonal antibodies directed against a myelin/oligodendrocyte glycoprotein. Am J Pathol 130:443–454 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Lisak RP, Benjamins JA, Bealmear B, Nedelkoska L, Studzinski D, Retland E, Yao B, Land S (2009) Differential effects of Th1, monocyte/macrophage and Th2 cytokine mixtures on early gene expression for molecules associated with metabolism, signaling and regulation in central nervous system mixed glial cell cultures. J Neuroinflammation 6(4)
Lu QR, Sun T, Zhu Z, Ma N, Garcia M, Stiles CD, Rowitch DH (2002) Common developmental requirement for Olig function indicates a motor neuron/oligodendrocyte lineage connection. Cell 109:75–86 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Lucchinetti C, Bruck W, Parisi J, Scheithauer B, Rodrigues M, Lassmann H (1999) A quantitative analysis of oligodendrocytes in multiple sclerosis lesions. A study of 113 cases. Brain 122:2279–2295 PubMed Google Scholar
Lucchinetti C, Bruck W, Parisi J, Scheithauer B, Rodriguez M, Lassmann H (2000) Heterogeneity of multiple sclerosis lesions: implications for the pathogenesis of demyelination. Ann Neurol 47:707–717 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Lucchinetti CF, Mandler RN, McGavern D, Bruck W, Gleich G, Ransohoff RM, Trebst C, Weinshenker B, Wingerchuck D, Parisi J, Lassmann H (2002) A role for humoral mechanisms in the pathogenesis of Devic′s neuromyelitis optica. Brain 125:1450–1461 PubMed Google Scholar
Ludwin SK (1997) The pathobiology of the oligodendrocyte. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 56:111–124 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Ludwin S, Maitland M (1984) Long-term remyelination fails to reconstitute normal thickness of central myelin sheaths. J Neurol Sci 64:193–198 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Mahad D, Lassmann H, Turnbull D (2008) Review: mitochondria and disease progression in multiple sclerosis. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 34:577–589 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Mahad D, Ziabreva I, Lassmann H, Turnbull D (2009) Mitochondrial defects in acute multiple sclerosis lesions. Brain 131:1722–1735 Google Scholar
Maire JC, Medilanski J, Straub RW (1984) Release of adenosine, inosine, hypoxanthine from rabbit non-myelinated nerve fibers at rest and during activity. J Physiol 357:67–77 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Mason JL, Langaman C, Morell P, Suzuki K, Matsushima GK (2001) Episodic demyelination and subsequent remyelination within the murine central nervous system: changes in axonal calibre. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 27:50–58 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Matute C, Sanchez-Gomez MV, Martinez-Millan L, Miledi R (1997) Glutamate receptor-mediated toxicity in optic nerve oligodendrocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:8830–8835 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Matute C, Torre I, Pérez-Cerdá F, Pérez-Samartín A, Alberdi E, Etxebarria E, Arranz AM, Ravid R, Rodíguez-Antigüedad A, Sánchez-Gómez M, Domercq M (2007) P2X(7) receptor blockade prevents ATP excitotoxicity in oligodendrocytes and ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neurosci 27:9525–9533 CASPubMed Google Scholar
McDonald JW, Althomsons SP, Hyrc KL, Choi DW, Goldberg MP (1998) Oligodendrocytes from forebrain are highly vulnerable to AMPA/kainate receptor-mediated excitotoxicity. Nat Med 4:291–297 CASPubMed Google Scholar
McLaurin JA, Yong VW (1995) Oligodendrocytes and myelin. Neurol Clin 13:23–49 CASPubMed Google Scholar
McTigue DM, Tripathi RB (2008) The life, death, and replacement of oligodendrocytes in the adult CNS. J Neurochem 107:1–19 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Mi S, Miller RH, Lee X, Scott ML, Shulag-Morskaya S, Shao Z, Chang J, Thill G, Levesque M, Zhang M, Hession C, Sah D, Trapp BD, He Z, Jung V, McCoy JM, Pepinsky RB (2005) LINGO-1 negatively regulates myelination by oligodendrocytes. Nat Neurosci 8:745–751 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Micu I, Jiang Q, Coderre E, Ridsdale A, Zhang L, Woulfe J, Yin X, Trapp BD, McRory JE, Rehak R, Zamponi GW, Wang W, Stys PK (2006) NMDA receptors mediate calcium accumulation in myelin during chemical ischaemia. Nature 439:988–992 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Mignot C, Boespflug-Tanguy O, Gelot A, Dautigny A, Pham-Dinh D, Rodriguez D (2004) Alexander disease: putative mechanisms of an astrocytic encephalopathy. Cell Mol Life Sci 61:369–385 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Milner R, Frost E, Nishimura S, Delcommenne C, Streuli C, Pytela R, Ffrench-Constant C (1997) Expression of alpha vbeta3 and alpha vbeta8 integrins during oligodendrocyte precursor differentiation in the presence and absence of axons. Glia 21:350–360 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Minkowsky AE (2009) The myelinogenetic cycles in regional maturation of the brain. In regional development of the brain in early life. Blackwell, Oxford, pp 3–70 Google Scholar
Misu T, Fujihara K, Kakita A, Konno H, Nakamura M, Watanabe S, Takahashi T, Nakashima I, Takahashi H, Itoyama Y (2007) Loss of aquaporin-4 in lesions of neuromyelitis optica: distinction from multiple sclerosis. Brain 130:1224–1234 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Misu T, Fujihara K, Itoyama Y (2008) Neuromyelitis optica and anti-aquaporin 4 antibody—an overview. Brain Nerve 60:527–537 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Murayama S, Saito Y (2007) Neuropathology of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Brain Nerve 59:119–124 CAS Google Scholar
Na SY, Cao Y, Toben C, Nitschke L, Stadelmann C, Gold R, Schimpl A, Hünig T (2008) Naive CD8 T-cells initiate spontaneous autoimmunity to a sequestered model antigen of the central nervous system. Brain 131:2353–2365 PubMed Google Scholar
Nait-Oumesmar B, Picard-Riera N, Kerninon C, Decker L, Seilhean D, Höglinger GU, Hirsch EC, Reynolds R, Baron-van Evercooren A (2007) Activation of the subventricular zone in multiple sclerosis: evidence for early glial progenitors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:4694–4699 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Neusch C, Rozengurt N, Jacobs RE, Lester HA, Kofuji P (2001) Kir4.1 potassium channel subunit is crucial for oligodendrocyte development and in vivo myelination. J Neurosci 21:5429–5438 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Niehaus A, Stegmüller J, Diers-Fenger M, Trotter JL (1999) Cell-surface glycoprotein of oligodendrocyte progenitors involved in migration. J Neurosci 19:4948–4961 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Nielsen HH, Ladeby R, Drojdahl N, Peterson AC, Finsen B (2006) Axonal degeneration stimulates the formation of NG2+ cells and oligodendrocytes in the mouse. Glia 54:105–115 PubMed Google Scholar
Nishiyama A, Komitova M, Suzuki R, Zhu X (2009) Polydendrocytes (NG2 cells): multifunctional cells with lineage plasticity. Nat Rev Neurosci 10:9–22 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Nunes MC, Roy NS, Keyoung HM, Goodman RR, McKhann G II, Jiang L, Kang J, Nedergaard M, Goldman SA (2003) Identification and isolation of multipotential neural progenitor cells from the subcortical white matter of the adult human brain. Nat Med 9:439–447 CASPubMed Google Scholar
O′Connor KC, McLaughlin KA, De Jager PL, Chtinis T, Bettelli E, Xu C, Robinson WH, Cherry SV, Bar-Or A, Banwell B, Fukaura H, Fukazawa T, Tenembaum S, Wong SJ, Tavakoli NP, Idrissova Z, Viglietta V, Rostasy K, Pohl D, Dale RC, Freedman M, Steinman L, Buckle GJ, Kuchroo VK, Hafler DA, Wucherpfennig KW (2007) Self-antigen tetramers discriminate between myelin autoantibodies to native or denatured protein. Nat Med 13:211–217 PubMed Google Scholar
Ohya W, Funakoshi H, Kurosawa T, Nakamura T (2007) Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) promotes oligodendrocyte progenitor cell proliferation and inhibits its differentiation during postnatal development in the rat. Brain Res 1147:51–65 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Omlin FX (1997) Optic disc and optic nerve of the blind cape molerat (Georychus capensis): a proposed model for naturally occurring reactive gliosis. Brain Res Bull 44:627–632 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Ongur D, Drevets WC, Price JL (1998) Glial reduction in the subgenual prefrontal cortex in mood disorders. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:13290–13295 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Park S-K, Miller R, Krane I, Vartanian T (2001) The erbB2 gene is required for the development of terminally differentiated spinal cord oligodendrocytes. J Cell Biol 154:1245–1258 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Patani R, Balaratnam M, Vora A, Reynolds R (2007) Remyelination can be extensive in multiple sclerosis despite a long disease course. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 33:277–287 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Patrikios P, Stadelmann C, Kutzelnigg A, Rauschka H, Schmidbauer M, Laursen H, Sorensen PS, Brück W, Lucchinetti C, Lassmann H (2006) Remyelination is extensive in a subset of multiple sclerosis patients. Brain 129:3165–3172 PubMed Google Scholar
Prayoonwiwat N, Rodriguez M (1993) The potential for oligodendrocyte proliferation during demyelinating disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 52:55–63 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Prestoz L, Chatzopoulo E, Lemkine G, Spassky N, Le Bras B, Kagawa T, Ikenaka K, Zalc B, Thomas JL (2004) Control of axonophilic migration of oligodendrocyte precursor cells by Eph-ephrin interaction. Neuron Glia Biol 1:73–83 PubMed Google Scholar
Preusser M, Lehotzky A, Budka H, Ovadi J, Kovacs GG (2007) TPPP/p25 in brain tumours: expression in non-neoplastic oligodendrocytes but not in oligodendroglioma cells. Acta Neuropathol 113:213–215 PubMed Google Scholar
Prineas JW, Kwon EE, Goldenberg PZ, Ilyas AA, Quarles RH, Benjamins JA, Sprinkle TJ (1989) Multiple sclerosis. Oligodendrocyte proliferation and differentiation in fresh lesions. Lab Invest 61:489–503 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Prineas JW, Barnard RO, Revesz T, Kwon EE, Sharer LR, Cho ES (1993) Multiple sclerosis. Pathology of recurrent lesions. Brain 116:681–693 PubMed Google Scholar
Prineas JW, Barnard RO, Kwon EE, Sharer LR, Cho ES (1993) Multiple sclerosis: remyelination of nascent lesions. Ann Neurol 33:137–151 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Radtke F, Raj K (2003) The role of notch in tumorigenesis: oncogene or tumour suppressor? Nat Rev Cancer 3:756–767 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Raine CS, Scheinberg L, Waltz JM (1981) Multiple sclerosis. Oligodendrocyte survival and proliferation in an active established lesion. Lab Invest 45:534–546 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Rakic S, Zecevic N (2003) Early oligodendrocyte progenitor cells in the human fetal telencephalon. Glia 41:117–127 PubMed Google Scholar
Rando TA (2006) Stem cells, ageing and the quest for immortality. Nature 441:1080–1086 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Redwine JM, Armstrong RC (1998) In vivo proliferation of oligodendrocyte progenitors expressing PDGFaR during early remyelination. J Neurobiol 37:413–428 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Redwine JM, Blinder KL, Armstrong RC (1997) In situ expression of fibroblast growth factor receptors by oligodendrocyte progenitors and oligodendrocytes in adult mouse central nervous system. J Neurosci Res 50:229–237 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Rhodes KE, Raivich G, Fawcett JW (2006) The injury response of oligodendrocyte precursor cells is induced by platelets, macrophages and inflammation-associated cytokines. Neuroscience 140:87–100 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Richardson WD, Kessaris N, Pringle N (2006) Oligodendrocyte wars. Nat Rev Neurosci 7:11–18 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Roemer SF, Parisi JE, Lennon VA, Mandler R, Weinshenker BG, Benarroch E, Pittock SJ, Wingerchuck DM, Lassmann H, Bruck W, Lucchinetti CF (2007) Distinct pattern of aquaporin-4 expression in neuromyelitis optica lesions. Brain 130:1194–1205 PubMed Google Scholar
Roy K, Murtie JC, El-Khodor BF, Edgar N, Sardi SP, Hooks BM, Benoit-Marand M, Hen C, Moore H, O`Donnell P, Brunner D, Corfas G (2007) Loss of erbB signaling in oligodendrocytes alters myelin and dopaminergic function, a potential mechanism for neuropsychiatric disorders. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:8131–8136 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Salter MG, Fern R (2005) NMDA receptors are expressed in developing oligodendrocyte processes and mediate injury. Nature 438:1167–1171 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Sanchez I, Hassinager L, Paskevich PA, Shine HD, Nixon RA (1996) Oligodendroglia regulate the regional expansion of axon caliber and local accumulation of neurofilaments during development independently of myelin formation. J Neurosci 16:5095–5105 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Sanchez I, Hassinger L, Sihag RK, Cleveland DW, Mohan P, Nixon RA (2000) Local control of neurofilament accumulation during radial growth of myelinating axons in vivo. J Cell Biol 151:1013–1024 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Sanchez-Gomez MV, Matute C (1999) AMPA and kainate receptors each mediate excitotoxicity in oligodendroglial cultures. Neurobiol Dis 6:475–485 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Saxena A, Bauer J, Scheikl T, Zappula J, Audebert M, Desbois S, Waisman A, Lassmann H, Liblau R, Mars LT (2008) Cutting edge: multiple sclerosis-like lesions induced by effector CD8 T cells recognizing a sequestered antigen on oligodendrocytes. J Immunol 181:1617–1621 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Schenck M, Carpinteiro A, Grassme H, Lang F, Gulbins E (2007) Ceramide: physiological and pathophysiological aspects. Arch Biochem Biophys 462:171–175 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Schlesinger H (1909) Zur Frage der akuten Multiplen Sklerose und der encephalomyelitis disseminata im Kindesalter. Arb Neurol Inst (Wien) 17:410–432 Google Scholar
Schnadelbach O, Blaschuk OW, Symonds M, Gour BJ, Doherty P, Fawcett JW (2000) N-cadherin influences migration of oligodendrocytes on astrocyte monolayers. Mol Cell Neurosci 15:288–302 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Scolding NJ, Rayner PJ, Sussman J, Shaw C, Compston DA (1995) A proliferative adult human oligodendrocyte progenitor. Neuroreport 6:441–445 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Shields SA, Gilson JM, Blakemore WF, Franklin RJM (1999) Remyelination occurs as extensively but more slowly in old rats compared to young rats following gliotoxin-induced CNS demyelination. Glia 28:77–83 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Sim FJ, Zhao C, Penderis J, Franklin RJM (2002) The age-related decrease in CNS remyelination efficiency is attributable to an impairment of both oligodendrocyte progenitor recruitment and differentiation. J Neurosci 22:2451–2459 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Simons M, Trajkovic K (2006) Neuron-glia communication in the control of oligodendrocyte function and myelin biogenesis. J Cell Biochem 119:4381–4389 CAS Google Scholar
Singh I, Pahan K, Khan M, Singh AK (1998) Cytokine-mediated induction of ceramide production is redox-sensitive. Implications to proinflammatory cytokine-mediated apoptosis in demyelinating diseases. J Biol Chem 273:20354–20362 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Smith KJ, Lassmann H (2002) The role of nitric oxide in multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol 1:232–241 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Spassky N, Heydon A, Mangatal A, Jankovski A, Olivier C, Queraud-Lesaux F, Goujet-Zalc C, Thomas JL, Zalc B (2001) Sonic hedgehog-dependent emergence of oligodendrocytes in the telencephalon: evidence for a source of oligodendrocytes in the olfactory bulb that is independent of PDGFRa signaling. Development 128:4993–5004 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Stadelmann C, Ludwin S, Tabira T, Guseo A, Lucchinetti CF, Leel-Ossy L, Ordinario AT, Bruck W, Lassmann H (2005) Tissue preconditioning may explain concentric lesions in Balo’s type of multiple sclerosis. Brain 128:979–987 PubMed Google Scholar
Stark AK, Uylings HB, Sanz-Arigita E, Pakkenberg B (2004) Glial cell loss in the anterior cingulate cortex, a subregion of the prefrontal cortex, in subjects with schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 161:882–888 PubMed Google Scholar
Stevens B, Fields RD (2009) Response of Schwann cells to action potentials in development. Science 287:2267–2271 Google Scholar
Stevens B, Porta S, Haak LL, Gallo V, Fields RD (2002) Adenosine: a neuron-glial transmitter promoting myelination in the CNS in response to action potentials. Neuron 36:855–868 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Stidworthy MF, Genoud S, Li WW, Leone DP, Mantei N, Suter U, Franklin RJM (2004) Notch1 and Jagged 1 are expressed after CNS demyelination but are not a major rate-determining factor during remyelination. Brain 127:1928–1941 PubMed Google Scholar
Storch M, Stefferl A, Brehm U, Weissert R, Wallstrom E, Kerschensteiner M, Olsson T, Linington C, Lassmann H (1998) Autoimmunity to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein in rats mimics the spectrum of multiple sclerosis pathology. Brain Pathol 8:681–694 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Sun T, Pringle NP, Hardy AP, Richardson WD, Smith HK (1998) Pax6 influences the time and site of origin of glial precursors in the ventral neural tube. Mol Cell Neurosci 12:228–239 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Suzuki K, Andrews JM, Waltz JM, Terry RD (1969) Ultrastructural studies of multiple sclerosis. Lab Invest 20:444–454 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Takebayashi H, Nabeshima Y, Yoshida S, Chisaka O, Ikenaka K, Nabeshima Y (2002) The basic helix-loop-helix factor Olig2 is essential for the development of motoneuron and oligodendrocyte lineages. Curr Biol 12:1157–1163 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Tanaka H, Grooms SY, Bennett MV, Zukin RS (2000) The AMPAR subunit GluR2: still front and center-stage. Brain Res 886:190–207 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Targett MP, Sussman J, Scolding NJ, O′Leary MT, Compston DA, Blakemore WF (1996) Failure to achieve remyelination of demyelinated rat axons following transplantation of glial cells obtained from the adult human brain. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 22:199–206 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Tauber H, Waehneldt TV, Neuhoff V (1980) Myelination in rabbit optic nerves is accelerated by artificial eye opening. Neurosci Lett 16:235–238 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Taveggia C, Thaker P, Petrylak A, Caporaso GL, Toews A, Falls DL, Einheber S, Salzer JL (2008) Type III neuregulin-1 promotes oligodendrocyte myelination. Glia 56:284–293 PubMed Google Scholar
Testai FD, Landek MA, Dawson G (2004) Regulation of sphingomyelinases in cells of the oligodendrocyte lineage. J Neurosci Res 75:66–74 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Thorburne SK, Juurlink BH (1996) Low glutathione and high iron govern the susceptibility of oligodendroglial precursors to oxidative stress. J Neurochem 67:1014–1022 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Tiwari-Woodruff SK, Buznikov AG, Yu Tq, Micevych PE, Chen K, Kornblum HI, Bronstein JM (2001) OSP/claudin-11 forms a complex with a novel member of the tetraspanin super family and beta1 integrin and regulates proliferation and migration of oligodendrocytes. J Cell Biol 153:295–305 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Torkildsen O, Brunborg LA, Myhr KM, Bö L (2008) The cuprizone model for demyelination. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl 188:72–76 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Trajkovic K, Dhaunchak AS, Goncalves JT, Wenzel D, Schneider A, Bunt G, Nave KA, Simons M (2006) Neuron to glia signaling triggers myelin membrane exocytosis from endosomal storage sites. J Cell Biol 172:937–948 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Tsai HH, Tessier-Lavigne M, Miller RH (2003) Netrin-1 mediates spinal cord oligodendrocyte precursor dispersal. Development 130:2095–2105 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Uschkureit T, Sporkel O, Stracke J, Bussow H, Stoffel W (2000) Early onset of axonal degeneration in double (plp−/−mag−/−) and hypomyelinosis in triple (plp−/−mbp−/−mag−/−) mutant mice. J Neurosci 20:5225–5233 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Vallstedt A, Klos JM, Ericson J (2005) Multiple dorsoventral origins of oligodendrocyte generation in the spinal cord and hindbrain. Neuron 45:55–67 CASPubMed Google Scholar
van Heyningen P, Calver AR, Richardson WD (2001) Control of progenitor cell number by mitogen supply and demand. Curr Biol 11:232–241 PubMed Google Scholar
Vartanian T, Goodearl A, Viehöver A, Fischbach G (1997) Axonal neuregulin signals cells of the oligodendrocyte lineage through activation of HER4 and Schwann cells through HER2 and HER3. J Cell Biol 137:211–220 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Vartanian T, Fischbach G, Miller R (1999) Failure of spinal cord oligodendrocyte development in mice lacking neuregulin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:731–735 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Wang C, Rougon G, Kiss JZ (1994) Requirement of polysialic acid for the migration of the O-2A glial progenitor cell from neurohypophyseal explants. J Neurosci 14:4446–4457 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Warrington AE, Barbarese E, Pfeiffer SE (1993) Differential myelinogenic capacity of specific developmental stages of the oligodendrocyte lineage upon transplantation into hypomyelinating hosts. J Neurosci Res 34:1–13 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Watanabe M, Toyama Y, Nishiyama A (2002) Differentiation of proliferated NG2-positive glial progenitor cells in a remyelinating lesion. J Neurosci Res 69:826–836 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Watkins TA, Emery B, Mulinyawe S, Barres BA (2008) Distinct stages of myelination regulated by g-secretase and astrocytes in a rapidly myelinating CNS coculture system. Neuron 60:555–569 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Wilkins A, Majed H, Layfield R, Compston A, Chandran S (2003) Oligodendrocytes promote neuronal survival and axonal length by distinct intracellular mechanisms: a novel role for oligodendrocyte-derived glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor. J Neurosci 23:4967–4974 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Williams A, Piaton G, Aigrot MS, Belhadi A, Théaudin M, Petermann F, Thomas J-L, Zalc B, Lubetzki C (2007) Semaphorin 3A and 3F: key players in myelin repair in multiple sclerosis? Brain 130:2554–2565 PubMed Google Scholar
Wilson HC, Onischke C, Raine CS (2003) Human oligodendrocyte precursor cells in vitro: phenotypic analysis and differential response to growth factors. Glia 44:153–165 PubMed Google Scholar
Wisniewski HM, Bloom BR (1975) Primary demyelination as a nonspecific consequence of a cell-mediated immune reaction. J Exp Med 141:346–359 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Wolswijk G (1998) Chronic stage multiple sclerosis lesions contain a relatively quiescent population of oligodendrocyte precursor cells. J Neurosci 18:601–609 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Wolswijk G (2000) Oligodendrocyte survival, loss and birth in lesions of chronic-stage multiple sclerosis. Brain 123:105–115 PubMed Google Scholar
Wolswijk G, Noble M (1989) Identification of an adult-specific glial progenitor cell. Development 105:387–400 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Xin M, Yue T, Ma Z, Wu F-F, Gow A, Lu QR (2005) Myelinogenesis and axonal recognition by oligodendrocytes in brain are uncoupled in olig1-null mice. J Neurosci 25:1354–1365 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Yan H, Rivkees SA (2002) Hepatocyte growth factor stimulates the proliferation and migration of oligodendrocyte precursor cells. J Neurosci Res 69:597–606 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Zhang SC, Ge B, Duncan ID (1999) Adult brain retains the potential to generate oligodendroglial progenitors with extensive myelination capacity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:4089–4094 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Zhang SC, Ge B, Duncan ID (2000) Tracing human oligodendroglial development in vitro. J Neurosci Res 59:421–429 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Zhou Q, Anderson DJ (2002) The bHLH transcription factors Olig2 and Olig1 couple neuronal and glial subtype specification. Cell 109:61–73 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Ziskin JL, Nishiyama A, Rubio M, Fukaya M, Bergles DE (2007) Vesicular release of glutamate from unmyelinated axons in white matter. Nat Neurosci 10:321–330 CASPubMed Google Scholar