The composition of garnet in garnet-rich rocks in the southern Proterozoic Curnamona Province, Australia: an indicator of the premetamorphic physicochemical conditions of formation (original) (raw)

• Bach W, Roberts S, Vanko DA, Binns RA, Yeats CJ, Craddock PR, Humphris SE (2003) Controls of fluid chemistry and complexation on rare-earth element contents of anhydrite from the Pacmanus subseafloor hydrothermal system, Manus Basin, Papua New Guinea. Mineral Deposita 38:916–935
  Article Google Scholar
• Barnes RG (1988) Metallogenic studies of the Broken Hill and Euriowie blocks, New South Wales; 1, Styles of mineralization in the Broken Hill Block. Geol Surv NSW Bull 32:115
  Google Scholar
• Barnes RG, Stevens BPJ, Stroud WJ, Brown RE, Willis IL, Bradley GM (1983) Zinc-, manganese-, and iron-rich rocks and various minor rock types. In: Stevens, BPJ, Stroud, WJ (eds), Rocks of the Broken Hill Block: their classification, nature, stratigraphic distribution, and origin. Geol Surv NSW Records 21:289–323
  Google Scholar
• Barovich K, Hand M (2008) Tectonic setting and provenance of the Paleoproterozoic Willyama Supergroup, Curnamona Province, Australia: Geochemical and Nd isotopic constraints on contrasting source terrain components. Precamb Res 166:318–337
  Article Google Scholar
• Bau M (1991) Rare-earth element mobility during hydrothermal and metamorphic fluid-rock interaction and the significance of the oxidation state of europium. Chem Geol 93:219–230
  Article Google Scholar
• Bau M (1993) Effects of syn- and post-depositional processes on the rare earth-element distribution in Precambrian iron-formations. Eur J Mineral 5:257–267
  Google Scholar
• Bau M, Dulski P (1996) Distribution of yttrium and rare-earth elements in the Penge and Kuruman Iron-Formations, Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa. Precamb Res 79:37–55
  Article Google Scholar
• Bau M, Möller P (1993) Rare earth element systematics of the chemically precipitated component in early Precambrian iron formations and the evolution of the terrestrial atmosphere-hydrosphere-lithosphere system. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 57:2239–2249
  Article Google Scholar
• Bau M, Koschinsky A, Dulski P, Hein JR (1996) Comparison of the partitioning behaviours of yttrium, rare earth elements, and titanium between hydrogenetic marine ferromanganese crusts and seawater. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 60:1709–1725
  Article Google Scholar
• Bau M, Usui A, Pracejus B, Mita N, Kanai Y, Irber W, Dulski P (1998) Geochemistry of low-temperature water–rock interaction: evidence from natural waters, andesite, and iron-oxyhydroxide precipitates at Nishiki-numa iron-spring, Hokkaido, Japan. Chem Geol 151:293–307
  Article Google Scholar
• Bau M, Romer RL, Lüders V, Dulski P (2003) Tracing element sources of hydrothermal mineral deposits: REE and Y distribution and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopes in fluorite from MVT deposits in the Pennine Orefield, England. Mineral Deposita 38:992–1008
  Article Google Scholar
• Berry RF, Flint RB, Grady AE (1978) Deformational history of the Outalpa area and its application to the Olary Province, South Australia. R Soc S Aust Trans 102:43–54
  Google Scholar
• Bingen B, Demaiffe D, Hertogen J (1996) Redistribution of rare earth elements, thorium, and uranium over accessory minerals in the course of amphibolite to granulite facies metamorphism: the role of apatite and monazite in orthogneisses from southwestern Norway. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 60:1341–1354
  Article Google Scholar
• Bogdanov YA, Gorshkov AI, Bogdanova OY, Gurvich EG, Sivtsov AV (1998) Low-temperature hydrothermal ferromanganese mineral phase in the metalliferous sediments of the TAG field, mid Atlantic Ocean. Oceanol 38:107–113
  Google Scholar
• Bonatti E (1975) Metallogenesis at oceanic spreading centers. Ann Rev Earth Planet Sci 3:401–431
  Article Google Scholar
• Borchert H (1980) On the genesis of manganese ore deposits. In: Varentsov IM, Grasselly GY (eds) Manganese deposits on continents. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart, pp 45–60
  Google Scholar
• Burton G (1994) Metallogenic studies of the Broken Hill and Euriowie Blocks, New South Wales. Mineral deposits of the south eastern Broken Hill Block. Geol Surv NSW Bull 32:100
  Google Scholar
• Clark C, Grguric B, Schmidt Mumm A (2004) Genetic implications of pyrite chemistry from the Palaeoproterozoic Olary Domain and overlying Neoproterozoic Adelaidean sequences, northeastern South Australia. Ore Geol Rev 25:237–257
  Article Google Scholar
• Clarke GL, Burg JP, Wilson CJL (1986) Stratigraphic and structural constraints on the Proterozoic tectonic history of the Olary Block, South Australia. Precamb Res 34:107–137
  Article Google Scholar
• Clarke GL, Guiraud M, Powell R, Burg JP (1987) Metamorphism in the Olary Block, South Australia: compression with cooling in a Proterozoic fold belt. J Met Geol 5:291–306
  Article Google Scholar
• Conor CHH (2000a) Definition of major sedimentary and igneous units of the Olary Domain, Curnamona Province. Mesa J Primary Indust Res South Australia 19:51–56
  Google Scholar
• Conor CHH (2000b) Towards a formal lithostratigraphy for the Olary Domain, Curnamona Province, South Australia. Aust Geol Surv Org Record 2000(10):23–26
  Google Scholar
• Conor CHH (2003) The economic significance of the volcano-exhalite association in the Olary Domain. Geosci Aust Record 13:26–29
  Google Scholar
• Conor CHH (2006) Geology of the Olary Domain, Curnamona Province, South Australia. Primary Indust Res South Aust Report Book 13:93
  Google Scholar
• Conor CHH, Page RW (2003) Depositional architecture of the upper Willyama Supergroup, Curnamona Province. Geoscience Australia Record 2003(13):30–32
  Google Scholar
• Conor CHH, Preiss WV (2008) Understanding the 1720-1640 Ma Paleoproterozoic Willyama Supergroup, Curnamona Province, southeastern Australia: Implications for tectonics, basin evolution and ore genesis. Precamb Res 166:297–317
  Article Google Scholar
• Cook NDJ, Ashley PM (1992) Meta-evaporite sequence, exhalative chemical sediments and associated rocks in the Proterozoic Willyama Supergroup, South Australia: implications for metallogenesis. Precamb Res 56:211–226
  Article Google Scholar
• Corey MC, Chatterjee AK (1990) Characteristics of REE and other trace elements in response to successive and superimposed metasomatism within a portion of the South Mountain Batholith, Nova Scotia, Canada. Chem Geol 85:265–285
  Article Google Scholar
• Davies RM, Griffin WL, O’Reilly SY, Doyle BJ (2004) Mineral inclusions and geochemical characteristics of microdiamonds from the DO27, A154, A21, A418, DO18, DD17 and Ranch Lake kimberlites at Lac de Gras, Slave Craton, Canada. Lithos 77:39–55
  Article Google Scholar
• Dutch A, Hand M, Clark C (2005) Cambrian reworking of the southern Australian Proterozoic Curnamona Province: constraints from regional shear-zone systems. J Geol Soc London 162:763–775
  Article Google Scholar
• Elderfield H (1988) The oceanic chemistry of the rare-earth elements. Phil Trans Royal Soc London A325:105–126
  Google Scholar
• Forbes CJ, Betts PG, Giles D, Weinberg R (2008) Reinterpretation of the tectonic context of high-temperature metamorphism in the Broken Hill Block, NSW, and implications on the Palaeo- to Meso-Proterozoic evolution. Precamb Res 166:338–349
  Article Google Scholar
• Frost BR, Swapp SM, Gregory RW (2005) Prolonged existence of sulfide melt in the Broken Hill orebody, New South Wales, Australia. Can Mineral 43:479–493
  Article Google Scholar
• Gaspar M, Knaack C, Meinert LD, Moretti R (2008) REE in skarn systems: a LA-ICP-MS study of garnets from the Crown Jewel gold deposit. Geochem Cosmochim Acta 72:185–205
  Article Google Scholar
• Graf JL (1977) Rare earth elements as hydrothermal tracers during the formation of massive sulfide deposits in volcanic rocks. Econ Geol 72:527–548
  Article Google Scholar
• Groves IM, Groves DI, Bierlein FP, Broome J, Penhall J (2008) Recognition of the hydrothermal feeder to the structurally inverted giant Broken Hill deposit, New South Wales, Australia. Econ Geol 103:1389–1394
  Google Scholar
• Heimann A (2006) Geochemistry of Proterozoic garnet-rich rocks and minor Pb-Zn-Ag occurrences, southern Curnamona Province, Australia: keys to their genesis and exploration for Broken Hill-type deposits. Ph.D. Thesis, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, U.S.A.
• Heimann A, Spry PG, Teale GS, Conor CHH, Leyh W (2009) Geochemistry of garnet-rich rocks in the southern Curnamona Province, Australia, and their genetic relationship to Broken Hill-type Pb-Zn-Ag mineralization. Econ Geol 104:687–712
  Article Google Scholar
• Hein JR, Koschinsky A, McIntyre BR (2005) Mercury- and silver-rich ferromanganese-oxides, southern California borderland: deposit model and environmental implications. Econ Geol 100:1151–1168
  Article Google Scholar
• Hensen BJ, Zhou B (1995) Retention of isotopic memory in garnets partially broken down during an overprinting granulite-facies metamorphism: implications for the Sm-Nd closure temperature. Geol 23:225–228
  Article Google Scholar
• Herzig PM, Hannington MD (2000) Input from the deep: hot vents and cold seeps. Mar Geochem 13:397–416
  Google Scholar
• Humphris S (1998) Rare earth element composition of anhydrite: implications for deposition and mobility within the active TAG hydrothermal mound. In: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program. Sci Results 158:143–159
  Google Scholar
• Irving AJ, Frey FA (1978) Distribution of trace elements between garnet megacrysts and host volcanic liquids of kimberlitic to rhyolitic composition. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 42:771–787
  Article Google Scholar
• Jaffe HW (1951) The role of yttrium and other minor elements in the garnet group. Am Mineral 36:133–155
  Google Scholar
• Johnson IR, Klingner GD (1975) The Broken Hill ore deposit and its environment. In: Knight CL (ed), Economic geology of Australia and Papua New Guinea. Aust Inst Min Metall Monograph 5:476–495
  Google Scholar
• Kretz R (1983) Symbols for rock-forming minerals. Am Mineral 68:277–279
  Google Scholar
• Laing WP (1996) Nappe interpretation, paleogeography and metallogenic synthesis of the Broken Hill- Olary Block. In: Pongratz J, Davidson G (eds). New Developments in Broken Hill Type Deposits, CODES Special Publication 1, 21–51
• Laing WP, Marjoribanks RW, Rutland RWR (1978) Structure of the Broken Hill mine area and its significance for the genesis of the orebodies. Econ Geol 73:1112–1136
  Article Google Scholar
• Leyh WR, Larsen DF (1983) Iron formation related base metal prospects, Broken Hill, N.S.W. Aust Inst Min Metall, Broken Hill Conf Series 12:133–156
  Google Scholar
• Leyh WR, Larsen DF, Oppy ID (1992) Iron formations, chemical sediments and base metal mineralization at Broken Hill, New South Wales. Geol Soc Aust 32:93–95
  Google Scholar
• Lottermoser BG (1988) Rare earth element composition of garnets from the Broken Hill Pb-Zn-Ag orebodies, Australia. N Jahrb Mineral Montatsh 9:423–431
  Google Scholar
• Lottermoser BG (1989) Rare earth element study of exhalites within the Willyama Supergroup, Broken Hill Block, Australia. Mineral Deposita 24:92–99
  Article Google Scholar
• Lottermoser BG (1992) Rare earth elements and hydrothermal ore formation processes. Ore Geol Rev 7:25–41
  Article Google Scholar
• McDonough WF, Sun S-S (1995) The composition of the Earth. Chem Geol 120:223–253
  Article Google Scholar
• Mitra A, Elderfield H, Greaves MJ (1994) Rare earth element distribution in submarine hydrothermal fluids and plumes from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Marine Chem 47:217–236
  Article Google Scholar
• Muecke GK, Pride C, Sarkar P (1979) Rare earth element geochemistry of regional metamorphic rocks. In: Ahrens LH (ed) Origin and distribution of the elements. Pergamon, Oxford, pp 449–464
  Google Scholar
• Norman MD, Pearson NJ, Sharma A, Griffin WL (1996) Quantitative analysis of trace elements in geological materials by laser ablation ICPMS: instrumental operating conditions and calibration values of NIST glasses. Geostand Newsl 20:247–261
  Article Google Scholar
• Norman MD, Griffin WL, Pearson NJ, Garcia MO, O’Reilly SY (1998) Quantitative analysis of trace element abundances in glasses and minerals: a comparison of laser ablation ICPMS, solution ICPMS, proton microprobe, and electron microprobe data. J Anal At Spectrom 13:477–482
  Article Google Scholar
• Nutman AP, Ehlers K (1998) Evidence for multiple Palaeoproterozoic thermal events and magmatism adjacent to the Broken Hill Pb–-Zn-Ag orebody, Australia. Precamb Res 90:203–238
  Article Google Scholar
• O’Reilly SY, Griffin WL (1995) Trace-element partitioning between garnet and clinopyroxene in mantle-derived pyroxenites and eclogites: P-T-X controls. Chem Geol 121:105–130
  Article Google Scholar
• Page RW, Laing WP (1992) Felsic metavolcanic rocks related to the Broken Hill Pb-Zn-Ag orebody. Australia: Econ Geol 87:2138–2168
  Article Google Scholar
• Page RW, Conor CHH, Stevens BPJ, Gibson GM, Preiss WV, Southgate PN (2005a) Correlation of Olary and Broken Hill Domains, Curnamona Province: possible relationship to Mount Isa and other North Australian Pb-Zn-Ag-Bearing successions. Econ Geol 100:663–676
  Article Google Scholar
• Page RW, Stevens BPJ, Gibson GM (2005b) Geochronology of the sequence hosting the Broken Hill Pb-Zn-Ag orebody, Australia. Econ Geol 100:633–661
  Article Google Scholar
• Parr JM, Plimer IR (1993) Models for Broken Hill-type lead-zinc-silver deposits. In: Kirkham RV, Sinclair WD, Thorpe RI, Duke JM (eds) Mineral deposit modeling. Geol Assoc Can Spec Paper 40:253–288
  Google Scholar
• Parr JM, Stevens BPJ, Carr GR, Page RW (2004) Sub-seafloor origin for Broken Hill Pb-Zn-Ag mineralization. Geol 32:589–592
  Article Google Scholar
• Peter JM, Goodfellow WD (1996) Mineralogy, bulk and rare earth element geochemistry of massive sulphide-associated hydrothermal sediments of the Brunswick Horizon, Bathurst Mining Camp, New Brunswick. Can J Earth Sci 33:252–283
  Google Scholar
• Phillips GN (1980) Water activity changes across an amphibolite-granulite facies transition, Broken Hill, Australia. Contrib Mineral Petrol 75:377–386
  Article Google Scholar
• Phillips GN (2008) Origin of Broken Hill silver-lead-zinc deposit. Aust Inst Min Metall Bull October: 32–38
• Phillips GN, Wall VJ (1981) Evaluation of prograde regional metamorphic conditions; their implication for the heat source and water activity during metamorphism in the Willyama Complex, Broken Hill, Australia. Bull Mineral 104:801–810
  Google Scholar
• Plimer IR (1979) Sulphide rock zonation and hydrothermal alteration at Broken Hill, Australia. Trans Inst Min Metall 88:B161–B176
  Google Scholar
• Plimer IR (2006) Manganoan garnet rocks associated with the Broken Hill Pb-Zn-Ag orebody, Australia. Mineral Petrol 88:443–478
  Article Google Scholar
• Pointon T (1980) Geology of the Weekeroo schists east of Whey Whey Creek, Weekeroo Station, Olary Province, South Australia. B.Sc. Honours Thesis, Flinders University, South Australia
• Pyle JM, Spear FS (2000) An empirical garnet (YAG)—xenotime thermometer. Contrib Mineral Petrol 138:51–58
  Article Google Scholar
• Roache TJ (2004) Shear zone versus fold geometries at the Cannington Ag-Pb-Zn deposit: implications for the genesis of BHT deposits. J Struct Geol 26:1215–1230
  Article Google Scholar
• Rothery E (2001) Tectonic origin of the shape of the Broken Hill lodes supported by their structural setting in a high-grade shear zone. Aust J Earth Sci 48:201–220
  Article Google Scholar
• Rozendaal A, Stalder M (2000) REE geochemistry of garnet associated with the Gamsberg Zn-Pb deposit, South Africa. In: Piestrzyñski A et al. (eds), Mineral deposits at the beginning of the 21st century: Lisse AA, Balkema: 325–328
• Schröter FC, Stevenson JA, Daczko NR, Clarke GL, Pearson NJ, Klepeis KA (2004) Trace element partitioning during high-P partial melting and melt-rock interaction; an example from northern Fiordland, New Zealand. J Metam Geol 22:443–457
  Article Google Scholar
• Schwandt CS, Papike JJ, Shearer CK, Brearley AJ (1993) A SIMS investigation of REE chemistry of garnet in garnetite associated with the Broken Hill Pb-Zn-Ag orebodies, Australia. Can Mineral 31:371–379
  Google Scholar
• Scully KR, Canil D, Schulze DJ (2004) The lithospheric mantle of the Archean Superior Province as imaged by garnet xenocryst geochemistry. Chem Geol 207:189–221
  Article Google Scholar
• Shannon RD (1976) Revised effective ionic radii and systematic studies of interatomic distances in halides and chaleogenides. Acta Crystall A32:751–767
  Google Scholar
• Smith MP, Henderson P, Jeffries TER, Long J, Williams CT (2004) The rare earth elements and uranium in garnets from the Beinn an Dubhaich Aureole, Skye, Scotland, UK: constraints on processes in a dynamic hydrothermal system. J Petrol 45:457–484
  Article Google Scholar
• Spry PG (1978) The geochemistry of garnet-rich lithologies associated with the Broken Hill orebody, N.S.W., Australia. M.S. Thesis, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
• Spry PG, Wonder JD (1989) Manganese-rich garnet rocks associated with the Broken Hill lead-zinc-silver deposit, New South Wales, Australia. Can Mineral 27:275–292
  Google Scholar
• Spry PG, Peters J, Slack JF (2000) Meta-exhalites as keys in the search for metamorphosed ore deposits. Rev Econ Geol 11:163–201
  Google Scholar
• Spry PG, Teale GT, Heimann A (2003) Speculations concerning the origin and exploration significance of lode rocks in the Curnamona Province. Geosc Aust Record 2003(13):162–165
  Google Scholar
• Spry PG, Heimann A, Messerly JD, Houk RS (2007) Discrimination of metamorphic and metasomatic processes at the Broken Hill lead-zinc-silver deposit, Australia: rare earth element signatures of garnet in garnet-rich rocks. Econ Geol 102:471–494
  Article Google Scholar
• Stalder M, Rozendaal A (2005) Trace and rare earth element geochemistry of garnet and apatite as discriminant for Broken Hill-type mineralization, Namaqua Province, South Africa. In: Mao J, Bierlein FP (eds) Mineral deposit research: meeting the global challenge. Springer, Berlin, pp 699–702
  Chapter Google Scholar
• Stanton RL (1976) Petrochemical studies of the ore environment at Broken Hill, New South Wales: 3-banded iron formations and sulphide orebodies: constitutional and genetic ties. Trans Inst Min Metall 85:B132–B141
  Google Scholar
• Stanton RL, Williams KL (1978) Garnet compositions at Broken Hill, New South Wales, as indicators of metamorphic processes. J Petrol 14:514–529
  Google Scholar
• Stevens BPJ (1986) Post depositional history of the Willyama Supergroup in the Broken Hill Block, N.S.W. Aust J Earth Sci 33:73–98
  Article Google Scholar
• Sverjensky DA (1984) Europium redox equilibria in aqueous solution. Earth Planet Sci Lett 67:70–78
  Article Google Scholar
• Taylor SR, Rudnick RL, McLennan SM, Erikson KA (1986) Rare earth element patterns in Archean high-grade metasediments and their tectonic significance. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 50:2267–2279
  Article Google Scholar
• Teale GS, Fanning CM (2000) The Portia-North Portia Cu-Au (-Mo) prospect, South Australia. Timing of mineralization, albitisation and origin of ore fluid. In: Porter TM (ed) Hydrothermal iron oxide-copper-gold and related deposits: A global perspective. Aust Min Found, Adelaide, pp 137–147
  Google Scholar
• van Achterbergh E, Ryan CG, Jackson SE, Griffin WL (2001) Data reduction software for LA-ICP-MS. Mineral Assoc Can Short Course Handbook 29:239–243
  Google Scholar
• Viljoen KSF, Dobbe R, Smit B, Thomassot E, Cartigny P (2004) Petrology and geochemistry of a diamondiferous lherzolite from the Premier diamond mine, South Africa. Lithos 77:539–552
  Article Google Scholar
• Webb G, Crooks A (2005) Metamorphic investigation of the Palaeoproterozoic metasediments of the Willyama Inliers, southern Curnamona Province. MESA J 44:53–57
  Google Scholar
• White SH, Rothery E, Lips ALW, Barclay TJR (1995) Broken Hill, Australia, as a Proterozoic fold and thrust belt: implications for the Broken Hill base-metal deposit. Trans Inst Min Metall 104:B1–B17
  Google Scholar
• Willis IL, Brown RE, Stroud WJ, Stevens BPJ (1983) The Early Proterozoic Willyama Supergroup: stratigraphic subdivisions and interpretations of high- to low-grade metamorphic rocks in the Broken Hill Block, New South Wales. J Geol Soc Aust 30:195–224
  Google Scholar
• Wright JV, Haydon RC, McConachy GW (1993) Sedimentary analysis and implications for Pb-Zn mineralisation at Broken Hill, Australia. James Cook Univ Econ Geol Res Unit Contrib 48:93
  Google Scholar
• Zdziarski A (1997) The geology of the Antro Woolshed area, Olary, South Australia. B.Sc. Honours Thesis, University of Melbourne, Australia, p 93