Large predators limit herbivore densities in northern forest ecosystems (original) (raw)
References
Abrams PA (2000) The evolution of predator–prey interactions: theory and evidence. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 31:79–105 Article Google Scholar
Angelstam P, Wikberg PE, Danilov P, Faber WE, Nygren K (2000) Effects of moose density on timber quality and biodiversity restoration in Sweden, Finland, and Russian Karelia. Alces 36:133–145 Google Scholar
Aunapuu M, Dahlgren J, Oksanen T, Grellmann D, Oksanen L, Olofsson J, Rammul U, Schneider M, Johansen G, Hyden HO (2008) Spatial patterns and dynamic responses of arctic food webs corroborate the exploitation ecosystems hypothesis. Am Nat 171:249–262 ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Bachelet D, Lenihan JM, Daly C, Neilson RP, Ojima DS, Parton WJ (2001) MC1: a dynamic vegetation model for estimating the distribution of vegetation and associated ecosystem fluxes of carbon, nutrients, and water. USDA General Technical Report PNW-GTR-508, 95 pp
Ballard WB, Whitman JS, Gardner CL (1987) Ecology of an exploited wolf population in south central Alaska. Wildl Monogr 98:1–54 Google Scholar
Baskin LM (1994) Population ecology of the moose in the Russian Southern Taiga. Alces 30:51–55 Google Scholar
Behrend DF, Mattfeld GF, Tierson WC, Wiley JE III (1970) Deer density control for comprehensive forest management. J For 68:695–700 Google Scholar
Berger J (2005) Hunting by carnivores and humans: does functional redundancy occur and does it matter? In: Ray JC, Redford KH, Steneck RS, Berger J (eds) Large carnivores and the conservation of biodiversity. Island Press, Washington, DC, pp 315–341 Google Scholar
Bergerud AT, Elliot JP (1985) Dynamics of caribou and wolves in northern British Columbia. Can J Zool 64:1515–1529 Article Google Scholar
Bergerud AT, Wyatt W, Snider B (1983) The role of wolf predation in limiting moose population. J Wildl Manage 47:977–988 Article Google Scholar
Beschta RL, Ripple WJ (2007) Wolves, elk, and aspen in the winter range of Jasper National Park, Canada. Can J For Res 37:1873–1885 Article Google Scholar
Beschta RL, Ripple WJ (2009) Large predators and trophic cascades in terrestrial ecosystems of the western United States. Biol Conserv 142:2401–2414 Article Google Scholar
Beschta RL, Ripple WJ (2010) Mexican wolves, elk, and aspen in Arizona: is there a trophic cascade? For Ecol Manage 260:915–922 Article Google Scholar
Beschta RL, Ripple WJ (2011) The role of large predators in maintaining riparian plant communities and river morphology. Geomorphology, in press. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.04.042
Borer ET, Seabloom EW, Shurnin JB, Anderson KE, Blanchette CA, Broitman B, Cooper SD, Halpern BS (2005) What determines the strength of a trophic cascade? Ecology 86:528–537 Article Google Scholar
Cairns AL, Telfer ES (1980) Habitat use by four sympatric ungulates in boreal mixedwood forest. J Wildl Manage 47:977–988 Google Scholar
Carbyn LN (1983) Wolf predation on elk in Riding Mountain National Park, Manitoba. J Wildl Manage 47:963–976 Article Google Scholar
Ceballos G, Ehrlich PR (2002) Mammal population losses and the extinction crisis. Science 296:904–907 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Cederlund G, Markgren G (1987) The development of the Swedish moose population, 1970–1983. Swedish Wildl Res Suppl 1:55–61 Google Scholar
Côté SD, Rooney TP, Tremblay J, Dussault C, Waller DM (2004) Ecological impacts of deer overabundance. Annu Rev Eco Evol Syst 35:113–147 Article Google Scholar
Crête M (1987) The impact of sport hunting on North American moose. Swedish Wildl Res Suppl 1:553–563 Google Scholar
Crête M (1989) Approximation of K carrying capacity for moose in eastern Quebec. Can J Zool 7:373–380 Article Google Scholar
Crête M (1999) The distribution of deer biomass supports the hypothesis of exploitation ecosystems. Ecol Lett 2:223 Article Google Scholar
Crête M, Manseau M (1996) Natural regulation of cervidae along a 1000 km latitudinal gradient: change in trophic dominance. Evol Ecol 10:51–62 Article Google Scholar
Crête M, Manseau M (1996) Natural regulation of cervidae along a 1000 km latitudinal gradient: change in trophic dominance. Evol Ecol 10:51–62 Article Google Scholar
Daly C, Bachelet D, Lenihan JM, Neilson RP, Parton W, Ojima D (2000) Dynamic simulation of tree-grass interactions for global change studies. Ecol Appl 10:449–469 Google Scholar
Detling JK (1998) Mammalian herbivores: ecosystem-level effects in two grassland national parks. Wildl Soc Bull 26:438–448 Google Scholar
Diamond JM (1983) Ecology: laboratory, field and natural experiments. Nature 304:586–587 Article Google Scholar
Dixon RK, Solomon AM, Brown S, Houghton RA, Trexier MC, Wisniewski J (1994) Carbon pools and flux of global forest ecosystems. Science 263:185–190 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Estes JA, Terborgh J, Brashares JS, Power ME, Berger J, Bond WJ, Carpenter SR, Essington TE, Holt RD, Jackson JBC, Marquis RJ, Oksanen L, Oksanen T, Paine RT, Pikitch EK, Ripple WJ, Sandin SA, Scheffer M, Schoener TW, Shurin JB, Sinclair ARE, Soulé ME, Virtanen R, Wardle DA (2011) Trophic downgrading of planet earth. Science 333:301–306 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Filonov C (1980) Predator–prey problems in nature reserves of the European part of the USSR. J Wildl Manage 44:389–396 Article Google Scholar
Frelich LE, Lorimer CG (1985) Current and predicted long-term effects of deer browsing in hemlock forests in Michigan, USA. Biol Conserv 34:99–120 Article Google Scholar
Fretwell SD (1977) The regulation of plant communities by food chains exploiting them. Perspect Biol Med 20:169–185 Article Google Scholar
Fuller TK (1989) Population dynamics of wolves in north-central Minnesota. Wildl Monogr 105:1–141 Google Scholar
Fuller TK, Keith LB (1980) Wolf population dynamics and prey relationships in northeastern Alberta. J Wildl Manage 44:583–602 Article Google Scholar
Gasaway WC, Stephenson RO, Davis JL, Shepherd PEK, Burris OE (1983) Interrelationships of wolves, prey, and man in interior Alaska. Wildl Monogr 8413
Gasaway WC, Stephenson RO, Davis JL, Shepherd PEK, Burris OE (1983b) Interrelationships of wolves, prey, and man in interior Alaska. Wildl Monogr 84:1–50 Google Scholar
Gasaway WC, Boertje RD, Grangaard DV, Kelleyhouse DG, Stephenson RO, Larson DG (1992) The role of predation in limiting moose at low densities in Alaska and Yukon and implications for conservation. Wildl Monogr 120:1–59 Google Scholar
Haber GC (1977) Socio-ecological dynamics of wolves and prey in a subarctic ecosystem. PhD thesis, University of British Columbia
Hairston NG, Smith FE, Slobodkin LB (1960) Community structure, population control, and competition. Am Nat 94:421–425 Article Google Scholar
Halaj J, Wise DH (2001) Terrestrial trophic cascades: how much do they trickle? Am Nat 157:262–281 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Hayes RD, Harestad AS (2000) Wolf functional response and regulation of moose in the Yukon. Can J Zool 78:60–66 Article Google Scholar
Heuze P, Schnitzler A, Klein F (2005) Is browsing the major factor of silver fir decline in the Vosges Mountains of France? For Ecol Manage 217:219–228 Article Google Scholar
Hough AF (1949) Deer and rabbit browsing and available winter forage in Allegheny hardwood forests. J Wildl Manage 13:135–141 Article Google Scholar
Jędrzejewski B, Jędrzejewski W (1998) Predation in vertebrate communities: the Białowieża primeval forest as a case study. Springer, New York Book Google Scholar
Kochetkov VV (2002) Factors determining moose population dynamics in the Central Forest Reserve. Alces Suppl 2:57–51 Google Scholar
Kojola I, Huitu O, Toppinen K, Heikura K, Heikkinen S, Ronkainen S (2004) Predation on European wild forest reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) by wolves (Canus lupus) in Finland. J Zool 263:229–235 Article Google Scholar
Kolenosky GB (1972) Wolf predation on wintering deer in East-Central Ontario. J Wildl Manage 36:357–369 Article Google Scholar
Laliberte AS, Ripple WJ (2004) Range contractions of North American carnivores and ungulates. BioScience 54:123–138 Article Google Scholar
Larsen DG (1982) Moose inventory in the southwest Yukon. Alces 18:142–167 Google Scholar
Laundré JW, Hernández L, Altendorf KB (2001) Wolves, elk, and bison: reestablishing the “landscape of fear” in Yellowstone National Park, USA. Can J Zool 79:1401–1409 Article Google Scholar
Leopold A, Sowls LK, Spencer DL (1947) A survey of over-populated deer ranges in the United States. J Wildl Manage 11:162–183 Article Google Scholar
Luyssaert S, Schulze ED, Börner A, Knohl A, Hessenmöller D, Law BE, Ciais P, Grace J (2008) Old growth forests as global carbon sinks. Nature 455:213–215 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Mech LD, Boitani L (eds) (2003) Wolves: behavior, ecology, and conservation. University of Chicago Press, Chicago Google Scholar
Mech LD, Peterson RO (2003) Wolf-prey relations. In: Mech LD, Boitani L (eds) Wolves: behavior, ecology, and conservation. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp 131–160 Chapter Google Scholar
Melis C, Jędrzejewsk B, Apollonio M, Bartoń KA, Jędrzejewski W, Linnell JDC, Kojola I, Kusak J, Adamic M, Ciuti S, Delehan I, Dykyy I, Krapinec K, Mattioli L, Sagaydak A, Samchuk N, Schmidt K, Shkvyrya M, Sidorovich VE, Zawadzka B, Zhyla S (2009) Predation has a greater impact in less productive environments: variation in roe deer, Capreolus capreolus, population density across Europe. Global Ecol Biogeogr 18:724–734 Article Google Scholar
Messier F (1994) Ungulate population models with predation: a case study with the North American moose. Ecology 75:478–488 Article Google Scholar
Michael ED (1992) Impact of deer browsing on regeneration of balsam fir in Canaan Valley, West Virginia. North J Appl For 9:89–90 Google Scholar
Miller B, Dugelby B, Foreman D, Martinez del Rio CR, Noss M, Phillips R, Reading ME, Terborgh Soulé J, Willcox L (2001) The importance of large carnivores to healthy ecosystems. Endang Spec Update 18:202–210 Google Scholar
Oksanen L (1992) Evolution of exploitation ecosystems. I. Predation, foraging ecology and population dynamics in herbivores. Evol Ecol 6:15–33 Article Google Scholar
Oksanen L, Fretwell SD, Arruda J, Niemela P (1981) Exploitation ecosystems in gradients of primary productivity. Am Nat 118:240–261 Article Google Scholar
Orians GH, Cochran PA, Duffield JW, Fuller TK, Gutierrez RJ, Hanemann WM (1997) Wolves, bears, and their prey in Alaska: biological and social challenges in wildlife management. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, p 207 Google Scholar
Palmer SCF, Truscott AM (2003) Seasonal habitat use and browsing by deer in Caledonian pinewoods. For Ecol Manage 174:149–166 Article Google Scholar
Peterson RO (2007) The wolves of Isle Royale: a broken balance. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, p 192 Google Scholar
Peterson RO, Woolington JD, Bailey TN (1984) Wolves of the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska. Wildlife Monogr 88
Peterson RO, Vucetich JA, Page RE, Chouinard A (2003) Temporal and spatial aspects of predator–prey dynamics. Alces 39:215–232 Google Scholar
Pimlott DH, Shannon JA, Kolenosky GB (1969) The ecology of the timber wolf in Algonquin Provincial Park. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests Research Paper Wildlife No. 87, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Polis GA (1999) Why are parts of the world green? Multiple factors control productivity and the distribution of green biomass. Oikos 86:3–15 Article Google Scholar
Potvin F (1988) Wolf movements and population dynamics in Papineau–Labelle reserve, Quebec. Can J Zool 66:1266–1273 Article Google Scholar
Ray JC, Redford KH, Steneck RS, Berger J (eds) (2005) Large carnivores and the conservation of biodiversity. Island Press, Washington, DC, p 526 Google Scholar
Ripple WJ, Beschta RL (2004) Wolves and the ecology of fear: can predation risk structure ecosystems? BioScience 54:755–766 Article Google Scholar
Ripple WJ, Beschta RL (2005) Linking wolves to plants: Aldo Leopold on trophic cascades. BioScience 55:613–621 Article Google Scholar
Ripple WJ, Beschta RL (2006) Linking a cougar decline, trophic cascade, and catastrophic regime shift in Zion National Park. Biol Conserv 133:397–408 Article Google Scholar
Ripple WJ, Beschta RL (2008) Trophic cascades involving cougar, mule deer, and black oaks in Yosemite National Park. Biol Conserv 141:1249–1256 Article Google Scholar
Ripple WJ, Beschta RL (2012) Trophic cascades in yellowstone: the first 15 years after wolf reintroduction. Biol Conserv 145:205–213 Article Google Scholar
Ripple WJ, Rooney TP, Beschta RL (2010) Large predators, deer, and trophic cascades in the mid-latitudes. In: Terborgh J, Estes JA (eds) Trophic cascades. Island Press, Washington, DC, pp 141–161 Google Scholar
Ritchie EG, Elmhagen B, Glen AS, Letnic M, Ludwig G, McDonald RA (2012) Ecosystem restoration with teeth: what role for predators? Trends Ecol Evol, in press. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2012.01.001
Schmitz OJ, Hamback PA, Beckerman AP (2000) Trophic cascades in terrestrial systems: a review of the effects of carnivore removal on plants. Am Nat 155:141–153 ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Schreiner EG, Krueger KA, Houston DB, Happe PJ (1996) Understory patch dynamics and ungulate herbivory in old-growth forests of Olympic National Park, Washington. Can J For Res 26:255–265 Article Google Scholar
Sergio F, Caro T, Brown D, Clucas B, Hunter J, Ketchum J, McHugh K, Hiraldo F (2008) Top predators as conservation tools: ecological rationale, assumptions and efficacy. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 39:1–19 Article Google Scholar
Singer FJ, Dalle-Molle J (1985) The Denali ungulate-predator system. Alces 21:339–358 Google Scholar
Soulé ME, Estes JE, Berger J, del Rio CM (2003) Ecological effectiveness: conservation goals for interactive species. Conserv Biol 17:1238–1250 Article Google Scholar
Stoeckeler JH, Strothmann RO, Krefting LW (1957) Effect of deer browsing on reproduction in the northern hardwood-hemlock type in northeastern Wisconsin. J Wildl Manage 21:75–80 Article Google Scholar
Suominen O (1999) Impact of cervid browsing and grazing on the terrestrial gastropod fauna in the boreal forests of Fennoscandia. Ecography 22:651–658 Article Google Scholar
Terborgh J, Estes JA (eds) (2010) Trophic cascades: predators, prey, and the changing dynamics of nature. Island Press, Washington, DC, p 464 Google Scholar
Terborgh J, Estes JA, Paquet P, Ralls K, Boyd-Heigher D, Miller BJ, Noss RF (1999) The role of top carnivores in regulating terrestrial ecosystems. In: Soulé M, Terborgh J (eds) Continental conservation: scientific foundations of regional reserve networks. Island Press, Washington, DC, pp 39–64 Google Scholar
Terborgh J, Lopez L, Nunez P, Rao M, Shahabuddin G, Riveros M, Ascanio R, Lambert TD, Adler GH, Balbas L (2001) Ecological meltdown in predator-free forest fragments. Science 294:1923–1926 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Trumbull VL, Zielinski EJ, Aharrah EC (1989) The impact of deer browsing on the Allegheny forest type. North J Appl For 6:162–165 Google Scholar
Van Ballenberghe V (1987) Effects of predation on moose numbers: a review of recent North American studies. Swedish Wildl Res Suppl 1:431–460 Google Scholar
Welsh DA, Morrison KP, Oswald K, Thomas ER (1980) Winter utilization of habitat by moose in relation to forest harvesting. Proc North Am Moose Conf Workshop 16:398–428 Google Scholar
Wilmers CC, Post ES, Peterson RO, Vucetich JA (2006) Disease mediated switch from top-down to bottom-up control exacerbates climatic effects on moose population dynamics. Ecol Lett 9:383–389 ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Woodroffe R, Ginsberg JR (2005) King of beasts? Evidence for guild redundancy among large mammalian carnivores. In: Ray JC, Redford KH, Steneck RS, Berger J (eds) Large carnivores and the conservation of biodiversity. Island Press, Washington, DC, pp 154–175 Google Scholar
Zager P, Beecham J (2006) The role of American black bears and brown bears as predators on ungulates in North America. Ursus 17:95–108 Article Google Scholar