Incidence, Diagnosis, and Therapy of Cholangiocarcinoma in Patients with Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis (original) (raw)

References

  1. LaRusso NF, Wiesner RH, Ludwig J (1999) Sclerosing cholangitis. In: Bircher J et al. (eds) Oxford textbook of clinical hepatology. Oxford Medical, New York
    Google Scholar
  2. Jayaram H, Satsangi J, Chapman RW (2001) Increased colorectal neoplasia in chronic ulcerative colitis complicated by primary sclerosing cholangitis:fact or fiction? Gut 48:430–434
    Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
  3. Harnois DM, Gores GJ, Ludwig J, Steers JL, LaRusso NF, Wiesner RH (1997) Are patients with cirrhotic stage primary sclerosing cholangitis at risk for the development of hepatocellular cancer? J Hepatol 27:512–516
    Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
  4. Bergquist A, Ekbom A, Olsson R, Kornfeldt D, Loof L, Danielsson A, Hultcrantz R, Lindgren S, Prytz H, Sandberg-Gertzen H, Almer S, Granath F, Broome U (2002) Hepatic and extrahepatic malignancies in primary sclerosing cholangitis. J Hepatol 36:321–327
    Article PubMed Google Scholar
  5. Gores GJ (2003) Cholangiocarcinoma: current concepts and insights. Hepatology 37:961– 969
    Article PubMed Google Scholar
  6. Rosen CB, Nagorney DM, Wiesner RH, Coffey Jr RJ, LaRusso NF (1991) Cholangiocarcinoma complicating primary sclerosing cholangitis. Ann Surg 213:21–25
    Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
  7. Nashan B, Schlitt HJ, Tusch G, Oldhafer KJ, Ringe B, Wagner S, Pichlmayr R (1996) Biliary malignancies in primary sclerosing cholangitis: timing for liver transplantation. Hepatology 23:1105–1111
    Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
  8. Bergquist A, Glaumann H, Persson B, Broomé U (1998) Risk factors and clinical presentation of hepatobiliary carcinoma in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis—a case control study. Hepatology 27:311–316
    Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
  9. Boberg KM, Bergquist A, Mitchell S, Pares A, Rosina F, Broome U, Chapman R, Fausa O, Egeland T, Rocca G, Schrumpf E (2002) Cholangiocarcinoma in primary sclerosing cholangitis: risk factors and clinical presentation. Scand J Gastroenterol 37:1205–1211
    Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
  10. Brandsaeter B, Isoniemi H, Broome U, Olausson M, Backman L, Hansen B, Schrumpf E, Oksanen A, Ericzon BG, Hockerstedt K, Makisalo H, Kirkegaard P, Friman S, Bjoro K (2004) Liver transplantation for primary sclerosing cholangitis; predictors and consequences of hepatobiliary malignancy. J Hepatol 40:815–822
    Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
  11. Nakeeb A, Tran KQ, Black MJ, Erickson BA, Ritch PS, Quebbeman EJ, Wilson SD, Demeure MJ, Rilling WS, Dua KS, Pitt HA (2002) Improved survival in resected biliary malignancies. Surgery 132:555–563
    Article PubMed Google Scholar
  12. Anderson, CD, Pinson CW, Berlin J, Chari RS (2004) Diagnosis and treatment of cholangiocarcinoma. Oncologist 9:43–57
    Article PubMed Google Scholar
  13. Stiehl A, Rudolph G, Kloters-Plachky P, Sauer P, Walker S (2002) Development of dominant bile duct stenoses in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis treated with ursodeoxycholic acid: outcome after endoscopic treatment. J Hepatol 36:151–156
    Article PubMed Google Scholar
  14. Okolicsanyi L, Fabris L, Viaggi S, Carulli N, Podda M, Ricci G (1996) Primary sclerosing cholangitis: clinical presentation, natural history and prognostic variables: an Italian multicentre study. Eur J Gastro Hepatol 8:685–691
    CAS Google Scholar
  15. Lindberg B, Arnelo U, Bergquist A, Thorne A, Hjerpe A, Granqvist S, Hansson LO, Tribukait B, Persson B, Broome U (2002) Diagnosis of biliary strictures in conjunction with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography, with special reference to patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Endoscopy 34:909–916
    Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
  16. Campbell WL, Ferris JV, Holbert BL, Thaete FL, Baron RL (1998) Biliary tract carcinoma complicating primary sclerosing cholangitis: evaluation with CT, cholangiography, US, and MR imaging. Radiology 207:41–50
    PubMed CAS Google Scholar
  17. American Joint Committee on Cancer (2005) AJCC cancer staging. Springer Verlag, New York
    Google Scholar
  18. Sirica AE (2005) Cholangiocarcinoma:molecular targeting strategies for chemoprevention and therapy. Hepatology 41:5–15
    Article PubMed Google Scholar
  19. Jaiswal M, LaRusso NF, Shapiro RA, Billiar TR, Gores GJ (2001) Nitric oxide-mediated inhibition of DNA repair potentiates oxidative DNA damage in cholangiocytes. Gastroenterology 120:190–199
    Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
  20. Ahrendt SA, Rashid A, Chow JT, Eisenberger CF, Pitt HA, Sidransky D (2000) p53 overexpression and K ras gene mutations in primary sclerosing cholangitis-associated biliary tract cancer. J Hepatobil Pancreat Surg 7:426–431
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  21. Boberg KM, Schrumpf E, Bergquist A, Broome U, Pares A, Remotti H, Schjolberg A, Spurkland A, Clausen OP (2000) Cholangiocarcinoma in primary sclerosing cholangitis: K-ras mutations and Tp53 dysfunction are implicated in the neoplastic development. J Hepatol 32:374–380
    Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
  22. Kubicka S, Kuhnel F, Flemming P, Hain B, Kezmic N, Rudolph KL, Manns M, Meier PN (2001) K-ras mutations in the bile of patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Gut 48:403–408
    Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
  23. Rizzi PM, Ryder SD, Portmann B, Ramage JK, Naoumov NV, Williams R (1996) p53 Protein overexpression in cholangiocarcinoma arising in primary sclerosing cholangitis. Gut 38:265–268
    Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
  24. Ahrendt SA, Eisenberger CF, Yip L, Rashid A, Chow JT, Pitt HA, Sidransky D (1999) Chromosome 9p21 loss and p16 inactivation in primary sclerosing cholangitis-associated cholangiocarcinoma. J Surg Res 84:88–93
    Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
  25. Kornfeld D, Ekbom A, Ihre T (1997) Survival and risk of cholangiocarcinoma in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. A population-based study. Scand J Gastroenterol 32:1042–1045
    PubMed CAS Google Scholar
  26. Burak K, Angulo P, Pasha TM, Egan K, Petz J, Lindor KD (2004) Incidence and risk factors for cholangiocarcinoma in primary sclerosing cholangitis. Am J Gastroenterol 99:523–526
    Article PubMed Google Scholar
  27. Chalasani N, Baluyut A, Ismail A, Zaman A, Sood G, Ghalib R, McCashland TM, Reddy KR, Zervos X, Anbari MA, Hoen H (2000) Cholangiocarcinoma in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis: a multicenter case-control study. Hepatology 31:7–11
    Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
  28. Broome U, Lofberg R, Veress B, Eriksson LS (1995) Primary sclerosing cholangitis and ulcerative colitis: evidence for increased neoplastic potential. Hepatology 22:1404–1408
    PubMed CAS Google Scholar
  29. Leidenius M, Hockersted K, Broome U, Ericzon BG, Friman S, Olausson M, Schrumpf E (2001) Hepatobiliary carcinoma in primary sclerosing cholangitis: a case control study. J Hepatol 34:792–798
    Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
  30. Ahrendt SA, Pitt HA, Nakeeb A, Klein AS, Lillemoe KD, Kalloo AN, Cameron JL (1999) Diagnosis and management in cholangiocarcinoma in primary sclerosing cholangitis. J Gastrointest Surg 3:357–368
    Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
  31. Farrant JM, Hayllar KM, Wilkinson ML, Karani J, Portmann BC, Westaby D, Williams R (1991) Natural history and prognostic variables in primary sclerosing cholangitis. Gastroenterology 100:1710–1717
    PubMed CAS Google Scholar
  32. Schrumpf E, Abdelnoor M, Fausa O, Elgjo K, Jenssen E, Kolmannskog F (1994) Risk factors in primary sclerosing cholangitis. J Hepatol 21:1061–1066
    Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
  33. Broome U, Olsson R, Loof L, Bodemar G, Hultcrantz R, Danielsson A, Prytz H, Sandberg-Gertzen H, Wallerstedt S, Lindberg G (1996) Natural history and prognostic factors in 305 Swedish patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Gut 38:610–615
    Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
  34. Goss JA, Shackleton CR, Farmer DG, Arnaout WS, Seu P, Markowitz JS, Martin P, Stribling RJ, Goldstein LI, Busuttil RW (1997) Orthotopic liver transplantation for primary sclerosing cholangitis: a 12-year single centre experience. Ann Surg 225:472–483
    Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
  35. Björnsson E, Kilander A, Olsson R (1999) CA19-9 and CEA are unreliable markers for cholangiocarcinoma in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Liver 19:501–508
    Article PubMed Google Scholar
  36. Hultcrantz R, Olsson R, Danielsson A, Jarnerot G, Loof L, Ryden BO, Wahren B, Broome U (1999) A 3-year prospective study on serum tumor markers used for detecting cholangiocarcinoma in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. J Hepatol 30:669–673
    Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
  37. Vleggaar FP (2000) The risk and prognostic significance of major clinical events, in particular biliary complications, in primary sclerosing cholangitis. Chapter 7 in ``Advances in classification, prognostication and treatment of immunocholangitis.'' PhD thesis, University of Rotterdam.
  38. Kaya M, de Groen PC, Angulo P, Nagorney DM, Gunderson LL, Gores GJ, Haddock MG, Lindor KD (2001) Treatment of cholangiocarcinoma complicating primary sclerosing cholangitis: the Mayo Clinic experience. Am J Gastroenterol 96:1164–1169
    Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
  39. Ponsioen CY, Vrouenraets SM, Prawirodirdjo W, Rajaram R, Rauws EA, Mulder CJ, Reitsma JB, Heisterkamp SH, Tytgat GN (2002) Natural history of primary sclerosing cholangitis and prognostic value of cholangiography in a Dutch population. Gut 51:562–566
    Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
  40. Bjornsson E, Lindqvist-Ottosson J, Asztely M, Olsson R (2004) Dominant strictures in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Am J Gastroenterol 99:502–508
    Article PubMed Google Scholar
  41. Solano E, Khakhar A, Bloch M, Quan D, McAlister V, Ghent C, Wall W, Marotta P (2003) Liver transplantation for primary sclerosing cholangitis. Transplant Proc 35:2431–2434
    Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
  42. Ito K, Mitchell DG, Outwater EK, Blasberg R (1999) Primary sclerosing cholangitis: MR imaging features. Am J Roentgen 172:1527–1533
    CAS Google Scholar
  43. Angulo P, Pearce DH, Johnson CD, Henry JJ, LaRusso NF, Petersen BT, Lindor KD (2000) Magnetic resonance cholangiography in patients with biliary disease: its role in primary sclerosing cholangitis. J Hepatol 33:520–527
    Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
  44. Clayton RA, Clarke DL, Currie EJ, Madhavan KK, Parks RW, Garden OJ (2003) Incidence of benign pathology in patients undergoing hepatic resection for suspected malignancy. Surgeon 1:32–38
    Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
  45. Corvera CU, Blumgart LH, Darvishian F, Klimstra DS,DeMatteo R, Fong Y, D’Angelica M, Jarnagin WR (2005) Clinical and pathologic features of proximal biliary strictures masquerading as hilar cholangiocarcinoma. J Am Coll Surg 201:862–869
    Article PubMed Google Scholar
  46. Zandrino F, Curone P, Benzi L, Ferretti ML, Musante F (2005) MR versus multislice CT cholangiography in evaluating patients with obstruction of the biliary tract. Abdom Imaging 30:77–85
    Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
  47. Keiding S, Hansen SB, Rasmussen HH, Gee A, Kruse A, Roelsgaard K, Tage-Jensen U, Dahlerup JF (1998) Detection of cholangiocarcinoma in primary sclerosing cholangitis by positron emission tomography. Hepatology 28:700–706
    Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
  48. Fevery J, Buchel O, Nevens F, Verslype C, Stroobants S, Van Steenbergen W (2005) Positron emission tomography is not a reliable method for the early diagnosis of cholangiocarcinoma in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. J Hepatol 43:358– 360
    Article PubMed Google Scholar
  49. Anderson CD, Rice MH, Pinson CW, Chapman WC, Chari RS, Delbeke D (2004) Fluorodeoxyglucose PET imaging in the evaluation of gallbladder carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma. J Gastrointest Surg 8:90–97
    Article PubMed Google Scholar
  50. Fritscher-Ravens A, Broering DC, Knoefel WT, Rogiers X, Swain P, Thonke F, Bobrowski C, Topalidis T, Soehendra N (2004) EUS-guided fine-needle aspiration of suspected hilar cholangiocarcinoma in potentially operable patients with negative brush cytology. Am J Gastroenterol 99:45–51
    Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
  51. Eloubeidi MA, Chen VK, Jhala NC, Eltoum IE, Jhala D, Chhieng DC, Syed SA, Vickers SM, Mel Wilcox C (2004) Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration biopsy of suspected cholangiocarcinoma. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2:209–213
    Article PubMed Google Scholar
  52. Nichols JC, Gores GJ, LaRusso NF, Wiesner RH, Nagorney DM, Ritts Jr RE (1993) Diagnostic role of serum CA 19-9 for cholangiocarcinoma in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Mayo Clin Proc 68:874–879
    PubMed CAS Google Scholar
  53. Ramage JK, Donaghy A, Farrant JM, Iorns R, Williams R (1995) Serum tumor markers for the diagnosis of cholangiocarcinoma in primary sclerosing cholangitis. Gastroenterology 108:865– 869
    Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
  54. Fisher A, Theise ND, Min A, Mor E, Emre S, Pearl A, Schwartz ME, Miller CM, Sheiner PA (1995) CA19-9 does not predict cholangiocarcinoma in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis undergoing liver transplantation. Liver Transpl Surg 1:94–98
    Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
  55. Siqueira E, Schoen RE, Silverman W, Martin J, Rabinovitz M, Weissfeld JL, Abu-Elmaagd K, Madariaga JR, Slivka A, Martini J (2002) Detecting cholangiocarcinoma in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Gastrointest Endosc 56:40–47
    Article PubMed Google Scholar
  56. Levy C, Lymp J, Angulo P, Gores GJ, LaRusso N, Lindor KD (2005) The value of serum CA 19-9 in predicting cholangiocarcinomas in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Dig Dis Sci 50:1734–1740
    Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
  57. Albert MB, Steinberg WM, Henry JP (1988) Elevated serum levels of tumor marker CA 19-9 in acute cholangitis. Dig Dis Sci 33:1223–1225
    Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
  58. Petersen-Benz C, Stiehl A (2005) Impact of dominant stenoses on the serum level of the tumor marker CA19-9 in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Z Gastroenterol. 43:587–590
    Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
  59. Ponsioen CY, Vrouenraets SM, van Milligen de Wit AW, Sturm P, Tascilar M, Offerhaus GJ, Prins M, Huibregtse K, Tytgat GN (1999) Value of brush cytology for dominant strictures in primary sclerosing cholangitis. Endoscopy 31:305–309
    Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
  60. Rabinovitz M, Zajko AB, Hassanein T, Shetty B, Bron KM, Schade RR, Gavaler JS, Block G, Van Thiel DH, Dekker A (1990) Diagnostic value of brush cytology in the diagnosis of bile duct carcinoma: a study in 65 patients with bile duct strictures. Hepatology 12:747–752
    Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
  61. Lal A, Okonkwo A, Schindler S, De Frias D, Nayar R (2004) Role of biliary brush cytology in primary sclerosing cholangitis. Acta Cytol 48:9–12
    PubMed Google Scholar
  62. Kipp BR, Stadheim LM, Halling SA, et al. (2004) A comparison of routine cytology and fluorescence in situ hybridization for the detection of malignant bile duct strictures. Am J Gastroenterol 99:1675–1681
    Article PubMed Google Scholar
  63. Ponsioen CY, Lam K, van Milligen de Wit AW, Huibregtse K, Tytgat GN (1999) Four years experience with short term stenting in primary sclerosing cholangitis. Am J Gastroenterol 94:2403–2407
    Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
  64. Ahrendt SA, Pitt HA, Kalloo AN, Venbrux AC, Klein AS, Herlong HF, Coleman J, Lillemoe KD, Cameron JL (1998) Primary sclerosing cholangitis: Resect, dilate, or transplant? Ann Surg 227:412–423
    Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
  65. Pichlmayr R, Weimann A, Klempnauer J, Oldhafer KJ, Maschek H, Tusch G, Ringe B (1996) Surgical treatment in proximal bile duct cancer. A single-center experience. Ann Surg 224:628–638
    Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
  66. Lillemoe KD, Cameron JL (2000) Surgery for hilar cholangiocarcinoma: the Johns Hopkins approach. J Hepatobil Pancreat Surg 7:115–121
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  67. Nimura Y, Kamiya J, Kondo S, Nagino M, Uesaka K, Oda K, Sano T, Yamamoto H, Hayakawa N (2000) Aggressive preoperative management and extended surgery for hilar cholangiocarcinoma: Nagoya experience. J Hepatobil Pancreat Surg 7:155–162
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  68. Lee SG, Lee YJ, Park KM, Hwang S, Min PC (2000) One hundred and eleven liver resections for hilar bile duct cancer. J Hepatobil Pancreat Surg 7:135–141
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  69. Jarnagin WR, Fong Y, De Matteo RP, Gonen M, Burke EC, Bodniewicz J, Youssef M, Klimstra D, Blumgart LH (2001) Staging, resectability and outcome in 225 patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Ann Surg 234:507– 519
    Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
  70. Ebata T, Nagino M, Kamiya J, Uesaka K, Nagasaka T, Nimura Y (2003) Hepatectomy with portal vein resection for hilar cholangiocarcinoma: audit of 52 consecutive cases. Ann Surg 238:720–727
    Article PubMed Google Scholar
  71. Neuhaus P, Jonas S, Settmacher U, Thelen A, Benckert C, Lopez-Hanninen E, Hintze RE (2003) Surgical management of proximal bile duct cancer: extended right lobe resection increases resectability and radicality. Langenbecks Arch Surg 388:194–200
    Article PubMed Google Scholar
  72. Hemming AW, Reed AI, Fujita S, Foley DP, Howard RJ (2005) Surgical management of hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Ann Surg 241:693–699
    Article PubMed Google Scholar
  73. Nagino M, Kamiya J, Nishio H, Ebata T, Arai T, Nimura Y (2006) Two hundred forty consecutive portal vein embolizations before extended hepatectomy for biliary cancer: surgical outcome and long-term follow-up. Ann Surg 243:364–372
    Article PubMed Google Scholar
  74. Abdel Wahab AM, Fathy O, Elghwalby N, Sultan A, Elebidy E, Abdalla T, Elshobary M, Mostafa M, Foad A, Kandeel T, Abdel Raouf A, Salah T, Abu Zeid M, Abu Elenein A, Gad Elhak N, ElFiky A, Ezzat F (2006) Resectability and prognostic factors after resection of hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Hepatogastroenterology 53:5–10
    PubMed CAS Google Scholar
  75. Otto G (2007) Diagnostic and surgical approaches in hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Int J Colorectal Dis 22:101–108
    Google Scholar
  76. Tsao JI, Nimura Y, Kamiya J, Hayakawa N, Kondo M, Uesaka K, Oda K, Rossi RL, Braasch JW, Dugan JM (2000) Management of hilar cholangiocarcinoma: comparison of an American and Japanese experience. Ann Surg 232:166–174
    Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
  77. Zervos EE, Osborne D, Goldin SB, Villadolid DV, Thometz DP, Durkin A, Carey LC, Rosemurgy AS (2005) Stage does not predict survival after resection of hilar cholangiocarcinomas promoting an aggressive operative approach. Am J Surg 190:810– 815
    Article PubMed Google Scholar
  78. Nakeeb A, Tran KQ, Black MJ, Erickson BA, Ritch PS, Quebbeman EJ, Wilson SD, Demeure MJ, Rilling WS, Dua KS, Pitt HA (2002) Improved survival in resected biliary malignancies. Surgery 132:555–563
    Article PubMed Google Scholar
  79. Todoroki T, Ohara K, Kawamoto T, Koike N, Yoshida S, Kashiwagi H, Otsuka M, Fukao K (2000) Benefits of adjuvant radiotherapy after radical resection of locally advanced main hepatic duct carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 46:581–587
    Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
  80. Itoh H, Nishijima K, Kurosaka Y, Takegawa S, Kiriyama M, Dohba S, Kojima Y, Saitoh Y (2005) Magnitude of combination therapy of radical resection and external beam radiotherapy for patients with carcinomas of the extrahepatic bile duct and gallbladder. Dig Dis Sci 50:2231–2242
    Article PubMed Google Scholar
  81. Jan YY, Yeh CN, Yeh TS, Chen TC (2005) Prognostic analysis of surgical treatment of peripheral cholangiocarcinoma: two decades of experience at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital. World J Gastroenterol 11:1779–1784
    PubMed Google Scholar
  82. Madariaga JR, Iwatsuki S, Todo S, Lee RG, Irish W, Starzl TE (1998) Liver resection for hilar and peripheral cholangiocarcinomas: a study of 62 cases. Ann Surg 227:70–79
    Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
  83. Graziadei IW, Wiesner RH, Marotta PJ, Porayko MK, Hay JE, Charlton MR, Poterucha JJ, Rosen CB, Gores GJ, LaRusso NF, Krom RA (1999) Long-term results of patients undergoing liver transplantation for primary sclerosing cholangitis. Hepatology 30:1121–1127
    Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
  84. Maheshwari A, Yoo HY, Thuluvath PJ (2004) Long-term outcome of liver transplantation in patients with PSC: a comparative analysis with PBC. Am J Gastroenterol 99:538–542
    Article PubMed Google Scholar
  85. Ghali P, Marotta PJ, Yoshida EM, Bain VG, Marleau D, Peltekian K, Metrakos P, Deschênes M (2005) Liver transplantation for incidental cholangiocarcinoma: analysis of the Canadian experience. Incidental CCA was documented in 8 patients with PSC, transplanted between 1996 and 2003. The 3-year survival rate was 30%. Liver Transpl 11:1412–1416
    Article PubMed Google Scholar
  86. Meyer CG, Penn I, James L (2000) Liver transplantation for cholangiocarcinoma: results in 207 patients. Transplantation 69:1633–1637
    Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
  87. Robles R, Figueras J, Turrion VS, Margarit C, Moya A, Varo E, Calleja J, Valdevieso A, Valdecasas JCG, Lopez P, Gomez M, de Vicente E, Loinaz C, Santoyo J, Fleitas M, Bernados A, Llado L, Ramirez P, Bueno FS, Jaurrieta E, Parrilla P (2004) Spanish experience in liver transplantation for hilar and peripheral cholangiocarcinoma. Ann Surg 239:265–271
    Article PubMed Google Scholar
  88. Bjøro K, Brandsæter B, Foss A, Schrumpf E (2005) Liver transplantation in primary sclerosing cholangitis. Sem Liver Dis 26:69–79
    Article Google Scholar
  89. Pascher A, Jonas S, Neuhaus P (2003) Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: indication for transplantation. J Hepatobil Pancreat Surg 10:282–287
    Article Google Scholar
  90. Rea DJ, Heimbach JK, Rosen CB, Haddock MG, Alberts SR, Kremers WK, Gores GJ, Nagorney DM (2005) Liver transplantation with neoadjuvant chemoradiation is more effective than resection for hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Ann Surg 242:451– 461
    PubMed Google Scholar
  91. Sudan D, DeRoover A, Chinnakotla S, Fox I, Shaw Jr B, McCashland T, Sorrell M, Tempero M, Langnas A (2002) Radiochemotherapy and transplantation allow long-term survival for nonresectable hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Am J Transplant 2:774–779
    Article PubMed Google Scholar
  92. Blendis L, Lurie Y (2002) Primary sclerosing cholangitis: a premalignant condition. Gastroenterology 123:647–648
    Article PubMed Google Scholar
  93. Alpini G, Glaser SS, Ueno Y, Rodgers R, Phinizy JL, Francis H, Baiocchi L, Holcomb LA, Caligiuri A, LeSage GD (1999) Bile acid feeding induces cholangiocyte proliferation and secretion: evidence for bile acid-regulated ductal secretion. Gastroenterology 116:179–186
    Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
  94. Alpini G, Kanno N, Phinizy JL, Glaser S, Francis H, Taffetani S, LeSage G (2004) Tauroursodeoxycholate inhibits human cholangiocarcinoma growth via Ca2+-, PKC-, and MAPK-dependent pathways. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 286:G973–G982
    Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
  95. Tung BY, Emond MJ, Haggitt RC, Bronner MP, Kimmey MB, Kowdley KV, Brentnall TA (2001) Ursodiol use is associated with lower prevalence of colonic neoplasia in patients with ulcerative colitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis. Ann Intern Med 134:89–95
    PubMed CAS Google Scholar
  96. Pardi DS, Loftus Jr EV, Kremers WK, Keach J, Lindor KD (2003) Ursodeoxycholic acid as a chemopreventive agent in patients with ulcerative colitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis. Gastroenterology 124:889–893
    Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
  97. Serfaty L, De Leusse A, Rosmorduc O, Desaint B, Flejou JF, Chazouilleres O, Poupon RE, Poupon R (2003) Ursodeoxycholic acid therapy and the risk of colorectal adenoma in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis: an observational study. Hepatology 38:203–209
    Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
  98. Alberts DS, Martinez ME, Hess LM, Einspahr JG, Green SB, Bhattacharyya AK, Guillen J, Krutzsch M, Batta AK, Salen G, Fales L, Koonce K, Parish D, Clouser M, Roe D, Lance P, Phoenix and Tucson Gastroenterologist Networks (2005) Phase III trial of ursodeoxycholic acid to prevent colorectal adenoma recurrence. J Natl Cancer Inst 97:846–853
    Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar

Download references