Obesity but not overweight is associated with increased mortality risk (original) (raw)

• Whitlock G, Lewington S, Sherliker P, et al. Body-mass index and cause-specific mortality in 900,000 adults: collaborative analyses of 57 prospective studies. Lancet. 2009;373:1083–96.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Flegal KM, Graubard BI, Williamson DF, et al. Excess deaths associated with underweight, overweight, and obesity. Jama. 2005;293:1861–7.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Berrington de Gonzalez A, Hartge P, Cerhan JR, et al. Body-mass index and mortality among 1.46 million white adults. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:2211–9.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Reeves GK, Pirie K, Beral V, et al. Cancer incidence and mortality in relation to body mass index in the million women study: cohort study. BMJ. 2007;335:1134.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Manson JE, Bassuk SS, Hu FB, et al. Estimating the number of deaths due to obesity: can the divergent findings be reconciled? J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2007;16:168–76.
  Article Google Scholar
• Romero-Corral A, Montori VM, Somers VK, et al. Association of bodyweight with total mortality and with cardiovascular events in coronary artery disease: a systematic review of cohort studies. Lancet. 2006;368:666–78.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Ajani UA, Lotufo PA, Gaziano JM, et al. Body mass index and mortality among US male physicians. Ann Epidemiol. 2004;14:731–9.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Gelber RP, Kurth T, Manson JE, et al. Body mass index and mortality in men: evaluating the shape of the association. Int J Obes (Lond). 2007;31:1240–7.
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Manson JE, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, et al. Body weight and mortality among women. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:677–85.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Lee IM, Manson JE, Hennekens CH, et al. Body weight and mortality. A 27 year follow-up of middle-aged men. JAMA. 1993;270:2823–8.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Curtin LR, et al. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in the United States, 1999–2004. JAMA. 2006;295:1549–55.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Engeland A, Bjorge T, Selmer RM, et al. Height and body mass index in relation to total mortality. Epidemiology. 2003;14:293–9.
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Klenk J, Nagel G, Ulmer H, et al. Body mass index and mortality: results of a cohort of 184, 697 adults in Austria. Eur J Epidemiol. 2009;24:83–91.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Bjorntorp P, De Jounge K, Sjostrom L, et al. The effect of physical training on insulin production in obesity. Metabolism. 1970;19:631–8.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Flegal KM, Graubard BI, Williamson DF, et al. Cause-specific excess deaths associated with underweight, overweight, and obesity. JAMA. 2007;298:2028–37.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Bothig S. WHO MONICA project: objectives and design. Int J Epidemiol. 1989;18:S29–37.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Wietlisbach V. Théorie et pratique de l’échantillonnage: L’exemple de l’enquête MONICA. Soz Praeventivmed. 1987;32:52–62.
  Article Google Scholar
• Wietlisbach V, Paccaud F, Rickenbach M, et al. Trends in cardiovascular risk factors (1984–1993) in a Swiss region: results of 3 population surveys. Prev Med. 1997;26:523–33.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Wolf HK, Kuulasmaa K, Tolonen H, et al. Participation rates, quality of sampling frames and sampling fractions in the MONICA surveys. 1998; http://www.ktl.fi/publications/monica/nonres/nonres.htm [last access 12 Jan 2010].
• Bopp M, Braun J, Faeh D, et al. Establishing a follow-up of the Swiss MONICA participants (1984–1993): record linkage with census and mortality data. BMC Public Health. 2010;10:562.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Swiss Federal Statistical Office. Die Schweizerische Gesundheitsbefragung 2007 in Kürze [WWW document] URL http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/infothek/erhebungen__quellen/blank/blank/ess/03.Document.122331.pdf (accessed April 2010). 2008.
• Firmann M, Mayor V, Vidal PM, et al. The CoLaus study: a population-based study to investigate the epidemiology and genetic determinants of cardiovascular risk factors and metabolic syndrome. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2008;8:6.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Bopp M, Spoerri A, Zwahlen M, et al. Cohort profile: the Swiss national cohort: a longitudinal study of 6.8 million people. Int J Epidemiol. 2009;38:379–84.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of a WHO consultation. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 2000; 894. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/trs/WHO_TRS_894.pdf.
• Bopp M, Minder CE. Mortality by education in German speaking Switzerland, 1990–1997: results from the Swiss national cohort. Int J Epidemiol. 2003;32:346–54.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Lynch J, Smith GD, Harper S, et al. Is income inequality a determinant of population health? Part 1. A systematic review. Milbank Q. 2004;82:5–99.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. Seventh report of the joint national committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure. Hypertension. 2003;42:1206–52.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Baldinger B, Schwarz C, Jaggy C. Cardiovascular risk factors, BMI and mortality in a cohort of Swiss males (1976–2001) with high-sum-assured life insurance cover. J Insur Med. 2006;38:44–53.
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Gu D, He J, Duan X, et al. Body weight and mortality among men and women in China. JAMA. 2006;295:776–83.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Pajak A, Topor-Madry R, Waskiewicz A, et al. Body mass index and risk of death in middle-aged men and women in Poland. Results of POL-MONICA cohort study. Kardiol Pol. 2005;62:95–105. discussion 06–7.
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Jee SH, Sull JW, Park J, et al. Body-mass index and mortality in Korean men and women. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:779–87.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Pischon T, Boeing H, Hoffmann K, et al. General and abdominal adiposity and risk of death in Europe. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:2105–20.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Tamakoshi A, Yatsuya H, Lin Y, et al. BMI and all-cause mortality among Japanese older adults: findings from the Japan collaborative cohort study. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2010;18:362–9.
  Article Google Scholar
• Flicker L, McCaul KA, Hankey GJ, et al. Body mass index and survival in men and women aged 70–75. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2010;58:234–41.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Wilson PW, D’Agostino RB, Sullivan L, et al. Overweight and obesity as determinants of cardiovascular risk: the Framingham experience. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162:1867–72.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Parr CL, Batty GD, Lam TH, et al. Body-mass index and cancer mortality in the Asia–Pacific Cohort Studies Collaboration: pooled analyses of 424,519 participants. Lancet Oncol. 2010;11:741–52.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Bogers RP, Bemelmans WJ, Hoogenveen RT, et al. Association of overweight with increased risk of coronary heart disease partly independent of blood pressure and cholesterol levels: a meta-analysis of 21 cohort studies including more than 300,000 persons. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167:1720–8.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Sauvaget C, Ramadas K, Thomas G, et al. Body mass index, weight change and mortality risk in a prospective study in India. Int J Epidemiol. 2008;37:990–1004.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• He J, Gu D, Wu X, et al. Major causes of death among men and women in China. N Engl J Med. 2005;353:1124–34.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Faeh D, Braun J, Bopp M. Underestimation of obesity prevalence in Switzerland: comparison of two methods for correction of self-report. Swiss Med Wkly. 2009;139:752–6.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Faeh D, Bopp M. Excess weight in the canton of Zurich, 1992–2009: harbinger of a trend reversal in Switzerland? Swiss Med Wkly. 2010;140:w13090.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Health Survey for England. 2004. http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/PublishedSurvey/HealthSurveyForEngland/index.htm (accessed 10 Sep 2010). 2004.
• Ceschi M, Gutzwiller F, Moch H, et al. Epidemiology and pathophysiology of obesity as cause of cancer. Swiss Med Wkly. 2007;137:50–6.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Marques-Vidal P, Bochud M, Mooser V, et al. Obesity markers and estimated 10-year fatal cardiovascular risk in Switzerland. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2009;19:462–8.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Sonne-Holm S, Sorensen TI. Prospective study of attainment of social class of severely obese subjects in relation to parental social class, intelligence, and education. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1986;292:586–9.
  Google Scholar