Eastern Conceptualizations of Happiness: Fundamental Differences with Western Views (original) (raw)
References
Annas, J. (2000). Ancient philosophy: A very short introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar
Aristotle. (1985). Nicomachean ethics. (T. Irwin, Trans.). Indianapolis, IN: Hackett.
Belliotti, R. A. (2004). Happiness is overrated. Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. Google Scholar
Bhawuk, D. P. S. (2010). Methodology for building psychological models from scriptures. Psychology & Developing Societies,22(1), 49–93. Article Google Scholar
Bunnin, N., & Yu, J. (2004). The Blackwell dictionary of Western Philosophy. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. Book Google Scholar
Chan, W. (1963). A source book in Chinese philosophy. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Google Scholar
Chang, S. C., & Dong-Shick, R. (2005). Buddhist teaching: Relation to healing. In W. S. Tseng & S. C. Chang (Eds.), Asian culture and psychotherapy: Implications for East and West (pp. 157–165). Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. Google Scholar
Chen, Y. H. (2006a). Coping with suffering: The Buddhist perspective. In P. T. P. Wong & L. C. J. Wong (Eds.), Handbook of multicultural perspectives on stress and coping (pp. 73–89). Dallas, TX: Spring Publications. Chapter Google Scholar
Chen, Y. H. (2006b). The way of nature as a healing power. In T. P. Wong & C. J. Wong (Eds.), Handbook of multicultural perspectives on stress and coping (pp. 91–103). New York: Springer. Chapter Google Scholar
Ching, J. (2003). What is confucian spirituality? In W. Tu & M. E. Tucker (Eds.), Confucian spirituality (pp. 81–95)., 1 New York: Crossroad Publishing. Google Scholar
Christopher, J. C. (1999). Situating psychological well-being: Exploring the cultural roots of its theory and research. Journal of Counseling & Development,77(2), 141–152. Article Google Scholar
Christopher, J. C., & Hickinbottom, S. (2008). Positive psychology, ethnocentrism, and the disguised ideology of individualism. Theory & Psychology,18(5), 563–589. Article Google Scholar
Coan, R. W. (1977). Hero, artist, sage, or saint? A survey of views on what is variously called mental health, normality, maturity, self-actualization, and human fulfillment. New York: Columbia University. Google Scholar
Dambrun, M., & Ricard, M. (2011). Self-centeredness and selflessness: A theory of self-based psychological functioning and its consequences for happiness. Review of General Psychology,15(2), 138. Article Google Scholar
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry,11, 227–268. Article Google Scholar
Delle Fave, A., Brdar, I., Freire, T., Vella-Brodrick, D., & Wissing, M. P. (2011). The eudaimonic and hedonic components of happiness: Qualitative and quantitative findings. Social Indicators Research,100(2), 185–207. Article Google Scholar
Devettere, R. J. (2002). Introduction to virtue ethics: Insights of the ancient Greeks. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press. Google Scholar
Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin,95, 542–575. Article Google Scholar
Diener, E. (2012). New findings and future directions for subjective well-being research. American Psychologist,67(8), 590–597. doi:10.1037/a0029541. Article Google Scholar
Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin,125(2), 276. Article Google Scholar
Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Kim-Prieto, C., Biswas-Diener, R., & Tay, L. S. (2010). Unhappiness in South Korea: why it is high and what might be done about it. Seoul, Korean Psychological Association.
Elkaisy-Friemuth, M. (2006). God and humans in Islamic thought: ‘Abd al-Jabbmr, Ibn Slnm and al-Ghazmll. New York: Routledge. Google Scholar
Fakhry, M. (2004). A history of Islamic philosophy (3rd ed.). New York: Columbia university press. Google Scholar
Frager, R. (1999). Heart, self & soul: the Sufi psychology of growth, balance, and harmony. Wheaton: Quest Books. Google Scholar
Gardner, G. T., & Stern, P. C. (1996). Environmental problems and human behaviour. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon. Google Scholar
Haybron, D. M. (2008). Philosophy and the science of subjective well-being. In M. Eid & R. J. Larsen (Eds.), The science of subjective well-being (pp. 17–43). New York, NY: Guilford Press. Google Scholar
Held, B. S. (2002). The tyranny of the positive attitude in America: Observation and speculation. Journal of Clinical Psychology,58, 965–991. Article Google Scholar
Helliwell, J., Layard, R., & Sachs, J. (2012). World happiness report. New York: Earth Institute, Columbia University.
Ho, D. Y. F. (1995). Selfhood and identity in Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism, and Hinduism: contrasts with the West. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour,25(2), 115–139. Article Google Scholar
Ho, D. Y. F., & Ho, R. T. H. (2007). Measuring spirituality and spiritual emptiness: Toward ecumenicity and transcultural applicability. Review of General Psychology,11(1), 62. Article Google Scholar
Hoshmand, L. T., & Ho, D. Y. F. (1995). Moral dimensions of selfhood: Chinese traditions and cultural change. World Psychology,1, 47–69. Google Scholar
Huang, C. (1997). The analects of Confucius. USA: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar
Hwang, K.-K. (2001). The deep structure of Confucianism: A social psychological approach. Asian Philosophy,11(3), 179–204. Article Google Scholar
Hwang, K.-K. (2006). Constructive realism and Confucian relationalism: An epistemological strategy for the development of indigenous psychology. In U. Kim, K. Yang, & K. Hwang (Eds.), Indigenous and cultural psychology: Understanding people in context. New York: Springer. Google Scholar
Hwang, K. K. (2009). The development of indigenous counselling in contemporary Confucian communities. The Counseling Psychologist,37(7), 930–943. Article Google Scholar
Inglehart, R. (2009). Faith and freedom: Traditional and modern ways to happiness. In E. Diener, J. Helliwell, & D. Kahnemann (Eds.), International differences in well-being (pp. 342–368). New York: Oxford University Press.
Ip, P. K. (2009). Is Confucianism good for business ethics in China? Journal of Business Ethics,88(3), 463–476. Article Google Scholar
Izquierdo, C. (2005). When “health” is not enough: societal, individual and biomedical assessments of well-being among the Matsigenka of the Peruvian Amazon. Social Science and Medicine,61(4), 767–783. Article Google Scholar
Johnson, F. (1985). The Western concept of self. In A. Marsella, G. De Vos, & F. L. K. Hsu (Eds.), Culture and self. London: Tavistock. Google Scholar
Joshanloo, M. (2013). A comparison of western and Islamic conceptions of happiness. Journal of Happiness Studies, in press. doi: 10.1007/s10902-012-9406-7.
Joshanloo, M., & Rastegar, P. (2012). Development and initial validation of a scale to assess Sufi beliefs. Archive for the Psychology of Religion,34, 115–135. Google Scholar
Kabbani, S. M. H. (2006). The Sufi science of self-realization: A guide to the seventeen ruinous traits, the ten steps to discipleship and the six realities of the heart. Louisville: Fons Vitae. Google Scholar
Kahneman, D. (1999). Objective happiness. In D. Kahneman, E. Diener, & N. Schwarz (Eds.), Well-being: The foundations of hedonic psychology (pp. 3–25). New York: Russell Sage Foundation. Google Scholar
Keyes, C. L. M. (1998). Social well-being. Social Psychology Quarterly,61, 121–140. Article Google Scholar
Keyes, C. L. M., & Annas, J. (2009). Feeling good and functioning well: Distinctive concepts in ancient philosophy and contemporary science. The Journal of Positive Psychology,4(3), 197–201. Article Google Scholar
Keyes, C. L. M., Shmotkin, D., & Ryff, C. D. (2002). Optimizing well-being: The empirical encounter of two traditions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,82(6), 1007–1022. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.1007. Article Google Scholar
Khan, I., & Witteveen, H. (1999). The heart of Sufism: Essential writings of Hazrat Inayat Khan. London: Shambhala. Google Scholar
Kim, Y. C. (1973). Oriental thought: An introduction to the philosophical and religious thought of Asia. USA: Charles C Thomas Publisher. Google Scholar
Kim, H., & Markus, H. R. (1999). Deviance or uniqueness, harmony or conformity? A cultural analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,77(4), 785. Article Google Scholar
Kitayama, S., Duffy, S., & Uchida, Y. (2007). Self as cultural mode of being. In S. Kitayama & D. Cohen (Eds.), Handbook of cultural psychology (pp. 136–174). New York: Guilford Press. Google Scholar
Klostermaier, K. K. (2008). Hinduism: a beginner’s guide. Oxford: Oneworld. Google Scholar
Kwee, M. G. (2012). Relational buddhism: A psychological quest for meaning and sustainable happiness. In P. T. P. Wong (Ed.), The human quest for meaning: The human quest for meaning: theories, research, and applications (pp. 249–273). New York: Routledge. Google Scholar
Lee, Y. C., Lin, Y. C., Huang, C. L., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2013). The construct and measurement of peace of mind. Journal of Happiness Studies. doi:10.1007/s10902-012-9343-5.
Levenson, M. R., Jennings, P. A., Le, T. N., & Aldwin, C. M. (2002). _Self_-transcendence: Theory and measurement. Paper presented at the mid-winter annual meeting of the Psychology of Religion, Division 36 of the American Psychological Association. Baltimore, Maryland.
Lu, L., & Gilmour, R. (2006). Individual-oriented and social-oriented SWB: Conceptual analysis and scale development. Asian Journal of Social Psychology,9, 36–49. Article Google Scholar
Markus, H. R., & Hamedani, M. G. (2007). Sociocultural psychology: The dynamic interdependence among self systems and social systems. In S. Kitayama & D. Cohen (Eds.), Handbook of cultural psychology (pp. 3–39). New York: Guilford Press. Google Scholar
McMahon, D. M. (2008). The pursuit of happiness in history. In M. Eid & R. J. Larsen (Eds.), The science of subjective well-being (pp. 80–93). New York: Guilford. Google Scholar
Minkov, M. (2011). Cultural differences in a globalizing world. UK: Emerald Group Publishing. Google Scholar
Mitchell, D. W., & Wiseman, J. A. (2003). Transforming suffering: reflections on finding peace in troubled times. United States: Monastic Interreligious Dialogue. Google Scholar
Mogilner, C., Kamvar, S. D., & Aaker, J. (2011). The shifting meaning of happiness. Social Psychological and Personality Science,2(4), 395–402. Article Google Scholar
Morling, B., Kitayama, S., & Miyamoto, Y. (2002). Cultural practices emphasize influence in the United States and adjustment in Japan. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,28(3), 311–323. doi:10.1177/0146167202286003. Article Google Scholar
Narayanan, V. (2004). Hinduism. Oxford: New York. Google Scholar
Paranjpe, A. C. (1988). A personality theory according to Vedanta. In A. C. Paranjpe, D. Y. F. Ho, & R. W. Rieber (Eds.), Asian contribution to psychology (pp. 185–213). New York: Praeger. Google Scholar
Peng, K., Spencer-Rodgers, J., & Nian, Z. (2006). Naïve Dialecticism and the Tao of Chinese thought indigenous and cultural psychology. In U. Kim, K.-S. Yang, & K.-K. Hwang (Eds.), Indigenous and cultural psychology: understanding people in context (pp. 247–262). Berlin: Springer. Chapter Google Scholar
Pflug, J. (2009). Folk theories of happiness: A cross-cultural comparison of conceptions of happiness in Germany and South Africa. Social Indicators Research,92(3), 551–563. Article Google Scholar
Rasool, A. (2002). Turning towards the heart: awakening to the Sufi way. Louisville: Fons Vitae. Google Scholar
Ricard, M. (2011). The Dalai Lama: Happiness from within. International Journal of Wellbeing,1(2), 274–290. Article Google Scholar
Richardson, F. C., & Guignon, C. B. (2008). Positive psychology and philosophy of social science. Theory & Psychology,18(5), 605–627. Article Google Scholar
Robbins, B. D. (2008). What is the good life? Positive psychology and the renaissance of humanistic psychology. The Humanistic Psychologist,36, 96–112. Article Google Scholar
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2001). On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Annual Review of Psychology,52, 141–166. Article Google Scholar
Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological wellbeing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,57, 1069–1081. Article Google Scholar
Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. (2003). Thriving in the face of challenge: The integrative science of human resilience. In F. Kessel, P. L. Rosenfield, & N. B. Anderson (Eds.), Expanding the boundaries of health and social science: Case studies in interdisciplinary innovation (pp. 181–205). New York, NY, US: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar
Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. H. (2008). Know thyself and become what you are: A eudaimonic approach to psychological well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies,9(1), 13–39. Article Google Scholar
Salagame, K. K. K. (2003). An Indian conception of well being. In J. Henry (Ed.), European positive psychology proceedings 2002. Leicester, UK: British Psychological Society. Google Scholar
Schwartz, S. H. (2009). Culture matters: National value cultures, sources and consequences. In C.-Y. Chiu, Y. Y. Hong, S. Shavitt, & R. S. Wyer Jr. (Eds.), Understanding culture: Theory, research and application (pp. 127–150). New York: Psychology Press. Google Scholar
Shamasundar, C. (2008). Relevance of ancient Indian wisdom to modern mental health–A few examples. Indian journal of psychiatry,50(2), 138–143. Article Google Scholar
Sibley, M. Q. (1973). Utopian thought and technology. American Journal of Political Science,17, 255–281. Article Google Scholar
Slife, B. D., & Richardson, F. C. (2008). Problematic ontological underpinnings of positive psychology a strong relational alternative. Theory & Psychology,18(5), 699–723. Article Google Scholar
Snibbe, A. C., & Markus, H. R. (2005). You can’t always get what you want: educational attainment, agency, and choice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,88(4), 703. Article Google Scholar
Sundararajan, L. (2005). Happiness donut: A Confucian critique of positive psychology. Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology,25(1), 35. Article Google Scholar
Tatarkiewicz, W. (1976). Analysis of happiness. Warsaw: Polish Scientific Publishers. Book Google Scholar
Triandis, H. C. (1995). Individualism and collectivism. Boulder, CO: Westview. Google Scholar
Triandis, H. C., McCusker, C., & Hui, C. H. (1990). Multimethod probes of individualism and collectivism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,59(5), 1006. Article Google Scholar
Tseng, W. S. (2005). Integration and application for therapy. In W. S. Tseng, S. C. Cheng, & M. Nishizono (Eds.), Asian culture and psychotherapy: Implications for East and West. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. Google Scholar
Uchida, Y., & Kitayama, S. (2009). Happiness and unhappiness in east and west: Themes and variations. Emotion,9(4), 441. Article Google Scholar
Vaughan-Lee, L. (1994). Travelling the path of love: Sayings of Sufi masters. California: The Golden Sufi Center. Google Scholar
Wallace, B. A., & Shapiro, S. L. (2006). Mental balance and well-being: building bridges between Buddhism and Western psychology. American Psychologist,61(7), 690. Article Google Scholar
Ward, C. A. (Ed.). (1989). Altered states of consciousness and mental health: a cross-cultural perspective. London: Sage. Google Scholar
Waterman, A. S., Schwartz, S. J., Zamboanga, B. L., Ravert, R. D., Williams, M. K., Agocha, V. B., et al. (2010). The questionnaire for Eudaimonic well-being: Psychometric properties, demographic comparisons, and evidence of validity. The Journal of Positive Psychology,5(1), 41–61. Article Google Scholar
Webb, D. (2012). Happiness on the Tibetan Plateau. In H. Selin & G. Davey (Eds.), Happiness across cultures (Vol. 6, pp. 27–41). The Netherlands: Springer. Chapter Google Scholar
Willeto, A. A. A. (2012). Happiness in Navajos (Diné Ba’ Hózhó). In H. Selin & G. Davey (Eds.), Happiness across cultures (Vol. 6, pp. 377–386). The Netherlands: Springer. Chapter Google Scholar
Wong, P. T. P. (2011). Positive psychology 2.0: Towards a balanced interactive model of the good life. Canadian Psychology,52(2), 69–81. doi:10.1037/a0022511. Article Google Scholar
Wong, P. T. P. (2012). The human quest for meaning (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge. Google Scholar
Woods, P., & Lamond, D. (2011). What would confucius do?—Confucian ethics and self-regulation in management. Journal of Business Ethics,102(4), 669–683. Article Google Scholar
Yan, H. (2005). Confucian thought: Implications for psychotherapy. In W.-S. Tseng, S. C. Chang, & M. Nishizono (Eds.), Asian culture and psychotherapy: Implications for East and West (pp. 129–141). Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. Google Scholar
Yang, C. F. (2006). The Chinese conception of the self: Towards a person-making perspective. In U. Kim, K.-S. Yang, & K. K. Hwang (Eds.), Indigenous and cultural psychology: Understanding people in context (pp. 327–356). New York, NY: Springer. Google Scholar
Young, D., Tseng, W., & Zhou, L. (2005). Daoist philosophy: Application in psychotherapy. In W.-S. Tseng, S. C. Chang, & M. Nishizono (Eds.), Asian culture and psychotherapy: Implications for East and West (pp. 142–155). Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. Google Scholar
Younger, P. (1972). Introduction to Indian religious thought. London: Darton, Longman and Todd. Google Scholar
Zhang, G., & Veenhoven, R. (2008). Ancient Chinese philosophical advice: Can it help us find happiness today? Journal of Happiness Studies,9(3), 425–443. Article Google Scholar