Ambiguity attacks on SVD audio watermarking approach using chaotic encrypted images (original) (raw)

Abstract

In this paper, we study the robustness of the proposed watermarking algorithm by Al-Nuaimy et al. (Digit Signal Process 21(6):764–779 2011) for audio signals which is based on singular value decomposition (SVD). It has been concluded that it is fundamentally flawed in its design, in that it falls to two ambiguity attacks where the extracted watermark is not the embedded one but determined by the reference watermark. In the first attack, when a watermarked audio signal is rewatermarked by an attacker’s watermark, this one can be easily extracted to claim ownership of the original audio signal. In the second attack, during the extracting process when an attacker uses the singular vectors of his watermark, he can extract the attacker’s watermark. Therefore, he can claim ownership of the watermarked audio signal. The experimental results prove that the proposed attacks create a false positive detection in watermark extraction. Therefore, Al-Nuaimy et al. algorithm cannot be used for security systems, data hiding and copyright protection.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. Only 65536 samples of each audio signal is considered in simulation

References

  1. Abdallah HA, Ghazy RA, Kasban H, Faragallah OS, Shaalan AA, Hadhoud MM, Dessouky MI, El-Fishawy NA, Alshebeili SA, El-Samie FEA (2014) Homomorphic image watermarking with a singular value decomposition algorithms. Inf Process Manag 50(6):909–923
    Google Scholar
  2. Al-Nuaimy W, El-Bendary MA, Shafikb A, Shawki F, Abou-El-Azm A, El-Fishawy N, Elhalafawy SM, Diab SM, Sallam BM, El-Samie FEA, Kazemian H (2011) An SVD audio watermarking approach using chaotic encrypted images. Digit Signal Process 21(6):764–779
    Google Scholar
  3. Attari AA, Shirazi AAB (2018) Robust audio watermarking algorithm based on DWT using Fibonacci numbers. Multimed Tools Applic 77(19):25607–25627
    Google Scholar
  4. Charfeddine M, El’Arbi M, Amar CB (2014) A new DCT audio watermarking scheme based on preliminary MP3. Multimed Tools Appl 70(3):1521–1557
    Google Scholar
  5. Dogan S, Tuncer T, Avci E, Gulten A (2011) A robust color image watermarking with singular value decomposition method. Adv Eng Softw 42(6):336–346
    Google Scholar
  6. El-Gazar S, Abbas AM, El-Dolil S, El-Dokany IM, Dessouky MI, El-Rabaie E-SM, El-Samie FEA (2018) Efficient SVD speech watermarking with encrypted images. Int J Speech Technol 21(4):953–965
    Google Scholar
  7. Fallahpour M, Megias D (2012) High capacity robust audio watermarking scheme based on fft and linear regression. Int J Innov Comput Inf Control 8(4):2477–2489
    Google Scholar
  8. Gourrame K, Douzi H, Harba R, Riad R, Ros F, Amar M, Elhajji M (2019) A zero-bit Fourier image watermarking for print-cam process. Multimed Tools Applic 78(2):2621–2638
    Google Scholar
  9. Guo J-M (2014) False-positive-free SVD-based image watermarking. J Vis Commun Image Represent 25(5):1149–1163
    Google Scholar
  10. Guo J-M, Prasetyo H (2014) Security analyses of the watermarking scheme based on redundant discrete wavelet transform and singular value decomposition. Int J Electron Commun 68(9):816–834
    Google Scholar
  11. Hannoun K, Hamiche H, Lahdir M, Laghrouche M, Kassim S (2018) A novel DWT domain watermarking scheme based on a discrete-time chaotic system. IFAC PapersOnLine 51(33):50–55
    Google Scholar
  12. Lai C-C (2011) A digital watermarking scheme based on singular value decomposition and tiny genetic algorithm. Digital Signal Process 21(4):522–527
    Google Scholar
  13. Lai C-C (2013) Corrigendum to “A digital watermarking scheme based on singular value decomposition and tiny genetic algorithm”. Digital Signal Process 23(4):1333
    Google Scholar
  14. Li S, Zhang X (2019) Towards construction based data hiding: from secrets to fingerprint images. IEEE Trans Image Process 28(3):1482–1497
    MathSciNet Google Scholar
  15. Li J-F, Wang H-X, Wu T, Sun X-M, Qian Q (2018) Norm ratio-based audio watermarking scheme in DWT domain. Multimed Tools Applic 77(12):14481–14497
    Google Scholar
  16. Liao X, Li K, Yin J (2017) Separable data hiding in encrypted image based on compressive sensing and discrete Fourier transform. Multimed Tools Appl 76 (20):20739–20753
    Google Scholar
  17. Liao X, Qin Z, Ding L (2017) Data embedding in digital images using critical functions. Signal Process Image Commun 58:146–156
    Google Scholar
  18. Liao X, Guo S, Yin J, Li HWX, Sangaiah AK (2018) New cubic reference table based image steganography. Multimed Tools Appl 77(8):10033–10050
    Google Scholar
  19. Liu R, Tan T (2002) A SVD-based watermarking scheme for protecting rightful ownership. IEEE Trans Multimed 4(1):121–128
    Google Scholar
  20. Liu X, Wu Y, Shao Z, Wu J, Shu H (2018) Color image watermarking using a discrete trinion fourier transform. J Electron Imag 27(4):14
    Google Scholar
  21. Liu J, Li J, Ma J, Sadiq N, Bhatti UA, Ai Y (2019) A robust multi-watermarking algorithm for medical images based on DTCWT-DCT and Henon Map. Appl Sci 9(4):23
    Google Scholar
  22. Loukhaoukha K (2013) Comments on “A digital watermarking scheme based on singular value decomposition and tiny genetic algorithm”. Digit Signal Process 23 (4):1334
    Google Scholar
  23. Loukhaoukha K, Chouinard J-Y (2010) On the security of ownership watermarking of digital images based on SVD decomposition. J Electr Imag 19(1):013007,9
    Google Scholar
  24. Loukhaoukha K, Nabti M, Zebbiche K (2014) A robust SVD-based image watermarking using a multi-objective particle swarm optimization. Opto-Electron Rev 22(1):45–54
    Google Scholar
  25. Loukhaoukha K, Refaey A, Zebbiche K (2016) Comments “On a robust color image watermarking with singular value decomposition method”. Adv Eng Softw 93C (3):44–46
    Google Scholar
  26. Loukhaoukha K, Refaey A, Zebbiche K (2017) Ambiguity attacks on robust blind image watermarking scheme based on redundant discrete wavelet transform and singular value decomposition. J Electr Syst Inf Technol 4(3):359–368
    Google Scholar
  27. Loukhaoukha K, Refaey A, Zebbiche K, Shami A (2018) Efficient and secure cryptosystem for fingerprint images in wavelet domain. Multimed Tools Appl 77 (8):9325–9339
    Google Scholar
  28. Makbol NM, Khoo BE, Rassem TH, Loukhaoukha K (2017) A new reliable optimized image watermarking scheme based on the integer wavelet transform and singular value decomposition for copyright protection. Inform Sci 417(4):381–400
    Google Scholar
  29. Makbol NM, Khoo BE, Rassem TH (2018) Security analyses of false positive problem for the SVD-based hybrid digital image watermarking techniques in the wavelet transform domain. Multimed Tools Applic 77(20):26845–26879
    Google Scholar
  30. Moosazadeh M, Ekbatanifard G (2019) A new DCT-based robust image watermarking method using teaching-learning-Based optimization. J Inf Secur Applic 47:28–38
    Google Scholar
  31. Muhammad N, Bibi N, Qasim I, Jahangir A, Mahmood Z (2018) Digital watermarking using Hall property image decomposition method. Pattern Anal Applic 21(4):997–1012
    MathSciNet Google Scholar
  32. Musrrat A, Ahn CW (2015) Comments on “Optimized gray-scale image watermarking using DWT-SVD and firefly algorithm”. Expert Syst Appl 42(5):2392–2394
    Google Scholar
  33. Najafi E, Loukhaoukha K (2019) Hybrid secure and robust image watermarking scheme based on SVD and sharp frequency localized contourlet transform. J Inf Secur Appl 44(1):144–156
    Google Scholar
  34. Nouioua I, Amardjia N, Belilita S (2018) A novel blind and robust video watermarking technique in fast motion frames based on SVD and MR-SVD. Secur Commun Netw 2018:17
    Google Scholar
  35. Ouyang J, Coatrieux G, Chen B, Shu H (2015) Color image watermarking based on quaternion fourier transform and improved uniform log-polar mapping. Comput Electr Eng 46:419–432
    Google Scholar
  36. Run R-S, Horng S-J, Lai J-L, Kao T-W, Chen R-J (2012) An improved SVD based watermarking technique for copyright protection. Expert Syst Appl 39 (1):673–689
    Google Scholar
  37. Rykaczewski R (2007) Comments on “an SVD-based watermarking scheme for protecting rightful ownership”. IEEE Trans Multimed 9(2):421–423
    Google Scholar
  38. Shivani JLD, Senapati RK (2017) Robust image embedded watermarking using DCT and listless SPIHT. Fut Int 9(3):16
    Google Scholar
  39. Tao J, Li S, Zhang X, Wang Z (2019) Towards robust image steganography. IEEE Trans Circ Syst Video Technol 29(2):594–600
    Google Scholar
  40. Yavuz E, Telatar Z (2013) Comments on “A digital watermarking scheme based on singular value decomposition and tiny genetic algorithm”. Digital Signal Process 23 (4):1335–1336
    Google Scholar
  41. Zhang XP, Li K (2005) Comments on “an SVD-based watermarking scheme for protecting rightful ownership”. IEEE Trans Multimed 7(3):593–594
    Google Scholar

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Development Research Center, Algiers, Algeria
    Noureddine Mehallegue, Khaled Loukhaoukha & Khalil Zebbiche
  2. School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen’s University, Belfast, UK
    Noureddine Mehallegue & Khalil Zebbiche
  3. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
    Khaled Loukhaoukha
  4. Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Manhattan College, Riverdale, NY, USA
    Ahmed Refaey
  5. Institut National de Criminalistique et de Criminologie (INCC-GN), Bouchaoui, Algiers, Algeria
    Mourad Djellab

Authors

  1. Noureddine Mehallegue
  2. Khaled Loukhaoukha
  3. Khalil Zebbiche
  4. Ahmed Refaey
  5. Mourad Djellab

Corresponding author

Correspondence toKhaled Loukhaoukha.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Mehallegue, N., Loukhaoukha, K., Zebbiche, K. et al. Ambiguity attacks on SVD audio watermarking approach using chaotic encrypted images.Multimed Tools Appl 79, 2031–2045 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-019-08271-z

Download citation

Keywords