Executive Functions in Children and Adolescents with Turner Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (original) (raw)

References

• Anderson, V. A., Anderson, P., Northam, E., Jacobs, R., & Catroppa, C. (2001). Development of executive functions through late childhood and adolescence in an Australian sample. Developmental Neuropsychology, 20(1), 385–406. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326942dn2001_5.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Ardila, A., Pineda, D., & Rosselli, M. (2000). Correlation between intelligence test scores and executive function measures. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 15(1), 31–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0887-6177(98)00159-0.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Ardila, A., Rosselli, M., Matute, E., & Guajardo, S. (2005). The influence of the parents’ educational level on the development of executive functions. Developmental Neuropsychology, 28(1), 539–560. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326942dn2801_5.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Assink, M., & Wibbelink, C. J. M. (2016). Fitting three-level meta-analytic models in R: A step-by-step tutorial. The Quantitative Methods for Psychology, 12(3), 154–174. https://doi.org/10.20982/tqmp.12.3.p154.
  Article Google Scholar
• Austin, G., Groppe, K., & Elsner, B. (2014). The reciprocal relationship between executive function and theory of mind in middle childhood: A 1-year longitudinal perspective. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 655. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00655.
  Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Baker, J. M., & Reiss, A. L. (2016). A meta-analysis of math performance in turner syndrome. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 58(2), 123–130. https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.12961.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Bender, B. G., Linden, M. G., & Robinson, A. (1989). Verbal and spatial processing efficiency in 32 children with sex chromosome abnormalities. Pediatric Research, 25(6), 577–579. https://doi.org/10.1203/00006450-198906000-00004.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Bender, B. G., Linden, M. G., & Robinson, A. (1993). Neuropsychological impairment in 42 adolescents with sex chromosome abnormalities. American Journal of Medical Genetics (Neuropsychiatric Genetics), 48(3), 169–173. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.1320480312.
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Berg, E. A. (1948). A simple objective test for measuring flexibility in thinking. Journal of General Psychology, 39(1), 15–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221309.1948.9918159.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Best, J. R., & Miller, P. H. (2010). A developmental perspective on executive function. Child Development, 81(6), 1641–1660. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01499.x.
  Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Bishop, D. V. M., Canning, E., Elgar, K., Morris, E., Jacobs, P. A., & Skuse, D. H. (2000). Distinctive patterns of memory function in subgroups of females with turner syndrome: Evidence for imprinted loci on the X-chromosome affecting neurodevelopment. Neuropsychologia, 38(5), 712–721. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0028-3932(99)00118-9.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Bondy, C. A. (2007). Care of girls and women with turner syndrome: A guideline of the turner syndrome study group. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 92(1), 10–25. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2006-1374.
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P. T., & Rothstein, H. R. (2009). Introduction to meta-analysis. Chichester: Wiley.
  Book Google Scholar
• Borenstein, M., Higgins, J. P. T., Hedges, L. V., & Rothstein, H. R. (2017). Basics of meta-analysis: I2 is not an absolute measure of heterogeneity. Research Synthesis Methods, 8(1), 5–18. https://doi.org/10.1002/jrsm.1230.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Brankaer, C., Ghesquière, P., De Wel, A., Swillen, A., & De Smedt, B. (2016). Numerical magnitude processing impairments in genetic syndromes: A cross-syndrome comparison of turner and 22q11.2 deletion syndromes. Developmental Science. https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12458.
• Bray, S., Dunkin, B., Hong, D. S., & Reiss, A. L. (2011). Reduced functional connectivity during working memory in turner syndrome. Cerebral Cortex, 21(11), 2471–2481. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhr017.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Bray, S., Hoeft, F., Hong, D. S., & Reiss, A. L. (2013). Aberrant functional network recruitment of posterior parietal cortex in turner syndrome. Human Brain Mapping, 34(12), 3117–3128. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.22131.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Buchanan, L., Pavlovic, J., & Rovet, J. (1998). A reexamination of the visuospatial deficit in turner syndrome: Contributions of working memory. Developmental Neuropsychology, 14(2–3), 341–367. https://doi.org/10.1080/87565649809540715.
  Article Google Scholar
• Burgess, P. W. (1997). Theory and methodology in executive function research. In P. Rabbitt (Ed.), Theory and methodology of frontal and executive function (pp. 81–116). Hove: Psychology Press.
  Google Scholar
• Carlson, S. M., Moses, L. J., & Breton, C. (2002). How specific is the relation between executive function and theory of mind? Contributions of inhibitory control and working memory. Infant and Child Development, 11(2), 73–92. https://doi.org/10.1002/icd.298.
  Article Google Scholar
• Cheung, M. W. L. (2015a). metaSEM: An R package for meta-analysis using structural equation modeling. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 1521. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01521.
  Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Cheung, M. W. L. (2015b). Meta-analysis: A structural equation modeling approach. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley.
  Book Google Scholar
• Cicerone, K. D., Dahlberg, C., Kalmar, K., Langenbahn, D. M., Malec, J. F., Bergquist, T. F., Felicetti, T., Giacino, J. T., Harley, J. P., Harrington, D. E., Herzog, J., Kneipp, S., Laatsch, L., & Morse, P. A. (2000). Evidence-based cognitive rehabilitation: Recommendations for clinical practice. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 81(12), 1596–1615. https://doi.org/10.1053/apmr.2000.19240.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Cochran, W. G. (1954). Some methods for strengthening the common χ2 tests. Biometrics, 10(4), 417–451. https://doi.org/10.2307/3001616.
  Article Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112(1), 155–159. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.155.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Collette, F., Hogge, M., Salmon, E., & Van der Linden, M. (2006). Exploration of the neural substrates of executive functioning by functional neuroimaging. Neuroscience, 139(1), 209–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.05.035.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• R Core Team. (2016). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Retrieved from https://www.R-project.org/
• Crider, A., & Pillai, A. (2016). Estrogen signaling as a therapeutic target in neurodevelopmental disorders. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. Advance online publication_, 360_(1), 48–58. https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.116.237412.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• De Smedt, B., Janssen, R., Bouwens, K., Verschaffel, L., Boets, B., & Ghesquière, P. (2009). Working memory and individual differences in mathematics achievement: A longitudinal study from first grade to second grade. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 103(2), 186–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2009.01.004.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Del Re, A. C. (2013). Compute.es: Compute effect sizes. Retrieved from http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/compute.es
• Del Re, A. C., & Hoyt, W. T. (2014). MAd: Meta-analysis with mean differences. Retrieved from http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/MAd
• Dennis, M., Francis, D. J., Cirino, P. T., Schachar, R., Barnes, M. A., & Fletcher, J. M. (2009). Why IQ is not a covariate in cognitive studies of neurodevelopmental disorders. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 15(3), 331–343. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617709090481.
  Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Diamond, A. (2013). Executive functions. Annual Review of Psychology, 64(1), 135–168. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Ergür, A. T., Öcal, G., Berberoglu, M., Tekin, M., Kiliç, B. G., Aycan, Z., Kutlu, A., Adiyaman, P., Sıklar, Z., Akar, N., Sahin, A., & Akçayöz, D. (2008). Paternal X could relate to arithmetic function; study of cognitive function and parental origin of X chromosome in turner syndrome. Pediatrics International, 50(2), 172–174. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-200X.2008.02540.x.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Eslinger, P. J., & Grattan, L. M. (1993). Frontal lobe and frontal-striatal substrates for different forms of human cognitive flexibility. Neuropsychologia, 31(1), 17–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/0028-3932(93)90077-D.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Floyd, R. G., Bergeron, R., Hamilton, G., & Parra, G. R. (2010). How do executive functions fit with the Cattell-horn-Carroll model? Some evidence from a joint factor analysis of the delis-Kaplan executive function system and the woodcock-Johnson III tests of cognitive abilities. Psychology in the Schools, 47(7), 721–738. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.
  Article Google Scholar
• Gates, N. J., & March, E. G. (2016). A neuropsychologist’s guide to undertaking a systematic review for publication: Making the most of PRISMA guidelines. Neuropsychology Review, 26(2), 109–120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-016-9318-0.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Gathercole, S. E., Pickering, S. J., Knight, C., & Stegmann, Z. (2004). Working memory skills and educational attainment: Evidence from national curriculum assessments at 7 and 14 years of age. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 18(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.934.
  Article Google Scholar
• Gioia, G. A., Isquith, P. K., Guy, S. C., & Kenworthy, L. (2002). Profiles of everyday executive function in acquired and developmental disorders. Child Neuropsychology, 8(2), 121–137. https://doi.org/10.1076/chin.8.2.121.8727.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Goldstein, F. C., & Green, R. C. (1995). Assessment of problem solving and executive functions. In R. L. Mapou & J. Spector (Eds.), Clinical neuropsychological assessment (pp. 49–81). New-York: Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9709-1_3.
  Chapter Google Scholar
• Grant, D. A., & Berg, E. A. (1948). A behavioral analysis of degree of reinforcement and ease of shifting to new responses in a weigl-type card-sorting problem. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 38(4), 404–411. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0059831.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Green, T., Chromik, L. C., Mazaika, P. K., Fierro, K., Raman, M. M., Lazzeroni, L. C., Hong, D. S., & Reiss, A. L. (2014). Aberrant parietal cortex developmental trajectories in girls with turner syndrome and related visual-spatial cognitive development: A preliminary study. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics, 165(6), 531–540. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.b.32256.
  Article Google Scholar
• Green, T., Shrestha, S. B., Chromik, L. C., Rutledge, K., Pennington, B. F., Hong, D. S., & Reiss, A. L. (2015). Elucidating X chromosome influences on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and executive function. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 68, 217–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.06.021.
  Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Greenberg, L. M., & Waldman, I. D. (1993). Developmental normative data on the test of variables of attention (T.O.V.A.). Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 34(6), 1019-1030.
• Haberecht, M. F., Menon, V., Warsofsky, I. S., White, C. D., Dyer-Friedman, J., Glover, G. H., Neely, E. K., & Reiss, A. L. (2001). Functional neuroanatomy of visuo-spatial working memory in turner syndrome. Human Brain Mapping, 14(2), 96–107.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Hackman, D. A., & Farah, M. J. (2009). Socioeconomic status and the developing brain. Trends in Cognitive Science, 13(2), 65–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2008.11.003.
  Article Google Scholar
• Han, G., Helm, J., Iucha, C., Zahn-Waxler, C., Hastings, P. D., & Klimes-Dougan, B. (2016). Are executive functioning deficits concurrently and predictively associated with depressive and anxiety symptoms in adolescents? Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 45(1), 44–58. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2015.1041592.
  Article Google Scholar
• Hedges, L. V. (1981). Theory for Glass’s estimator of effect size and related estimators. Journal of Educational Statistics, 6(2), 107–128. https://doi.org/10.2307/1164588.
  Article Google Scholar
• Higgins, J. P. T., & Green, S. (2011). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Retrieved from: http://handbook.cochrane.org
• Hong, D., Kent, J. S., & Kesler, S. (2009). Cognitive profile of turner syndrome. Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 15(4), 270–278. https://doi.org/10.1002/ddrr.79.
  Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Hong, D. S., Dunkin, B., & Reiss, A. L. (2011). Psychosocial functioning and social cognitive processing in girls with turner syndrome. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 32(7), 512–520. https://doi.org/10.1097/DBP.0b013e3182255301.
  Article Google Scholar
• Hong, D. S., Bray, S., Haas, B. W., Hoeft, F., & Reiss, A. L. (2014). Aberrant neurocognitive processing of fear in young girls with turner syndrome. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 9(3), 255–264. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nss133.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Kesler, S. R., Haberecht, M. F., Menon, V., Warsofsky, I. S., Dyer-Friedman, J., Neely, E. K., & Reiss, A. L. (2004). Functional neuroanatomy of spatial orientation processing in turner syndrome. Cerebral Cortex, 14(2), 174–180. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhg116.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Kesler, S. R., Menon, V., & Reiss, A. L. (2006). Neurofunctional differences associated with arithmetic processing in turner syndrome. Cerebral Cortex, 16(6), 849–856. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhj028.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Kiliç, B. G., Ergür, A. T., & Öcal, G. (2005). Depression, levels of anxiety and self-concept in girls with Turner's syndrome. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism, 18(11), 1111–1117. https://doi.org/10.1515/JPEM.2005.18.11.1111.
  Article Google Scholar
• Kirk, J. W., Mazzocco, M. M. M., & Kover, S. T. (2005). Assessing executive dysfunction in girls with fragile X or turner syndrome using the contingency naming test (CNT). Developmental Neuropsychology, 28(3), 755–777. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326942dn2803_2.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Kuntsi, J., Skuse, D., Elgar, K., Morris, E., & Turner, C. (2000). Ring-X chromosomes: Their cognitive and behavioural phenotype. Annals of Human Genetics, 64(4), 295–305. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003480000008174.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Lahood, B. J., & Bacon, G. E. (1985). Cognitive abilities of adolescent Turner’s syndrome patients. Journal of Adolescent Health Care, 6(5), 358–364. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0197-0070(85)80003-6.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Larizza, D., Maraschio; P., Bardoni, B., Calcaterra, V., Manfredi, P., & Gemma, A. (2002). Two sisters with 45,X karyotype: Influence of genomic imprinting on phenotype and cognitive profile. European Journal of Pediatrics_,_ 161, 224–225. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-001-0913-5, Two sisters with 45,X karyotype: influence of genomic imprinting on phenotype and cognitive profile, 4.
• Lee, K., Bull, R., & Ho, R. M. H. (2013). Developmental changes in executive functioning. Child Development, 84(6), 1933–1953. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12096.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Lehto, J. E., Juujärvi, P., Kooistra, L., & Pulkkinen, L. (2003). Dimensions of executive functioning: Evidence from children. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 21(1), 59–80. https://doi.org/10.1348/026151003321164627.
  Article Google Scholar
• Lepage, J.-F., Dunkin, B., Hong, D. S., & Reiss, A. L. (2011). Contribution of executive functions to visuospatial difficulties in prepubertal girls with turner syndrome. Developmental Neuropsychology, 36(8), 988–1002. https://doi.org/10.1080/87565641.2011.584356.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Lepage, J.-F., Hong, D. S., Hallmayer, J., & Reiss, A. L. (2012). Genomic imprinting effects on cognitive and social abilities in prepubertal girls with turner syndrome. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 97(3), E460–E464. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2011-2916.
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Lepage, J.-F., Mazaika, P. K., Hong, D. S., Raman, M., & Reiss, A. L. (2013a). Cortical brain morphology in young, estrogen-naïve, and adolescent, estrogen-treated girls with turner syndrome. Cerebral Cortex, 23(9), 2159–2168. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhs195.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Lepage, J.-F., Dunkin, B., Hong, D. S., & Reiss, A. L. (2013b). Impact of cognitive profile on social functioning in prepubescent females with turner syndrome. Child Neuropsychology, 19(2), 161–172. https://doi.org/10.1080/09297049.2011.647900.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Lepage, J.-F., Hong, D. S., Mazaika, P. K., Raman, M., Sheau, K., Marzelli, M. J., et al. (2013c). Genomic imprinting effects of the X-chromosome on brain morphology. Journal of Neuroscience, 33(19), 8567–8574. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5810-12.2013.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Lesniak-Karpiak, K., Mazzocco, M. M. M., & Ross, J. L. (2003). Behavioral assessment of social anxiety in females with turner or fragile X syndrome. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 33(1), 55–67. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022230504787.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Loesch, D. Z., Minh Bui, Q., Kelso, W., Huggins, R. M., Slater, H., Warne, G., et al. (2005). Effects of Turner’s syndrome and X-linked imprinting on cognitive status: Analysis based on pedigree data. Brain and Development, 27(7), 494–503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.braindev.2004.12.009.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Mazzocco, M. M. M. (1998). A process approach to describing mathematics difficulties in girls with turner syndrome. Pediatrics, 102(3), 492–496.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Mazzocco, M. M. M. (2006). The cognitive phenotype of turner syndrome: Specific learning disabilities. International Congress Series, 1298, 83–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ics.2006.06.016.
  Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Mazzocco, M. M. M., & Hanich, L. B. (2010). Math achievement; numerical processing, and executive functions in girls with turner syndrome: Do girls with turner syndrome have math learning disability? Learning and Individual Differences, 20(2), 70–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2009.10.011.
  Article Google Scholar
• McCauley, E., Kay, T., Ito, J., & Treder, R. (1987). The turner syndrome: Cognitive deficits, affective discrimination, and behavior problems. Child Development, 58(2), 464–473. https://doi.org/10.2307/1130523.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• McCauley, E., Ross, J. L., Kushner, H., & Cutler Jr., G. (1995). Self-esteem and behavior in girls with turner syndrome. Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 16(2), 82–88.
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• McCauley, E., Feuillan, P., Kushner, H., & Ross, J. L. (2001). Psychosocial development in adolescents with turner syndrome. Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 22(6), 360–365.
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• McGlone, J. (1985). Can spatial deficits in Turner’s syndrome be explained by focal CNS dysfunction or atypical speech lateralization? Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 7(4), 375–394. https://doi.org/10.1080/01688638508401271.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• McGrew, K. S. (2009). CHC theory and the human cognitive abilities project: Standing on the shoulders of the giants of psychometric intelligence research. Intelligence, 37(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2008.08.004.
  Article Google Scholar
• Messer, S. B. (1976). Reflection-impulsivity: A review. Psychological Bulletin, 83(6), 1026–1052. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.83.6.1026.
  Article Google Scholar
• Messina, M. F., Zirilli, G., Civa, R., Rulli, I., Salzano, G., Aversa, T., & Valensize, M. (2007). Neurocognitive profile in Turner’s syndrome is not affected by growth impairment. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism, 20(6), 677–684. https://doi.org/10.1515/JPEM.2007.20.6.677.
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Emerson, M. J., Witzki, A. H., Howerter, A., & Wager, T. D. (2000). The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex “frontal lobe” tasks: A latent variable analysis. Cognitive Psychology, 41(1), 49–100. https://doi.org/10.1006/cogp.1999.0734.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & the PRISMA Group. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 62(10), 1006–1012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2009.06.005.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Murphy, M. M., & Mazzocco, M. M. M. (2008). Mathematics learning disabilities in girls with fragile X or turner syndrome during late elementary school. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 41(1), 29–46. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022219407311038.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Murphy, M. M., Mazzocco, M. M. M., Gerner, G., & Henry, A. E. (2006). Mathematics learning disability in girls with turner syndrome or fragile X syndrome. Brain and Cognition, 61(2), 195–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2005.12.014.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Paivio, A. (1971). Imagery and verbal processes. New-York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
  Google Scholar
• Petrides, M., & Milner, B. (1982). Deficits on subject-ordered tasks after frontal and temporal-lobe lesions in man. Neuropsychologia, 20(3), 249–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/0028-3932(82)90100-2.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Quintero, A. I., Beaton, E. A., Harvey, D. J., Ross, J. L., & Simon, T. J. (2014). Common and specific impairments in attention functioning in girls with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion, fragile X or turner syndromes. Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, 6(5), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1186/1866-1955-6-5.
  Article Google Scholar
• Rae, C., Joy, P., Harasty, J., Kemp, A., Kuan, S., Christodoulou, J., Cowell, C. T., & Coltheart, M. (2004). Enlarged temporal lobes in turner syndrome: An X-chromosome effect? Cerebral Cortex, 14(2), 156–164. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhg114.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Reiss, A. L., Mazzocco, M. M. M., Greenlaw, R., Freund, L. S., & Ross, J. L. (1995). Neurodevelopmental effects of X monosomy: A volumetric imaging study. Annals of Neurology, 38(5), 731–738. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.410380507.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Rhodes, M. G. (2004). Age-related differences in performance on the Wisconsin card sorting test: A meta-analytic review. Psychology and Aging, 19(3), 482–494. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.19.3.482.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Romans, S. M., Roeltgen, D. P., Kushner, H., & Ross, J. L. (1997). Executive function in girls with Turner’s syndrome. Developmental Neuropsychology, 13(1), 23–40. https://doi.org/10.1080/87565649709540666.
  Article Google Scholar
• Romans, S. M., Stefanatos, G., Roeltgen, D. P., Kushner, H., & Ross, J. L. (1998). Transition to young adulthood in Ullrich-turner syndrome: Neurodevelopmental changes. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 79(2), 140–147. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19980901)79:2<140::AID-AJMG10>3.0.CO;2-J.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Ross, J. L., Stefanatos, G., Roeltgen, D., Kushner, H., & Cutler Jr., G. B. (1995). Ullrich-turner syndrome: Neurodevelopmental changes from childhood through adolescence. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 58(1), 74–82. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.1320580115.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Ross, J. L., McCauley, E., Roeltgen, D., Long, L., Kushner, H., Feuillan, P., & Cutler Jr., G. B. (1996). Self-concept and behavior in adolescent girls with turner syndrome: Potential estrogen effects. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 81(3), 926–931. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.81.3.8772552.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Ross, J. L., Kushner, H., & Zinn, A. R. (1997a). Discriminant analysis of the Ullrich-turner syndrome neurocognitive profile. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 72(3), 275–280. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19971031)72:3<275::AID-AJMG4>3.0.CO;2-Q.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Ross, J. L., Feuillan, P., Kushner, H., Roeltgen, D., & Cutler Jr., G. B. (1997b). Absence of growth hormone effects on cognitive function in girls with turner syndrome. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 82(6), 1814–1817. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.82.6.4003.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Ross, J. L., Roeltgen, D., Feuillan, P., Kushner, H., & Cutler Jr., G. B. (1998). Effects of estrogen on nonverbal processing speed and motor function in girls with Turner’s syndrome. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 83(9), 3198–3204. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.83.9.5087.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Ross, J. L., Roeltgen, D., Feuillan, P., Kushner, H., & Cutler Jr., G. B. (2000). Use of estrogen in young girls with turner syndrome: Effect on memory. Neurology, 54(1), 164–170. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.54.1.164.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Ross, J. L., Roeltgen, D., Stefanatos, G. A., Feuillan, P., Kushner, H., Bondy, C., & Cutler Jr., G. B. (2003). Androgen-responsive aspects of cognition in girls with turner syndrome. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 88(1), 292–296. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2002-021000.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Ross, J. L., Mazzocco, M. M. M., Kushner, H., Kowal, K., Cutler Jr., G. B., & Roeltgen, D. (2009). Effects of treatment with oxandrolone for 4 years on the frequency of severe arithmetic learning disability in girls with turner syndrome. Journal of Pediatrics, 155(5), 714–720. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.05.031.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Rovet, J. F. (1993). The psychoeducational characteristics of children with turner syndrome. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 26(5), 333–341. https://doi.org/10.1177/002221949302600506.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Rovet, J., & Holland, J. (1993). Psychological aspects of the Canadian randomized controlled trial of human growth hormone and low-dose ethinyl oestradiol in children with turner syndrome. Hormone Research, 39(2), 60–64.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Rovet, J., Szekely, C., & Hockenberry, M.-N. (1994). Specific arithmetic calculation deficits in children with turner syndrome. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 16(6), 820–839. https://doi.org/10.1080/01688639408402696.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Roy, A., Roulin, J.-L., Charbonnier, V., Allain, P., Fasotti, L., Barbarot, S., et al. (2010). Executive dysfunction in children with neurofibromatosis type 1: A study of action planning. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 16(06), 1056–1063. https://doi.org/10.1017/S135561771000086X.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Russell, H. F., Wallis, D., Mazzocco, M. M. M., Moshang, T., Zackai, E., Zinn, A. R.,. .. Muenke, M. (2006). Increased prevalence of ADHD in turner syndrome with no evidence of imprinting effects. Journal of Pediatric Psychology_,_ 31(9), 945–955. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsj106.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Saad, K., Al-Atram, A. A., Abdel Baseer, K. A., Ali, A. M., & El-Houfey, A. A. (2015). Assessment of quality of life, anxiety and depression in children with turner syndrome: A case-control study. American Journal of Neuroscience, 6(1), 8–12. https://doi.org/10.3844/amjnsp.2015.8.12.
  Article Google Scholar
• Sarsour, K., Sheridan, M., Jutte, D., Nuru-Jeter, A., Hinshaw, S., & Boyce, W. T. (2011). Family socioeconomic status and child executive functions: The roles of language, home environment, and single parenthood. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 17(01), 120–132. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617710001335.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Scammacca, N., Roberts, G., & Stuebing, K. K. (2014). Meta-analysis with complex research designs: Dealing with dependence from multiple measures and multiple group comparisons. Review of Educational Research, 84(3), 328–364. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654313500826.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Skuse, D. H., James, R. S., Bishop, D. V. M., Coppin, B., Dalton, P., Aamodt-Leeper, G.,. .. Jacobs, P. A. (1997). Evidence from Turner’s syndrome of an imprinted X-linked locus affecting cognitive function. Nature, 387, 705–708. https://doi.org/10.1038/42706, 6634.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Sybert, V. P., & McCauley, E. (2004). Turner’s syndrome. The New England Journal of Medicine, 351(12), 1227–1238. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra030360.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Tamm, L., Menon, V., & Reiss, A. L. (2003). Abnormal prefrontal cortex function during response inhibition in turner syndrome: Functional magnetic resonance imaging evidence. Biological Psychiatry, 53(2), 107–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(02)01488-9.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Temple, C. M. (2002). Oral fluency and narrative production in children with Turner’s syndrome. Neuropsychologia, 40(8), 1419–1427. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0028-3932(01)00201-9.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Temple, C. M., & Carney, R. A. (1995). Patterns of spatial functioning in Turner’s syndrome. Cortex, 31(1), 109–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-9452(13)80109-8.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Temple, C. M., Carney, R. A., & Mullarkey, S. (1996). Frontal lobe function and executive skills in children with Turner’s syndrome. Developmental Neuropsychology, 12(3), 343–363. https://doi.org/10.1080/87565649609540657.
  Article Google Scholar
• Ursache, A., & Raver, C. C. (2014). Trait and state anxiety: Relations to executive functioning in an at-risk sample. Cognition & Emotion, 28(5), 845–855. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2013.855173.
  Article Google Scholar
• Viechtbauer, W. (2010). Conductiong meta-analyses in R with the metafor package. Journal of Statistical Software, 36(3), 1–48.
  Article Google Scholar
• Waber, D. P. (1979). Neuropsychological aspects of Turner’s syndrome. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 21, 58–70. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.1979.tb01581.x.
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Wagner, S., Müller, C., Helmreich, I., Huss, M., & Tadić, A. (2015). A meta-analysis of cognitive functions in children and adolescents with major depressive disorder. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 24(1), 5–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-014-0559-2.
  Article Google Scholar
• Wechsler, D. (2014). Wechsler intelligence scale for children-fifth edition. San Antonio, TX: NCS Pearson.
  Google Scholar
• Welsh, M. C., Satterlee-Cartmell, T., & Stine, M. (1999). Towers of Hanoi and London: Contribution of working memory and inhibition to performance. Brain and Cognition, 41(2), 231–242. https://doi.org/10.1006/brcg.1999.1123.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Willcutt, E. G., Doyle, A. E., Nigg, J. T., Faraone, S. V., & Pennington, B. F. (2005). Validity of the executive function theory of attention/deficit hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analytic review. Biological Psychiatry, 57(11), 1336–1346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.02.006.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Yamagata, B., Barnea-Goraly, N., Marzelli, M. J., Park, Y., Hong, D. S., Mimura, M., & Reiss, A. L. (2012). White matter aberrations in prepubertal estrogen-naive girls with monosomic turner syndrome. Cerebral Cortex, 22(12), 2761–2768. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhr355.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Zhao, Q., Zhang, Z., Xie, S., Pan, H., Zhang, J., Gong, G., & Cui, Z. (2013). Cognitive impairment and gray/white matter volume abnormalities in pediatric patients with Turner syndrome presenting with various karyotypes. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism, 26(11–12), 1111–1121. https://doi.org/10.1515/jpem-2013-0145.
  Article Google Scholar
• Zook, N. A., Davalos, D. B., DeLosh, E. L., & Davis, H. P. (2004). Working memory, inhibition, and fluid intelligence as predictors of performance on tower of Hanoi and London tasks. Brain and Cognition, 56(3), 286–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2004.07.003.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar

Download references